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Catalanotto M, Vaz JM, Abshire C, Youngblood R, Chu M, Levine H, Jolly MK, Dragoi AM. Dual role of CASP8AP2/FLASH in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition plasticity (EMP). Transl Oncol 2024; 39:101837. [PMID: 37984255 PMCID: PMC10689956 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program that consists of the loss of epithelial features concomitant with the acquisition of mesenchymal features. Activation of EMT in cancer facilitates the acquisition of aggressive traits and cancer invasion. EMT plasticity (EMP), the dynamic transition between multiple hybrid states in which cancer cells display both epithelial and mesenchymal markers, confers survival advantages for cancer cells in constantly changing environments during metastasis. METHODS RNAseq analysis was performed to assess genome-wide transcriptional changes in cancer cells depleted for histone regulators FLASH, NPAT, and SLBP. Quantitative PCR and Western blot were used for the detection of mRNA and protein levels. Computational analysis was performed on distinct sets of genes to determine the epithelial and mesenchymal score in cancer cells and to correlate FLASH expression with EMT markers in the CCLE collection. RESULTS We demonstrate that loss of FLASH in cancer cells gives rise to a hybrid E/M phenotype with high epithelial scores even in the presence of TGFβ, as determined by computational methods using expression of predetermined sets of epithelial and mesenchymal genes. Multiple genes involved in cell-cell junction formation are similarly specifically upregulated in FLASH-depleted cells, suggesting that FLASH acts as a repressor of the epithelial phenotype. Further, FLASH expression in cancer lines is inversely correlated with the epithelial score. Nonetheless, subsets of mesenchymal markers were distinctly up-regulated in FLASH, NPAT, or SLBP-depleted cells. CONCLUSIONS The ZEB1low/SNAILhigh/E-cadherinhigh phenotype described in FLASH-depleted cancer cells is driving a hybrid E/M phenotype in which epithelial and mesenchymal markers coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Markus Vaz
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Reneau Youngblood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Min Chu
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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2
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Li J, Pei M, Xiao W, Liu X, Hong L, Yu Z, Peng Y, Zhang J, Yang P, Lin J, Wu X, Lin Z, Tang W, Zhi F, Li G, Xiang L, Li A, Liu S, Chen Y, Wang J. The HOXD9-mediated PAXIP1-AS1 regulates gastric cancer progression through PABPC1/PAK1 modulation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:341. [PMID: 37225681 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been functionally characterised in various diseases. LncRNA PAX-interacting protein 1-antisense RNA 1 (PAXIP1-AS1) has reportedly been associated with cancer development. However, its role in gastric cancer (GC) remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that PAXIP1-AS1 was transcriptionally repressed by homeobox D9 (HOXD9) and was significantly downregulated in GC tissues and cells. Decreased expression of PAXIP1-AS1 was positively correlated with tumour progression, while PAXIP1-AS1 overexpression inhibited cell growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. PAXIP1-AS1 overexpression significantly attenuated HOXD9-enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis in GC cells. Poly(A)-binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1), an RNA-binding protein, was found to enhance the stability of PAK1 mRNA, leading to EMT progress and GC metastasis. PAXIP1-AS1 was found to directly bind to and destabilise PABPC1, thereby regulating EMT and metastasis of GC cells. In summary, PAXIP1-AS1 suppressed metastasis, and the HOXD9/PAXIP1-AS1/PABPC1/PAK1 signalling axis may be involved in the progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Miaomiao Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wushuang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Linjie Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jieming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianjiao Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhizhao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Weimei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrative Clinical Microecology Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Jide Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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3
