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The Impact of Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Chitosan Scaffolds on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Osteoblasts. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:4864492. [PMID: 36636323 PMCID: PMC9831697 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4864492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) incorporated chitosan scaffolds on osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation. The chitosan polymer was initially modified by the predetermined concentration of the photoreactive azido group for UV-crosslinking and with RGD peptides (N-acetyl-GRGDSPGYG-amide). The PEG was mixed at different ratios (0, 10, and 20 wt%) with modified chitosan in 96-well tissue culture polystyrene plates to prepare CHI-100, CHI-90, and CHI-80 scaffolds. PEG-containing scaffolds exhibited bigger pore size and higher water content compared to unmodified chitosan scaffolds. After 10 days of incubation, the cell number of CHI-90 (1.1 × 106 cells/scaffold) surpasses that of CHI-100 (9.2 × 105 cells/scaffold) and the cell number of CHI-80 (7.6 × 105 cells/scaffold) were significantly lower. The ALP activity of CHI-90 was the highest on the fifth day indicating the favored osteoblasts' early-stage differentiation. Moreover, after 14 days of osteogenic culture, calcium deposition in the CHI-90 scaffolds (2.7 μmol Ca/scaffold) was significantly higher than the control (2.2 μmol Ca/scaffold) whereas on CHI-80 was 1.9 μmol/scaffold. The results demonstrate that PEG-incorporated chitosan scaffolds favored osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation; however, mixing relatively excess PEG (≥20% wt.) had a negative impact on osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation.
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Poloxamer surface modified trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for the effective delivery of methotrexate in osteosarcoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:872-879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes, with a focus on their reaction rates. The study of an enzyme's kinetics considers the various stages of activity, reveals the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, correlates its value to assay conditions, and describes how a drug or a poison might inhibit the enzyme. Victor Henri initially reported that enzyme reactions were initiated by a bond between the enzyme and the substrate. By 1910, Michaelis and Menten were advancing their work by studying the kinetics of an enzyme saccharase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. They published their analysis and ever since the Michaelis-Menten equation has been used as the standard to describe the kinetics of many enzymes. Unfortunately, soluble enzymes must generally be immobilized to be reused for long times in industrial reactors. In addition, other critical enzyme properties have to be improved like stability, activity, inhibition by reaction products, and selectivity towards nonnatural substrates. Immobilization is by far the chosen process to achieve these goals.Although the Michaelis-Menten approach has been regularly adapted to the analysis of immobilized enzyme activity, its applicability to the immobilized state is limited by the barriers the immobilization matrix places upon the measurement of compounds that are used to model enzyme kinetics. That being said, the estimated value of the Michaelis-Menten coefficients (e.g., V max, K M) can be used to evaluate effects of immobilization on enzyme activity in the immobilized state when applied in a controlled manner. In this review enzyme activity and kinetics are discussed in the context of the immobilized state, and a few novel protocols are presented that address some of the unique constraints imposed by the immobilization barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cooney
- Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1680 East-west Rd., Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Jain A, Thakur K, Sharma G, Kush P, Jain UK. Fabrication, characterization and cytotoxicity studies of ionically cross-linked docetaxel loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 137:65-74. [PMID: 26686106 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation aimed at the fabrication and characterization of ionically cross-linked docetaxel (DTX) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (DTX-CH-NP) using ionic gelation technique with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the cross-linking agent. The formulated nanoparticles were characterized in terms of particle size, drug entrapment efficiency (EE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release and cytotoxicity studies. Formulation factors (chitosan, TPP and drug concentration) were examined systematically for their effects on size of the nanoparticles. The average size of the nanoparticles was observed to be in the range of 159.2 ± 3.31 to 220.7 ± 2.23 nm with 78-92% encapsulation efficiency (EE). The in vitro cytotoxicity studies on breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) revealed the advantages of DTX-CH-NP over pure DTX with approximately 85% cell viability reduction. The results indicate that systematic modulation of the surface charge and particle size of ionically cross-linked nanoparticles can be readily achieved with the right control of critical processing parameters. Thus, DTX-CH-NP presents a promising delivery alternative for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali 140110, India.
