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Saeed S, Ahmed S, Naz A, Arooj F, Mehmood T. Valorization of Using Agro-Wastes for Levan through Submerged Fermentation and Statistical Optimization of the Process Variables Applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Design. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1559. [PMID: 37375062 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Levan is a homopolysaccharide of fructose units that repeat as its structural core. As an exopolysaccharide (EPS), it is produced by a great variety of microorganisms and a small number of plant species. The principal substrate used for levan production in industries, i.e., sucrose, is expensive and, hence, the manufacturing process requires an inexpensive substrate. As a result, the current research was designed to evaluate the potential of sucrose-rich fruit peels, i.e., mango peels, banana peels, apple peels, and sugarcane bagasse, to produce levan using Bacillus subtilis via submerged fermentation. After screening, the highest levan-producing substrate, mango peel, was used to optimize several process parameters (temperature, incubation time, pH, inoculum volume, and agitation speed) employing the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM), and their impact on levan production was assessed. After incubation for 64 h at 35 °C and pH 7.5, the addition of 2 mL of inoculum, and agitation at 180 rpm, the highest production of levan was 0.717 g/L of mango peel hydrolysate (obtained from 50 g of mango peels/liter of distilled water). The F-value of 50.53 and p-value 0.001 were calculated using the RSM statistical tool to verify that the planned model was highly significant. The selected model's accuracy was proven by a high value (98.92%) of the coefficient of determination (R2). The results obtained from ANOVA made it clear that the influence of agitation speed alone on levan biosynthesis was statistically significant (p-value = 0.0001). The functional groups of levan produced were identified using FTIR (Fourier-transform ionization radiation). The sugars present in the levan were measured using HPLC and the levan was found to contain only fructose. The average molecular weight of the levan was 7.6 × 106 KDa. The findings revealed that levan can be efficiently produced by submerged fermentation using inexpensive substrate, i.e., fruit peels. Furthermore, these optimized cultural conditions can be applied on a commercial scale for industrial production and commercialization of levan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta Saeed
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sibtain Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Alina Naz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Arooj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mehmood
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
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Anguluri K, La China S, Brugnoli M, De Vero L, Pulvirenti A, Cassanelli S, Gullo M. Candidate Acetic Acid Bacteria Strains for Levan Production. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102000. [PMID: 35631879 PMCID: PMC9146431 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, twelve strains of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) belonging to five different genera were tested for their ability to produce levan, at 70 and 250 g/L of sucrose concentration, respectively. The fructan produced by the bacterial strains was characterized as levan by NMR spectroscopy. Most of the strains produced levan, highlighting intra- and inter-species variability. High yield was observed for Neoasaia chiangmaiensis NBRC 101099 T, Kozakia baliensis DSM 14400 T and Gluconobacter cerinus DSM 9533 T at 70 g/L of sucrose. A 12-fold increase was observed for N. chiangmaiensis NBRC 101099 T at 250 g/L of sucrose concentration. Levan production was found to be affected by glucose accumulation and pH reduction, especially in Ko. baliensis DSM 14400 T. All the Gluconobacter strains showed a negative correlation with the increase in sucrose concentration. Among strains of Komagataeibacter genus, no clear effect of sucrose on levan yield was found. Results obtained in this study highlighted the differences in levan yield among AAB strains and showed interdependence between culture conditions, carbon source utilization, and time of incubation. On the contrary, the levan yield was not always related to the sucrose concentration.