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Azimi A, Patrick E, Teh R, Kim J, Fernandez-Penas P. Proteomic profiling of cutaneous melanoma explains the aggressiveness of distant organ metastasis. Exp Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 37082900 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent developments in managing metastatic melanomas, patients' overall survival remains low. Therefore, the current study aims to understand better the proteome-wide changes associated with melanoma metastasis that will assist with identifying targeted therapies. The latest development in mass spectrometry-based proteomics, together with extensive bioinformatics analysis, was used to investigate the molecular changes in 60 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples of primary and lymph nodes (LN) and distant organ metastatic melanomas. A total of 4631 proteins were identified, of which 72 and 453 were significantly changed between the LN and distant organ metastatic melanomas compared to the primary lesions (adj. p-value <0.05). An increase in proteins such as SLC9A3R1, CD20 and GRB2 and a decrease in CST6, SERPINB5 and ARG1 were associated with regional LN metastasis. By contrast, increased metastatic activities in distant organ metastatic melanomas were related to higher levels of CEACAM1, MC1R, AKT1 and MMP3-9 and decreased levels of CDKN2A, SDC1 and SDC4 proteins. Furthermore, machine learning analysis classified the lesions with up to 92% accuracy based on their metastatic status. The findings from this study provide up to date proteome-level information about the progression of melanomas to regional LN and distant organs, leading to the identification of protein signatures with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azimi
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Precision Data Science Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel Teh
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo Fernandez-Penas
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Gao H, Zhang C. miR-3133 is an unfavorable prognosis factor and tumor suppressor in colon cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:132. [PMID: 37079151 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated miRNAs have been demonstrated to be associated with the progression of colon cancer. The dysregulation of miR-3133 was observed in colon cancer, but its specific function was unclear. The functional role of miR-3133 in colon cancer was investigated in this study. A total of 113 colon cancer patients were included. miR-3133 expression was evaluated by PCR. The biological effects of miR-3133 in colon cancer cells were assessed with the help of the transwell and CCK8 assay. The prognostic value of miR-3133 was estimated by a series of statistical analyses. In mechanism, the interaction between miR-3133 and RUFY3 was evaluated by luciferase reporter. The significant downregulation of miR-3133 was observed in colon cancer, which showed a significant association with the advanced TNM stage and bad survival of patients. miR-3133 and TNM stage were identified as independent prognostic indicators of colon cancer. In vitro, the overexpression of miR-3133 exerted a dramatically inhibitory effect on cellular processes of colon cancer, which were enhanced by miR-3133 knockdown. Additionally, miR-3133 could negatively regulate the luciferase activity and expression of RUFY3, which was speculated as the underlying mechanism mediating the regulatory effect of miR-3133. miR-3133 functioned as a prognostic biomarker indicating the progression and prognosis of colon cancer, and it also served as a tumor suppressor via negatively regulating RUFY3, which provides a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery, Shenyang Coloproctology Hospital, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Department of Anorectal, Shenyang Coloproctology Hospital, No. 9, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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5
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Kumar G, Chawla P, Dhiman N, Chadha S, Sharma S, Sethi K, Sharma M, Tuli A. RUFY3 links Arl8b and JIP4-Dynein complex to regulate lysosome size and positioning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1540. [PMID: 35314681 PMCID: PMC8938454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional movement of lysosomes on microtubule tracks regulates their whole-cell spatial arrangement. Arl8b, a small GTP-binding (G) protein, promotes lysosome anterograde trafficking mediated by kinesin-1. Herein, we report an Arl8b effector, RUFY3, which regulates the retrograde transport of lysosomes. We show that RUFY3 interacts with the JIP4-dynein-dynactin complex and facilitates Arl8b association with the retrograde motor complex. Accordingly, RUFY3 knockdown disrupts the positioning of Arl8b-positive endosomes and reduces Arl8b colocalization with Rab7-marked late endosomal compartments. Moreover, we find that RUFY3 regulates nutrient-dependent lysosome distribution, although autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic cargo degradation are not impaired upon RUFY3 depletion. Interestingly, lysosome size is significantly reduced in RUFY3 depleted cells, which could be rescued by inhibition of the lysosome reformation regulatory factor PIKFYVE. These findings suggest a model in which the perinuclear cloud arrangement of lysosomes regulates both the positioning and size of these proteolytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Prateek Chawla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Dhiman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sanya Chadha
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanupriya Sethi
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Tuli
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India.
