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Understanding the structure and composition of recalcitrant oligosaccharides in hydrolysate using high-throughput biotin-based glycome profiling and mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2521. [PMID: 35169269 PMCID: PMC8847591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel Immunological and Mass Spectrometry Methods for Comprehensive Analysis of Recalcitrant Oligosaccharides in AFEX Pretreated Corn Stover. Lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel and is extensively used for developing bio-based technologies to produce products such as food, feed, fuel, and chemicals. The key to these technologies is to develop cost competitive processes to convert complex carbohydrates present in plant cell wall to simple sugars such as glucose, xylose, and arabinose. Since lignocellulosic biomass is highly recalcitrant, it must undergo a combination of thermochemical treatment such as Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX), dilute acid (DA), Ionic Liquid (IL) and biological treatment such as enzyme hydrolysis and microbial fermentation to produce desired products. However, when using commercial fungal enzymes during hydrolysis, only 75–85% of the soluble sugars generated are monomeric sugars, while the remaining 15–25% are soluble recalcitrant oligosaccharides that cannot be easily utilized by microorganisms. Previously, we successfully separated and purified the soluble recalcitrant oligosaccharides using a combination of charcoal and celite-based separation followed by size exclusion chromatography and studies their inhibitory properties on enzymes. We discovered that the oligosaccharides with higher degree of polymerization (DP) containing methylated uronic acid substitutions were more recalcitrant towards commercial enzyme mixtures than lower DP and neutral oligosaccharides. Here, we report the use of several complementary techniques that include glycome profiling using plant biomass glycan specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to characterize sugar linkages in plant cell walls and enzymatic hydrolysate, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) using structurally-informative diagnostic peaks offered by negative ion post-secondary decay spectra, gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to characterize oligosaccharide sugar linkages with and without derivatization. Since oligosaccharides (DP 4–20) are small, it is challenging to mobilize these molecules for mAbs binding and characterization. To overcome this problem, we have applied a new biotin-coupling based oligosaccharide immobilization method that successfully tagged most of the low DP soluble oligosaccharides on to a micro-plate surface followed by specific linkage analysis using mAbs in a high-throughput system. This new approach will help develop more advanced versions of future high throughput glycome profiling methods that can be used to separate and characterize oligosaccharides present in biomarkers for diagnostic applications.
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Gavgani HN, Fawaz R, Ehyaei N, Walls D, Pawlowski K, Fulgos R, Park S, Assar Z, Ghanbarpour A, Geiger JH. A structural explanation for the mechanism and specificity of plant branching enzymes I and IIb. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101395. [PMID: 34762912 PMCID: PMC8695356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching enzymes (BEs) are essential in the biosynthesis of starch and glycogen and play critical roles in determining the fine structure of these polymers. The substrates of these BEs are long carbohydrate chains that interact with these enzymes via multiple binding sites on the enzyme’s surface. By controlling the branched-chain length distribution, BEs can mediate the physiological properties of starch and glycogen moieties; however, the mechanism and structural determinants of this specificity remain mysterious. In this study, we identify a large dodecaose binding surface on rice BE I (BEI) that reaches from the outside of the active site to the active site of the enzyme. Mutagenesis activity assays confirm the importance of this binding site in enzyme catalysis, from which we conclude that it is likely the acceptor chain binding site. Comparison of the structures of BE from Cyanothece and BE1 from rice allowed us to model the location of the donor-binding site. We also identified two loops that likely interact with the donor chain and whose sequences diverge between plant BE1, which tends to transfer longer chains, and BEIIb, which transfers exclusively much shorter chains. When the sequences of these loops were swapped with the BEIIb sequence, rice BE1 also became a short-chain transferring enzyme, demonstrating the key role these loops play in specificity. Taken together, these results provide a more complete picture of the structure, selectivity, and activity of BEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nayebi Gavgani
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Remie Fawaz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nona Ehyaei
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David Walls
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathryn Pawlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Raoul Fulgos
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sunghoon Park
- Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Zahra Assar
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alireza Ghanbarpour
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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3
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Progress in the pretreatment and analysis of carbohydrates in food: An update since 2013. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462496. [PMID: 34492577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates in foods and other matrices plays vital roles in their diverse biological functions. Carbohydrates serve not only as functional substances but also as structural materials, such as components of membranes, and participate in cellular recognition. The fact that carbohydrates are indispensable has contributed to the need for pretreatment and analytical methods to be developed for their characterization. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of carbohydrate pretreatment and determination methods in various matrices. The pretreatment methods include simple and more developed approaches (e.g., solid phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and different microextraction methods, among others). The analytical methods include those by liquid chromatography (including high-performance anion-exchange chromatography), capillary electrophoresis, gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography, and others. Different pretreatment methods and determination approaches are updated, compared, and discussed. Moreover, we discuss and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and suggest their future prospects.