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Production of levan from Bacillus subtilis var. natto and apoptotic effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118613. [PMID: 34561011 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Levan is a high-valued polysaccharide of fructose produced by several microbial species. These polysaccharides have been described as effective therapeutic agents in some human disease conditions, such as cancer, heart diseases and diabetes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of levan (β-(2 → 6)-fructan) produced through sucrose fermentation by B. subtilis var. natto on the proliferation rate, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. It was obtained 41.44 g/L of levan in 18 h by biotechnological fermentation and SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1000 μg/mL of levan. The treatment with 1000 μg/mL of levan induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cancer cells by the significant increase in Annexin V/7-AAD and caspase 3/7 activation, but did not decrease proliferation or triggered a cytotoxic effect. 1000 μg/mL levan treatment is a promising therapeutic strategy for SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
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Kasemiire A, Avohou HT, De Bleye C, Sacre PY, Dumont E, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Design of experiments and design space approaches in the pharmaceutical bioprocess optimization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:144-154. [PMID: 34147574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of pharmaceutical bioprocesses suffers from several challenges like complexity, upscaling costs, regulatory approval, leading to the risk of delivering substandard drugs to patients. Bioprocess is very complex and requires the evaluation of multiple components that need to be monitored and controlled in order to attain the desired state when the process ends. Statistical design of experiments (DoE) is a powerful tool for optimizing bioprocesses because it plays a critical role in the quality by design strategy as it is useful in exploring the experimental domain and providing statistics of interest that enable scientists to understand the impact of critical process parameters on the critical quality attributes. This review summarizes selected publications in which DoE methodology was used to optimize bioprocess. The main objective of the critical review was to clearly demonstrate potential benefits of using the DoE and design space methodologies in bioprocess optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kasemiire
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Hermane T Avohou
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Bleye
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacre
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Elodie Dumont
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Microbial exopolysaccharide-based nano-carriers with unique multi-functionalities for biomedical sectors. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Immobilization of enological pectinase in calcium alginate hydrogels: A potential biocatalyst for winemaking. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mostafa FA, Abdel Wahab WA, Salah HA, Nawwar GA, Esawy MA. Kinetic and thermodynamic characteristic of Aspergillus awamori EM66 levansucrase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:232-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Optimization of pectinase immobilization on grafted alginate-agar gel beads by 2 4 full factorial CCD and thermodynamic profiling for evaluating of operational covalent immobilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:159-170. [PMID: 29458101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pectinase produced by a honey derived from the fungus Aspergillus awamori KX943614 was covalently immobilized onto gel beads made of alginate and agar. Polyethyleneimine, glutaraldehyde, loading time and enzyme's units were optimized by 24 full factorial central composite design (CCD). The immobilization process increased the optimal working pH for the free pectinase from 5 to a broader range of pH4.5-5.5 and the optimum operational temperature from 55°C to a higher temperature, of 60°C, which is favored to reduce the enzyme's microbial contamination. The thermodynamics studies showed a thermal stability enhancement against high temperature for the immobilized formula. Moreover, an increase in half-lives and D-values was achieved. The thermodynamic studies proved that immobilization of pectinase made a remarkable increase in enthalpy and free energy because of enzyme stability enhancement. The reusability test revealed that 60% of pectinase's original activity was retained after 8 successive cycles. This gel formula may be convenient for immobilization of other industrial enzymes.
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Levan promotes antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells mediated by oxidative stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:565-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ua-Arak T, Jakob F, Vogel RF. Fermentation pH Modulates the Size Distributions and Functional Properties of Gluconobacter albidus TMW 2.1191 Levan. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:807. [PMID: 28522999 PMCID: PMC5415625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial levan has gained an increasing interest over the last decades due to its unique characteristics and multiple possible applications. Levan and other exopolysaccharides (EPSs) production are usually optimized to obtain the highest concentration or yield while a possible change of the molecular size and mass during the production process is mostly neglected. In this study, the molar mass and radius of levan samples were monitored during fermentations with the food-grade, levan-producing acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter (G.) albidus TMW 2.1191 in shake flasks (without pH control) and bioreactors (with pH control at 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5, respectively). In uncontrolled fermentations, the levan size/molar mass continuously decreased concomitantly with the continuous acidification of the nutrient medium. On the contrary, the amount, molar mass and size of levan could be directly influenced by controlling the pH during fermentation. Using equal initial substrate amounts, the largest weight average molar mass and geometric radius of levan were observed at constant pH 6.5, while the highest levan concentration was obtained at constant pH 4.5. Since there is a special demand to find suitable hydrocolloids from food-grade bacteria to develop novel gluten-free (GF) products, these differently produced levans were used for baking of GF breads, and the best quality improvement was obtained by addition of levan with the highest mass and radius. This work, therefore, demonstrates for the first time that one bacterial strain can produce specific high molecular weight fractions of one EPS type, which differ in properties and sizes among each other in dependence of the controllable production conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharalinee Ua-Arak
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Frank Jakob
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
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Liu Q, Yu S, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. Efficient biosynthesis of levan from sucrose by a novel levansucrase from Brenneria goodwinii. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1732-1740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Szwengiel A, Goderska K, Gumienna M. Synthesis of ß-(2-6)-linked fructan with a partially purified levansucrase from Bacillus subtilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Öner ET, Hernández L, Combie J. Review of Levan polysaccharide: From a century of past experiences to future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:827-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Draft Genome Sequence of Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1, an Excellent Producer of Microbicides. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/4/e00727-16. [PMID: 27491987 PMCID: PMC4974308 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00727-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report here the draft genome sequence of Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1, which exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity. It encodes the synthase of bacitracin, kalimantacin, bacillomycin, iturin, fusaricidin, tridecaptin, and pelgipeptin and biosynthetic pathways of antiviral curldan and levan polysaccharides. Also, a novel prophage is involved in this genome that contains endolysin-encoding genes.
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Li M, Seo S, Karboune S. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens levansucrase-catalyzed the synthesis of fructooligosaccharides, oligolevan and levan in maple syrup-based reaction systems. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:203-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Recent novel applications of levansucrases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6959-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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