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6
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Keren-Kaplan T, Sarić A, Ghosh S, Williamson CD, Jia R, Li Y, Bonifacino JS. RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1506. [PMID: 35314674 PMCID: PMC8938451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase ARL8 associates with endolysosomes, leading to the recruitment of several effectors that couple endolysosomes to kinesins for anterograde transport along microtubules, and to tethering factors for eventual fusion with other organelles. Herein we report the identification of the RUN- and FYVE-domain-containing proteins RUFY3 and RUFY4 as ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin for retrograde transport along microtubules. Using various methodologies, we find that RUFY3 and RUFY4 interact with both GTP-bound ARL8 and dynein-dynactin. In addition, we show that RUFY3 and RUFY4 promote concentration of endolysosomes in the juxtanuclear area of non-neuronal cells, and drive redistribution of endolysosomes from the axon to the soma in hippocampal neurons. The function of RUFY3 in retrograde transport contributes to the juxtanuclear redistribution of endolysosomes upon cytosol alkalinization. These studies thus identify RUFY3 and RUFY4 as ARL8-dependent, dynein-dynactin adaptors or regulators, and highlight the role of ARL8 in the control of both anterograde and retrograde endolysosome transport. Organellar transport is carefully regulated, and endolysosome localized ARL8 is important for kinesin recruitment and anterograde movement. Here, the authors show that RUFY3 and RUFY4 promote retrograde transport of endolysosomes by mediating interaction of ARL8 with dynein-dynactin.
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7
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Angarita FA, Oshi M, Yamada A, Yan L, Matsuyama R, Edge SB, Endo I, Takabe K. Low RUFY3 expression level is associated with lymph node metastasis in older women with invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 192:19-32. [PMID: 35018543 PMCID: PMC8844209 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sentinel lymph node biopsy is omitted in older women (≥ 70 years old) with clinical lymph node (LN)-negative hormone receptor-positive breast cancer as it does not influence adjuvant treatment decision-making. However, older women are heterogeneous in frailty while the chance of recurrence increase with improving longevity. Therefore, a biomarker that identifies LN metastasis may facilitate treatment decision-making. RUFY3 is associated with cancer progression. We evaluated RUFY3 expression level as a biomarker for LN-positive breast cancer in older women. METHODS Clinical and transcriptomic data of breast cancer patients were obtained from the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC, n = 1903) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 1046) Pan-cancer study cohorts. RESULTS A total of 510 (METABRIC) and 211 (TCGA) older women were identified. LN-positive breast cancer, which represented 51.4% (METABRIC) and 48.4% (TCGA), demonstrated worse disease-free, disease-specific, and overall survival. RUFY3 levels were significantly lower in LN-positive tumors regardless of age. The area under the curve for the receiver operator characteristic (AUC-ROC) curves showed RUFY3-predicted LN metastasis. Low RUFY3 enriched oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair, MYC targets, unfolded protein response, and mtorc1 signaling gene sets, was associated with T helper type 1 cell infiltration, and with intratumor heterogeneity and fraction altered. Low RUFY3 expression was associated with LN-positive breast cancer and with worse disease-specific survival among older women. CONCLUSION Older women with breast cancers who had low expression level of RUFY3 were more frequently diagnosed with LN-positive tumors, which translated into worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Angarita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Masanori Oshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA;,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Stephen B. Edge
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA;,Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA;,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan;,Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA;,Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan;,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Zhang Y, Ni W, Qin L. RUFY3 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through activating NF-κB-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:21283-21293. [PMID: 34510031 PMCID: PMC8457573 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RUFY3 (RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 3) has been demonstrated to exhibit carcinogenic effect in multiple malignancies. However, the exact role of RUFY3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remains elusive. Herein, we aimed to identify the role and the underlying mechanism of RUFY3 in HCC progression. The RUFY3 levels in HCC specimens were detected by qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry, and its clinical significance in HCC patients was assessed. The effect of RUFY3 on HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion was explored by CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay, and transwell migration and invasion assays in vitro. The effect of RUFY3 on HCC cell growth and metastasis was also conducted in vivo through establishing xenograft tumor and lung metastatic mice model. The underlying mechanism responsible for RUFY3-induced HCC cell behavior was also investigated. Our results indicated that high levels of RUFY3 significantly correlated with tumor size, microvascular invasion, clinical stage, and poor prognosis for HCC patients. In addition, RUFY3 facilitated HCC cell growth, invasion, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo through activating nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB)-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Taken together, our results revealed that RUFY3 accelerated HCC progression via driving NF-κB-mediated EMT, suggesting a novel target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weixing Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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9