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Reymond C, Masle AL, Colas C, Charon N. On-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry and ion mobility-mass spectrometry for the separation of carbohydrates from lignocellulosic biomass. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461716. [PMID: 33316561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising resource of renewable energy. Its transformation to ethanol requires efficient pretreatment leading to complex liquid mixtures made of hundreds of oxygenated analytes. A large part of the released compounds belong to the carbohydrates family. To overcome the complexity of such samples, a comprehensive on-line two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography hyphenated to high-resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC × RPLC-HRMS) was dedicated to the separation of carbohydrates and more specifically oligomers coming from pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. The first part of this study consisted in the optimization of such hyphenation (i.e. selection of stationary phases, mobile phases, sampling time, etc.). Then, the analytical method was applied to an industrial aqueous biomass product coming from the sulfuric acid-based pretreatment of a wheat straw. Around 70 well-resolved chromatographic peaks corresponding to oligomers were obtained. Occupation of the separation space between each chromatographic dimension was estimated to 75%. In the last part of this study, the interest of ion mobility-mass spectrometry in addition to RPLC × RPLC was discussed. Some examples highlighted the additional separation that can bring ion mobility to RPLC × RPLC-IMS-HRMS method. Using this four-dimensional hyphenation method, each analyte was described by two retention times, the collisional cross section and the molecular formula allowing to reach a level of detail never seen for biomass sample compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Reymond
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Agnès Le Masle
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France.
| | - Cyril Colas
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France; Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Nadège Charon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
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Gentianose: Purification and structural determination of an unknown oligosaccharide in grape seeds. Food Chem 2020; 344:128588. [PMID: 33229151 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Grape seeds are among the main constituents of grape pomace, ranging between 20% and 30% of the wet matrix; however, their oligosaccharide composition has not been studied. This paper describes the purification and the identification of low molecular weight oligosaccharides contained in an EtOH/water extract of grape seeds. A sequential two-step purification by size exclusion chromatography was carried out to fractionate compounds according to molecular weights. Chemical characterization of the combined fractions was performed by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analyses. The separation process gave two fractions abundant in sucrose and glucose. A third fraction containing trisaccharides was acetylated allowing the purification of the main trisaccharide. The structure elucidation of the acetylated product made it possible to identify gentianose, a predominant carbohydrate reserve found in the storage roots of perennial Gentiana lutea. Grape seeds are wine industry by-products and the obtained results suggest the importance of their recovery.