| | - Kanika Thakur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Preeti Kush
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali 140110, India
| | - Upendra K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali 140110, India
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Sahariah P, Benediktssdóttir BE, Hjálmarsdóttir MÁ, Sigurjonsson OE, Sørensen KK, Thygesen MB, Jensen KJ, Másson M. Impact of Chain Length on Antibacterial Activity and Hemocompatibility of Quaternary N-Alkyl and N,N-Dialkyl Chitosan Derivatives. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1449-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sahariah
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Berglind E. Benediktssdóttir
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Martha Á. Hjálmarsdóttir
- Department
of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Stapi, Hringbraut 31, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olafur E. Sigurjonsson
- The
REModeL Lab, The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Institute
of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur
1, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kasper K. Sørensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition
and Signalling, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Fredriksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B. Thygesen
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition
and Signalling, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Fredriksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition
and Signalling, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Fredriksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Már Másson
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Latonen RM, Wang X, Sjöberg-Eerola P, Eriksson JE, Bergelin M, Bobacka J. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) based enzyme-electrode configuration for enhanced direct electron transfer type biocatalysis of oxygen reduction. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maloy SF, Martin GL, Atanassov P, Cooney MJ. Controlled deposition of structured polymer films: chemical and rheological factors in chitosan film formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2589-2595. [PMID: 22220999 DOI: 10.1021/la203441r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The technique of "spread coating" has been used to create thin films from solutions of deacetylated and butyl-modified chitosan polymer, and the effect of deposition rate on film thickness has been characterized. Results show that films of controlled thickness can be reproducibly produced and that hydrophobic modification of the polymer can extend the range over which a linear response between film thickness and deposition rate is achieved. Viscometry and fluorescence spectroscopy were also employed to characterize the micellar characteristics of solutions of both deacetylated and butyl-modified chitosan polymer. Although both deacetylated and butyl-modified chitosan solutions were found to have inter- and intramolecular interactions, as well as hydrophobic domains able to incorporate fluorophores, deacetylated chitosan was found to be more interconnected via intermolecular interactions at higher concentrations. These results are important as having the ability to understand how the introduction of hydrophobic modification, a technique shown to introduce solution-based micelle structure and micellar aggregates that support enzyme immobilization, affects film thickness and morphology of spread coated thin films will aid the long-term development and deployment of chitosan-based biofuel cell electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedef F Maloy
- Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, The University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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Enzymatic fuel cells: Integrating flow-through anode and air-breathing cathode into a membrane-less biofuel cell design. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 27:132-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Higgins SR, Lau C, Atanassov P, Minteer SD, Cooney MJ. Standardized Characterization of a Flow Through Microbial Fuel Cell. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ji J, Hao S, Wu D, Huang R, Xu Y. Preparation, characterization and in vitro release of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with gentamicin and salicylic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fabrication of macroporous chitosan scaffolds doped with carbon nanotubes and their characterization in microbial fuel cell operation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:458-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rincón RA, Lau C, Garcia KE, Atanassov P. Flow-through 3D biofuel cell anode for NAD+-dependent enzymes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes, with a focus on their reaction rates. The study of an enzyme's kinetics considers the various stages of activity, reveals the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme, correlates its value to assay conditions, and describes how a drug or a poison might inhibit the enzyme. Victor Henri initially reported that enzyme reactions were initiated by a bond between the enzyme and the substrate. By 1910, Michaelis and Menten had advanced this work by studying the kinetics of the enzyme saccharase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. They published their analysis, and ever since, the Michaelis-Menten equation has been used as the standard to describe the kinetics of many enzymes. Unfortunately, soluble enzymes must generally be immobilized to be reused for long times in industrial reactors. In addition, other critical enzyme properties have to be improved like stability, activity, inhibition by reaction products, selectivity toward nonnatural substrates. Immobilization is by far the chosen process to achieve these goals.Although the Michaelis-Menten approach has been regularly adopted for the analysis of immobilized enzyme activity, its applicability to the immobilized state is limited by the barriers the immobilization matrix places upon the measurement of compounds that are used to model enzyme kinetics. That being said, the estimated value of the Michaelis-Menten coefficients (e.g., V(max), K(M)) can be used to evaluate effects of immobilization on enzyme activity in the immobilized state when applied in a controlled manner. In this review, enzyme activity and kinetics are discussed in the context of the immobilized state, and a few novel protocols are presented that address some of the unique constraints imposed by the immobilization barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cooney
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Peng ZX, Wang L, Du L, Guo SR, Wang XQ, Tang TT. Adjustment of the antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan by varying the degree of substitution of quaternary ammonium. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wu D, Zhang K, Hu Q. A facile approach to construct three-dimensional oriented chitosan scaffolds with in-situ precipitation method. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Lau C, Martin G, Minteer S, Cooney M. Development of a Chitosan Scaffold Electrode for Fuel Cell Applications. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200880004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Martin GL, Lau C, Minteer SD, Cooney MJ. Fluorescence analysis of chemical microenvironments and their impact upon performance of immobilized enzyme. Analyst 2010; 135:1131-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b921409g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gómez-Burgaz M, Torrado G, Torrado S. Characterization and superficial transformations on mini-matrices made of interpolymer complexes of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose during in vitro clarithromycin release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Tkac J, Svitel J, Vostiar I, Navratil M, Gemeiner P. Membrane-bound dehydrogenases from Gluconobacter sp.: Interfacial electrochemistry and direct bioelectrocatalysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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