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Lin J, Zhu H, Hong L, Tang W, Wang J, Hu H, Wu X, Chen Y, Liu G, Yang Q, Li J, Wang Y, Lin Z, Xiao Y, Dai W, Huang M, Li G, Li A, Wang J, Xiang L, Liu S. Coexpression of HOXA6 and PBX2 promotes metastasis in gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:6606-6624. [PMID: 33535170 PMCID: PMC7993744 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
HOXA6 gene plays a role of the oncogene in various cancers. Nonetheless, its effect on gastric cancer (GC) occurrence and development is still unclear. We analysed whether HOXA6 interacts with the PBX2 protein using the STRING database. The molecular mechanism by which HOXA6 synergizes with PBX2 in GC metastasis is not fully understood. Here, we found that the expression of HOXA6 was increased in GC tissues and cell lines. The upregulation of HOXA6 was closely associated with differentiation, lymph node metastasis, AJCC stage, TNM stage, and poor survival outcome in GC patients based on tissue microarray (TMA) data. Moreover, the overexpression of HOXA6 promoted, whereas siRNA-mediated repression of HOXA6 inhibited, the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells. Furthermore, HOXA6 could physically interact with and stabilize PBX2. In addition, HOXA6 and PBX2 expression was positively correlated in GC cells and tissue. HOXA6 and PBX2 suppression in GC cells also led to decreased migration and invasion potential in vitro. In vivo, HOXA6 was shown to cooperate with PBX2 to enhance cell metastasis via orthotopic implantation. These data indicate that HOXA6 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and that the HOXA6-PBX2 axis may be a useful biomarker for disease progression in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Huiqiong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Linjie Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weimei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongsong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yaying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guangnan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yusi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhizhao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weiyu Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Miaojvan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jide Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, China
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10
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Chen T, Yang C, Xi Z, Chen F, Li H. Reduced Caudal Type Homeobox 2 (CDX2) Promoter Methylation Is Associated with Curcumin's Suppressive Effects on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e926443. [PMID: 32893845 PMCID: PMC7496454 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Curcumin is a component of Curcuma longa with various biological activities. The present study aimed to investigate curcumin’s inhibitory effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and possible mechanisms of action underlying these effects. Material/Methods Human SW480 CRC cells were incubated with curcumin at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 μmol/L. The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay was utilized to evaluate cell viabilities. The DNA methylation levels of the cdx2 promoter were assessed by bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP). Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels. Protein expression levels were evaluated with western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Results Curcumin concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μmol/L showed no significant association with the viability of SW480 cells, which were chosen for subsequent experiments. Curcumin incubation significantly downregulated expression levels of DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1), DNMT3a, and the methylation levels of the cdx2 promoter in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression levels of N-cadherin, Vimentin, Wnt3a, Snail1, and Twist, as well as the nuclear translocation levels of β-catenin, were reduced in a curcumin concentration-dependent manner. The expression levels of E-cadherin were increased in a curcumin concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions Curcumin negatively regulated transcription factors promoting EMT in CRC cells by decreasing cdx2 promoter DNA methylation and consequently suppressing the CDX2/Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhenli Xi
- Department of Ultrasonography, Jiangxi Agricultural University Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Fen Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hailin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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11
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Char R, Pierre P. The RUFYs, a Family of Effector Proteins Involved in Intracellular Trafficking and Cytoskeleton Dynamics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:779. [PMID: 32850870 PMCID: PMC7431699 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking is essential for cell structure and function. In order to perform key tasks such as phagocytosis, secretion or migration, cells must coordinate their intracellular trafficking, and cytoskeleton dynamics. This relies on certain classes of proteins endowed with specialized and conserved domains that bridge membranes with effector proteins. Of particular interest are proteins capable of interacting with membrane subdomains enriched in specific phosphatidylinositol lipids, tightly regulated by various kinases and phosphatases. Here, we focus on the poorly studied RUFY family of adaptor proteins, characterized by a RUN domain, which interacts with small GTP-binding proteins, and a FYVE domain, involved in the recognition of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. We report recent findings on this protein family that regulates endosomal trafficking, cell migration and upon dysfunction, can lead to severe pathology at the organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Char