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Gunawan C, Xue S, Pattathil S, da Costa Sousa L, Dale BE, Balan V. Comprehensive characterization of non-cellulosic recalcitrant cell wall carbohydrates in unhydrolyzed solids from AFEX-pretreated corn stover. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:82. [PMID: 28360940 PMCID: PMC5372267 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inefficient carbohydrate conversion has been an unsolved problem for various lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment technologies, including AFEX, dilute acid, and ionic liquid pretreatments. Previous work has shown 22% of total carbohydrates are typically unconverted, remaining as soluble or insoluble oligomers after hydrolysis (72 h) with excess commercial enzyme loading (20 mg enzymes/g biomass). Nearly one third (7 out of 22%) of these total unconverted carbohydrates are present in unhydrolyzed solid (UHS) residues. The presence of these unconverted carbohydrates leads to a considerable sugar yield loss, which negatively impacts the overall economics of the biorefinery. Current commercial enzyme cocktails are not effective to digest specific cross-linkages in plant cell wall glycans, especially some of those present in hemicelluloses and pectins. Thus, obtaining information about the most recalcitrant non-cellulosic glycan cross-linkages becomes a key study to rationally improve commercial enzyme cocktails, by supplementing the required enzyme activities for hydrolyzing those unconverted glycans. RESULTS In this work, cell wall glycans that could not be enzymatically converted to monomeric sugars from AFEX-pretreated corn stover (CS) were characterized using compositional analysis and glycome profiling tools. The pretreated CS was hydrolyzed using commercial enzyme mixtures comprising cellulase and hemicellulase at 7% glucan loading (~20% solid loading). The carbohydrates present in UHS and liquid hydrolysate were evaluated over a time period of 168 h enzymatic hydrolysis. Cell wall glycan-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used to characterize the type and abundance of non-cellulosic polysaccharides present in UHS over the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid-substituted xylan and pectic-arabinogalactan were found to be the most abundant epitopes recognized by mAbs in UHS and liquid hydrolysate, suggesting that the commercial enzyme cocktails used in this work are unable to effectively target those substituted polysaccharide residues. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report using glycome profiling as a tool to dynamically monitor recalcitrant cell wall carbohydrates during the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. Glycome profiling of UHS and liquid hydrolysates unveiled some of the glycans that are not cleaved and enriched after enzyme hydrolysis. The major polysaccharides include 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid-substituted xylan and pectic-arabinogalactan, suggesting that enzymes with glucuronidase and arabinofuranosidase activities are required to maximize monomeric sugar yields. This methodology provides a rapid tool to assist in developing new enzyme cocktails, by supplementing the existing cocktails with the required enzyme activities for achieving complete deconstruction of pretreated biomass in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Gunawan
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Saisi Xue
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA
- Mascoma, LLC (Lallemand Inc.), 67 Etna Road, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
| | - Leonardo da Costa Sousa
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Bruce E. Dale
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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7
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Zhang F, Wang HW, Tominaga K, Hayashi M, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Application of THz Vibrational Spectroscopy to Molecular Characterization and the Theoretical Fundamentals: An Illustration Using Saccharide Molecules. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:324-331. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Houng-Wei Wang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences; National; Taiwan) University 1 Roosevelt Rd. Sec. 4 Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Keisuke Tominaga
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Michitoshi Hayashi
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences; National; Taiwan) University 1 Roosevelt Rd. Sec. 4 Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science; Technology and Innovation; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science; Technology and Innovation; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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Liu J, Kisonen V, Willför S, Xu C, Vilaplana F. Profiling the substitution pattern of xyloglucan derivatives by integrated enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1463:110-20. [PMID: 27524300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides constitute arguably the most complex family of biomacromolecules in terms of the stereochemistry and regiochemistry of their intramolecular linkages. The chemical modification of such polysaccharides introduces an additional level of complexity for structural determinations. We have developed an integrated analytical procedure combining selective enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), and mass spectrometry (MS) to describe the substitution pattern of xyloglucan (XyG) and its chemo-enzymatic derivatives (cationic, anionic, and benzyl aminated). Enzymatic hydrolysis of XyG derivatives by a xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase (XEG) generates oligosaccharides amenable for mass spectrometric identification with distinct structures, based on enzymatic substrate recognition and hydrolytic pattern. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) offer qualitative mass profiling of the chemical derivatives. Separation and identification of the complex oligosaccharide profiles released by enzymatic hydrolysis is achieved by hyphenation of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS). Further fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in positive mode enables the structural sequencing of modified XyG oligosaccharides and the identification of the substituent position without further derivatisation. This integrated approach can be used to obtain semi-quantitative information of the substitution pattern of hemicellulose derivatives, with fundamental implications for their modification mechanisms and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Victor Kisonen
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Wang LC, Wu H, Ji J, Xue F, Liu R. Preparation, analysis and antioxidant evaluation of the controlled product of polysaccharide from Mactra veneriformis by mild acid hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:709-718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Pattathil S, Hahn MG, Dale BE, Chundawat SPS. Insights into plant cell wall structure, architecture, and integrity using glycome profiling of native and AFEXTM-pre-treated biomass. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4279-94. [PMID: 25911738 PMCID: PMC4493783 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls, which constitute the bulk of plant biomass, vary considerably in their structure, composition, and architecture. Studies on plant cell walls can be conducted on both native and pre-treated plant biomass samples, allowing an enhanced understanding of these structural and compositional variations. Here glycome profiling was employed to determine the relative abundance of matrix polysaccharides in several phylogenetically distinct native and pre-treated plant biomasses. Eight distinct biomass types belonging to four different subgroups (i.e. monocot grasses, woody dicots, herbaceous dicots, and softwoods) were subjected to various regimes of AFEX™ (ammonia fiber expansion) pre-treatment [AFEX is a trademark of MBI, Lansing (http://www.mbi.org]. This approach allowed detailed analysis of close to 200 cell wall glycan epitopes and their relative extractability using a high-throughput platform. In general, irrespective of the phylogenetic origin, AFEX™ pre-treatment appeared to cause loosening and improved accessibility of various xylan epitope subclasses in most plant biomass materials studied. For most biomass types analysed, such loosening was also evident for other major non-cellulosic components including subclasses of pectin and xyloglucan epitopes. The studies also demonstrate that AFEX™ pre-treatment significantly reduced cell wall recalcitrance among diverse phylogenies (except softwoods) by inducing structural modifications to polysaccharides that were not detectable by conventional gross composition analyses. It was found that monitoring changes in cell wall glycan compositions and their relative extractability for untreated and pre-treated plant biomass can provide an improved understanding of variations in structure and composition of plant cell walls and delineate the role(s) of matrix polysaccharides in cell wall recalcitrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Bruce E Dale
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shishir P S Chundawat
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Present address: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, C-150A Engineering Building, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Bowman MJ, Dien BS, Vermillion KE, Mertens JA. Isolation and characterization of unhydrolyzed oligosaccharides from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum, L.) xylan after exhaustive enzymatic treatment with commercial enzyme preparations. Carbohydr Res 2015; 407:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Wang L, Nie Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Xiong B. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of pyridalyl and metabolites in excrement of two representative Lepidoptera pests. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative SPE followed by HPLC-TOF/MS determination of pyridalyl and its potential metabolites in the excrement of Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera) and Spodoptera exigua (S. exigua) was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yuting Nie
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Bo Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
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13