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Liu M, Xiao Y, Tang W, Li J, Hong L, Dai W, Zhang W, Peng Y, Wu X, Wang J, Chen Y, Bai Y, Lin J, Yang Q, Wang Y, Lin Z, Liu S, Xiong J, Wang J, Xiang L. HOXD9 promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3932-3943. [PMID: 32281284 PMCID: PMC7286477 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HOXD9, a Hox family member, is involved in cancer growth and metastasis. But, its regulation mechanism at the molecular level particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC), is mostly unknown. Methods The HOXD9 protein expression levels were analyzed using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays, and western blot. The in vivo and in vitro roles of HOXD9 in CRC were determined using colony formation and EdU incorporation, CCK‐8, wound scratch and transwell invasion assay, and animal models. Results Expression of HOXD9 was higher in CRC than in matched healthy tissues. High expression of HOXD9 has significantly associated with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and other serious invasions, and it had a poor prognosis. In vitro, HOXD9 encouraged proliferation, movement and EMT processes in cells of CRC. Also, TGF‐β1 promoted the expression of HOXD9 and this effect was dependent on the dose and downregulation of HOXD9 repressed TGF‐β1 ‐induced EMT. In vivo, HOXD9 promoted the invasive and metastasis of CRC cells via orthotopic implantation. Conclusions The ectopic expression of HOXD9 promoted the invasion metastasis in cells of the colorectal tumor by induction of EMT in vitro and vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjie Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyu Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First people's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjiao Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District Peopl, Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yusi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District Peopl, Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jide Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District Peopl, Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District Peopl, Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Men W, Li W, Li Y, Zhao J, Qu X, Li P, Gong S. RUFY3 Predicts Poor Prognosis and Promotes Metastasis through Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition in Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:6278-6285. [PMID: 31772661 PMCID: PMC6856751 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: RUFY3 (RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 3) has been shown to participate in cell migration, membrane transportation, and cellular signaling and is dysregulated in several cancer processes. However, the role of RUFY3 in lung cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to study the expression of RUFY3 and assess its clinical significance in lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: We used immunohistochemistry to detect RUFY3 protein expression in human lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal lung tissue from 125 patients who underwent surgical resection of the lung cancer. RUFY3 expression was assessed in association with clinicopathological characteristics and clinical prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients. The expression of RUFY3 in three different lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and one normal lung epithelial cell (BEAS-2B) was detected by western blot. RNAi technique was used to silence RUFY3. We assessed cell migration by Trans-well assay and wound healing assay. Results: In lung adenocarcinoma tissues, RUFY3 protein was significantly upregulated compared to paired normal lung tissues. High cytoplasmic RUFY3 levels were associated with lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, and survival status. Patients with the highest expression level of RUFY3 had a shorter survival time than patients with the lowest expression. Inhibition of RUFY3 by siRNA inhibited cell migration. Furthermore, silence of RUFY3 lead to up-regulation of E-cadherin, but down-regulation of N-cadherin, Vimentin and Slug. Conclusions: Our study is first to demonstrated that abnormal expression of RUFY3 indicates poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma and also indicates that RUFY3 may be related to EMT process. This highlights the potential of RUFY3 as a novel prognostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfu Men
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Wenya Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jungang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohan Qu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shulei Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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14
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HOXD9 promotes the growth, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells by transcriptional activation of RUFY3. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:412. [PMID: 31547840 PMCID: PMC6755711 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The transcription factor HOXD9 is one of the members of the HOX family, which plays an important role in neoplastic processes. However, the role of HOXD9 in the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) remains to be elucidated. Methods In vitro functional role of HOXD9 and RURY3 in GC cells was determined using the TMA-based immunohistochemistry, western blot, EdU incorporation, gelatin zymography, luciferase, chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and cell invasion assays. In vivo tumor growth and metastasis were conducted in nude mice. Results HOXD9 is overexpressed in GC cells and tissues. The high expression of HOXD9 was correlated with poor survival in GC patients. Functionally, HOXD9 expression significantly promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of GC cells. Mechanically, HOXD9 directly associated with the RUFY3 promoter to increase the transcriptional activity of RUFY3. Inhibition of RUFY3 attenuated the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of HOXD9-overexpressing GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, both HOXD9 and RUFY3 were highly expressed in cancer cells but not in normal gastric tissues, with their expressions being positively correlated. Conclusions The evidence presented here suggests that the HOXD9-RUFY3 axis promotes the development and progression of human GC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1399-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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15
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Wu X, Liu M, Zhu H, Wang J, Dai W, Li J, Zhu D, Tang W, Xiao Y, Lin J, Zhang W, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Li G, Li A, Xiang L, Liu S, Wang J. Ubiquitin-specific protease 3 promotes cell migration and invasion by interacting with and deubiquitinating SUZ12 in gastric cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:277. [PMID: 31234902 PMCID: PMC6591922 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 3 (USP3) plays a crucial role in numerous biological processes. The aberrant expression of USP3 may have an important role in tumor development. However, the mechanism by which USP3 promotes gastric cancer (GC) metastasis remains largely unknown. METHODS Effects of USP3 on the progression of GC in vivo and in vitro and the potential underlying mechanisms have been investigated utilizing proteomics, RT-PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, cell invasion and migration assays and xenograft tumor models. RESULTS USP3 expression was upregulated in GC compared with matched normal tissues and was predictive of poor survival. USP3 also promoted migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GC cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 induced USP3 expression, and USP3 knockdown inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT. Furthermore, we utilized Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) to identify differentially expressed proteins in USP3-overexpressing cells compared with control cells. Importantly, we found that SUZ12 is indispensable for USP3-mediated oncogenic activity in GC. We observed that USP3 interacted with and stabilized SUZ12 via deubiquitination. SUZ12 knockdown inhibited USP3-induced migration and invasion, as well as EMT in GC cells. Examination of clinical samples confirmed that USP3 expression was positively correlated with SUZ12 protein expression and that the levels of USP3 or SUZ12 protein were negatively correlated with the levels of E-cadherin protein. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify USP3 as a critical regulator. The USP3-SUZ12 axis might promote tumor progression and could be a potential therapeutic candidate for human GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mengwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huiqiong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Weiyu Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Danping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Weimei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianjiao Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First people's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yaying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The third affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518172, China. .,Department of Digestive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518172, China. .,Department of Digestive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jide Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518172, China. .,Department of Digestive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
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16
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The p300/YY1/miR-500a-5p/HDAC2 signalling axis regulates cell proliferation in human colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:663. [PMID: 30737378 PMCID: PMC6368584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological role of miR-500a-5p has not yet been reported in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we show that miR-500a-5p expression is decreased in CRC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Low miR-500a-5p expression is associated with malignant progression. Moreover, transfection of CRC cells with miR-500a-5p induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and inhibits their growth and migration. Mechanistically, miR-500a-5p directly targets HDAC2 and inhibits HDAC2-mediated proliferation in CRC in nude mice. Furthermore, YY1 binds to the promoter of miR-500a-5p and negatively regulates its transcription. Restoration of miR-500a-5p expression is up-regulated via the p300/YY1/HDAC2 complex. Besides, therapeutic delivery of miR-500a-5p significantly suppresses tumour development in a xenograft tumour model and a HDAC2 inhibitor FK228-treated CRC model. Our studies demonstrate that miR-500a-5p functions as a tumour suppressor in CRC by targeting the p300/YY1/HDAC2 axis, which contributes to the development of and provides new potential candidates for CRC therapy.