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Xue S, Uppugundla N, Bowman MJ, Cavalier D, Da Costa Sousa L, E Dale B, Balan V. Sugar loss and enzyme inhibition due to oligosaccharide accumulation during high solids-loading enzymatic hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:195. [PMID: 26617670 PMCID: PMC4662034 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of recalcitrant oligosaccharides during high-solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass reduces biofuel yields and increases processing costs for a cellulosic biorefinery. Recalcitrant oligosaccharides in AFEX-pretreated corn stover hydrolysate accumulate to the extent of about 18-25 % of the total soluble sugars in the hydrolysate and 12-18 % of the total polysaccharides in the inlet biomass (untreated), equivalent to a yield loss of about 7-9 kg of monomeric sugars per 100 kg of inlet dry biomass (untreated). These oligosaccharides represent a yield loss and also inhibit commercial hydrolytic enzymes, with both being serious bottlenecks for economical biofuel production from cellulosic biomass. Very little is understood about the nature of these oligomers and why they are recalcitrant to commercial enzymes. This work presents a robust method for separating recalcitrant oligosaccharides from high solid loading hydrolysate in gramme quantities. Composition analysis, recalcitrance study and enzyme inhibition study were performed to understand their chemical nature. RESULTS Oligosaccharide accumulation occurs during high solid loading enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover (CS) irrespective of using different pretreated corn stover (dilute acid: DA, ionic liquids: IL, and ammonia fibre expansion: AFEX). The methodology for large-scale separation of recalcitrant oligosaccharides from 25 % solids-loading AFEX-corn stover hydrolysate using charcoal fractionation and size exclusion chromatography is reported for the first time. Oligosaccharides with higher degree of polymerization (DP) were recalcitrant towards commercial enzyme mixtures [Ctec2, Htec2 and Multifect pectinase (MP)] compared to lower DP oligosaccharides. Enzyme inhibition studies using processed substrates (Avicel and xylan) showed that low DP oligosaccharides also inhibit commercial enzymes. Addition of monomeric sugars to oligosaccharides increases the inhibitory effects of oligosaccharides on commercial enzymes. CONCLUSION The carbohydrate composition of the recalcitrant oligosaccharides, ratios of different DP oligomers and their distribution profiles were determined. Recalcitrance and enzyme inhibition studies help determine whether the commercial enzyme mixtures lack the enzyme activities required to completely de-polymerize the plant cell wall. Such studies clarify the reasons for oligosaccharide accumulation and contribute to strategies by which oligosaccharides can be converted into fermentable sugars and provide higher biofuel yields with less enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisi Xue
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
| | - Nirmal Uppugundla
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
| | - Michael J. Bowman
- />USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bioenergy Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA
| | - David Cavalier
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- />DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Leonardo Da Costa Sousa
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
| | - Bruce. E Dale
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
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Bowman MJ, Dien BS, Vermillion KE, Mertens JA. Structural characterization of (1→2)-β-xylose-(1→3)-α-arabinose-containing oligosaccharide products of extracted switchgrass (Panicum virgatum, L.) xylan after exhaustive enzymatic treatment with α-arabinofuranosidase and β-endo-xylanase. Carbohydr Res 2014; 398:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Humpula JF, Uppugundla N, Vismeh R, Sousa L, Chundawat SPS, Jones AD, Balan V, Dale BE, Cheh AM. Probing the nature of AFEX-pretreated corn stover derived decomposition products that inhibit cellulase activity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 152:38-45. [PMID: 24275024 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sequential fractionation of AFEX-pretreated corn stover extracts was carried out using ultra-centrifugation, ultra-filtration, and solid phase extraction to isolate various classes of pretreatment products to evaluate their inhibitory effect on cellulases. Ultra-centrifugation removed dark brown precipitates that caused no appreciable enzyme inhibition. Ultra-filtration of ultra-centrifuged AFEX-pretreated corn stover extractives using a 10 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) membrane removed additional high molecular weight components that accounted for 24-28% of the total observed enzyme inhibition while a 3 kDa MWCO membrane removed 60-65%, suggesting significant inhibition is caused by oligomeric materials. Solid phase extraction (SPE) of AFEX-pretreated corn stover extractives after ultra-centrifugation removed 34-43% of the inhibition; ultra-filtration with a 5 kDa membrane removed 44-56% of the inhibition and when this ultra-filtrate was subjected to SPE a total of 69-70% of the inhibition were removed. Mass spectrometry found several phenolic compounds among the hydrophobic inhibition removed by SPE adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Humpula
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nirmal Uppugundla
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ramin Vismeh
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Leonardo Sousa
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shishir P S Chundawat
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bruce E Dale
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Albert M Cheh
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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