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17
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Coexpression of FOXK1 and vimentin promotes EMT, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:163-176. [PMID: 30483822 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In human gastric cancer (GC), the upregulation of FOXK1 and vimentin is frequently observed in cancer cells and correlates with increased malignancy. We report that FOXK1 synergizes with vimentin to promote GC invasion and metastasis via the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We showed that higher expression levels of FOXK1 were significantly associated with GC development. FOXK1 can physically interact with and stabilize vimentin. Moreover, a positive correlation between the expression of FOXK1 and vimentin was found in GC cells. Higher expression levels of these two proteins were significantly associated with differentiation, lymph node metastasis, AJCC stage, and poorer prognosis. Furthermore, the coexpression of FOXK1 and vimentin enhances cell metastasis through the induction of EMT in GC cells. However, the siRNA-mediated repression of vimentin in FOXK1-overexpressing cells reversed the EMT-like phenotype and reduced GC cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our findings suggest that the vimentin-FOXK1 axis provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying EMT regulation during GC progression and metastasis.
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18
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Gong Z, Ma Q, Wang X, Cai Q, Gong X, Genchev GZ, Lu H, Zeng F. A Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase-Induced Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Up-Regulated Immune-Inflammatory-Related Signals. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E380. [PMID: 30060537 PMCID: PMC6115908 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and fibrosis in human liver are often precursors to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet none of them is easily modeled in animals. We previously generated transgenic mice with hepatocyte-specific expressed herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk). These mice would develop hepatitis with the administration of ganciclovir (GCV)(Zhang, 2005 #1). However, our HSV-tk transgenic mice developed hepatitis and HCC tumor as early as six months of age even without GCV administration. We analyzed the transcriptome of the HSV-tk HCC tumor and hepatitis tissue using microarray analysis to investigate the possible causes of HCC. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the up-regulated genes in the HCC tissue mainly include the immune-inflammatory and cell cycle genes. The down-regulated genes in HCC tumors are mainly concentrated in the regions related to lipid metabolism. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that immune-inflammatory-related signals in the HSV-tk mice are up-regulated compared to those in Notch mice. Our study suggests that the immune system and inflammation play an important role in HCC development in HSV-tk mice. Specifically, increased expression of immune-inflammatory-related genes is characteristic of HSV-tk mice and that inflammation-induced cell cycle activation maybe a precursory step to cancer. The HSV-tk mouse provides a suitable model for the study of the relationship between immune-inflammation and HCC, and their underlying mechanism for the development of therapeutic application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
- Department of Histo-Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Qingwen Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Xujun Wang
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Qin Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Xiuli Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Georgi Z Genchev
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hui Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China.
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
- Department of Histo-Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Xu Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Wu X, Wu X, Li S, Song L, Xu X. Overexpression of HES6 has prognostic value and promotes metastasis via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:1261-1274. [PMID: 30015909 PMCID: PMC6072391 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HES6 is a member of the hairy-enhancer of the split homolog family, which has been implicated in oncogenesis and cancer progression in a variety of human cancers, including prostate and breast cancer. However, its clinical significance and biological role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. In the present study, the expression of HES6 was significantly upregulated in CRC cell lines and CRC tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. The present study also reported high expression of HES6 in 138/213 (64.8%) paraffin-embedded archived CRC specimens. HES6 expression was significantly correlated with T classification (P<0.001), N classification (P=0.020), and distant metastasis (P<0.001). Patients with higher HES6 expression levels exhibited a reduced overall survival (P<0.001). In addition, a multivariate analysis revealed that the expression of HES6 may be a novel prognostic marker for the survival of patients with CRC. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that ectopic expression of HES6 enhanced the migration and invasive abilities of CRC cells. These abilities were significantly inhibited upon knockdown of endogenous HES6 expression by specific short hairpin RNAs. Additionally, the present study reported that the effects of HES6 on metastasis may be associated with the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Collectively, the findings of the present study revealed that overexpression of HES6 played a key role in the progression of CRC, leading to a poor prognosis and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandong Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Xuejuan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Huizhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ziyuan Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Xianqiu Wu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Libing Song
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xuehu Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
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Wang S, Han H, Hu Y, Yang W, Lv Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Ji J. MicroRNA-130a-3p suppresses cell migration and invasion by inhibition of TBL1XR1-mediated EMT in human gastric carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:383-392. [PMID: 29091326 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MiR-130a-3p was found to play tumor suppressor role in most human cancers, except for gastric cancer. However, in this study, we demonstrated that miR-130a-3p was significantly down-regulated in gastric carcinoma (GC) tissues compared with adjacent non-neoplastic tissues, and decreased miR-130a-3p expression was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) and was an independent prognostic factor for OS in GC patients. Over-expression of miR-130a-3p remarkably inhibited not only GC cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro, but also tumorigenesis and lung metastasis in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay in vivo. Conversely, inhibition of miR-130a-3p resulted in opposite phenotype changes in GC cells. Furthermore, TBL1XR1 was identified as a direct target of miR-130a-3p, and reintroduction of TBL1XR1 into miR-130a-3p-transfected MGC-803 cells reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-130a-3p on GC cell migration, invasion and EMT. Taken together, our data suggested that miR-130a-3p suppressed aggressive phenotype of GC cells partially by direct targeting and decreasing TBL1XR1 and subsequent EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Han
- Department of Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunwei Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lianhai Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
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Sun S, Xie F, Zhang Q, Cui Z, Cheng X, Zhong F, He K, Zhou J. Advanced oxidation protein products induce hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition via a ROS-dependent, TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:842-853. [PMID: 28500745 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs during the progression of liver fibrosis in response to chronic liver injury. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of hepatocyte EMT remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) had an effect on hepatocyte EMT. The human L02 hepatocyte cell line and hepatocytes from normal Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged with AOPP treatment in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The expression of cell and molecular markers of EMT in L02 hepatocytes were studied using Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Hepatocyte migratory potential was analyzed using a wound healing assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using the dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay. In liver tissue sections, expression of EMT markers was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, and collagen was assessed using histochemical staining with Masson's trichrome. The findings were that AOPP treatment resulted in EMT in hepatocytes, which was associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin, increased expression of vimentin, increased deposition of collagen protein, and enhanced cell migration in vivo and in vitro. AOPP was also found to promote migration in L02 cells, and to promote the production of ROS and the activation of TGF-βR and Smad signaling. Inhibition of the generation of intracellular ROS and TGF-β receptor blocking could reverse AOPP-induced EMT in hepatocytes. This study has identified a novel mechanism in the regulation of hepatocyte EMT, and the findings may have implications for the control of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglin Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, 518100, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, 518100, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Peoples' Hospital, 528400, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
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