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Oliva B, Zervas A, Stougaard P, Westh P, Thøgersen MS. Metagenomic exploration of cold-active enzymes for detergent applications: Characterization of a novel, cold-active and alkali-stable GH8 endoglucanase from ikaite columns in SW Greenland. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14466. [PMID: 38829370 PMCID: PMC11146146 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities from extreme environments are largely understudied, but are essential as producers of metabolites, including enzymes, for industrial processes. As cultivation of most microorganisms remains a challenge, culture-independent approaches for enzyme discovery in the form of metagenomics to analyse the genetic potential of a community are rapidly becoming the way forward. This study focused on analysing a metagenome from the cold and alkaline ikaite columns in Greenland, identifying 282 open reading frames (ORFs) that encoded putative carbohydrate-modifying enzymes with potential applications in, for example detergents and other processes where activity at low temperature and high pH is desired. Seventeen selected ORFs, representing eight enzyme families were synthesized and expressed in two host organisms, Escherichia coli and Aliivibrio wodanis. Aliivibrio wodanis demonstrated expression of a more diverse range of enzyme classes compared to E. coli, emphasizing the importance of alternative expression systems for enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms. To demonstrate the validity of the screening strategy, we chose a recombinantly expressed cellulolytic enzyme from the metagenome for further characterization. The enzyme, Cel240, exhibited close to 40% of its relative activity at low temperatures (4°C) and demonstrated endoglucanase characteristics, with a preference for cellulose substrates. Despite low sequence similarity with known enzymes, computational analysis and structural modelling confirmed its cellulase-family affiliation. Cel240 displayed activity at low temperatures and good stability at 25°C, activity at alkaline pH and increased activity in the presence of CaCl2, making it a promising candidate for detergent and washing industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Oliva
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
- Present address:
Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of EngineeringUniversity of São PauloLorenaSPBrazil
| | - Athanasios Zervas
- Section for Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - Peter Stougaard
- Section for Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Mariane Schmidt Thøgersen
- Section for Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
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2
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Gajda Ł, Daszkowska-Golec A, Świątek P. Trophic Position of the White Worm ( Enchytraeus albidus) in the Context of Digestive Enzyme Genes Revealed by Transcriptomics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4685. [PMID: 38731903 PMCID: PMC11083476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the impact of Enchytraeidae (potworms) on the functioning of the decomposer system, knowledge of the feeding preferences of enchytraeid species is required. Different food preferences can be explained by variations in enzymatic activities among different enchytraeid species, as there are no significant differences in the morphology or anatomy of their alimentary tracts. However, it is crucial to distinguish between the contribution of microbial enzymes and the animal's digestive capacity. Here, we computationally analyzed the endogenous digestive enzyme genes in Enchytraeus albidus. The analysis was based on RNA-Seq of COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) specimens, utilizing transcriptome profiling to determine the trophic position of the species. We also corroborated the results obtained using transcriptomics data from genetically heterogeneous freeze-tolerant strains. Our results revealed that E. albidus expresses a wide range of glycosidases, including GH9 cellulases and a specific digestive SH3b-domain-containing i-type lysozyme, previously described in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Therefore, E. albidus combines traits of both primary decomposers (primary saprophytophages) and secondary decomposers (sapro-microphytophages/microbivores) and can be defined as an intermediate decomposer. Based on assemblies of publicly available RNA-Seq reads, we found close homologs for these cellulases and i-type lysozymes in various clitellate taxa, including Crassiclitellata and Enchytraeidae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.G.); (A.D.-G.)
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3
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Öten AM, Atak E, Taktak Karaca B, Fırtına S, Kutlu A. Discussing the roles of proline and glycine from the perspective of cold adaptation in lipases and cellulases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2124111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Melih Öten
- Biology Education Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evren Atak
- Bioinformatics and System Biology, Bioengineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Banu Taktak Karaca
- Molecular Biology & Genetics Department, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Fırtına
- Bioinformatics & Genetics, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, İstinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Kutlu
- Bioinformatics & Genetics, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, İstinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Huang Z, Ni G, Zhao X, Wang F, Qu M. Characterization of a GH8 β-1,4-Glucanase from Bacillus subtilis B111 and Its Saccharification Potential for Agricultural Straws. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1446-1454. [PMID: 34409950 PMCID: PMC9705894 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2105.05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we cloned and expressed an endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene (celA1805) from Bacillus subtilis B111 in Escherichia coli. The recombinant celA1805 contains a glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 8 domain and shared 76.8% identity with endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Bacillus sp. KSM-330. Results showed that the optimal pH and temperature of celA1805 were 6.0 and 50°C, respectively, and it was stable at pH 3-9 and temperature ≤50°C. Metal ions slightly affected enzyme activity, but chemical agents generally inhibited enzyme activity. Moreover, celA1805 showed a wide substrate specificity to CMC, barley β-glucan, lichenin, chitosan, PASC and avicel. The Km and Vmax values of celA1805 were 1.78 mg/ml and 50.09 μmol/min/mg. When incubated with cellooligosaccharides ranging from cellotriose to cellopentose, celA1805 mainly hydrolyzed cellotetrose (G4) and cellopentose (G5) to cellose (G2) and cellotriose (G3), but hardly hydrolyzed cellotriose. The concentrations of reducing sugars saccharified by celA1805 from wheat straw, rape straw, rice straw, peanut straw, and corn straw were increased by 0.21, 0.51, 0.26, 0.36, and 0.66 mg/ml, respectively. The results obtained in this study suggest potential applications of celA1805 in biomass saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of Jiangxi Province, Nutritional Feed Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Ni
- College of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China,Corresponding author F. Wang Phone/Fax: +86 791 83813459 E-mail:
| | - Mingren Qu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of Jiangxi Province, Nutritional Feed Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China,
M. Qu E-mail:
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Characterization of a New Biofunctional, Exolytic Alginate Lyase from Tamlana sp. s12 with High Catalytic Activity and Cold-Adapted Features. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040191. [PMID: 33800691 PMCID: PMC8065536 DOI: 10.3390/md19040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate, a major acidic polysaccharide in brown algae, has attracted great attention as a promising carbon source for biorefinery systems. Alginate lyases, especially exo-type alginate lyase, play a critical role in the biorefinery process. Although a large number of alginate lyases have been characterized, few can efficiently degrade alginate comprised of mannuronate (M) and guluronate (G) at low temperatures by means of an exolytic mode. In this study, the gene of a new exo-alginate lyase-Alys1-with high activity (1350 U/mg) was cloned from a marine strain, Tamlana sp. s12. When sodium alginate was used as a substrate, the recombinant enzyme showed optimal activity at 35 °C and pH 7.0-8.0. Noticeably, recombinant Alys1 was unstable at temperatures above 30 °C and had a low melting temperature of 56.0 °C. SDS and EDTA significantly inhibit its activity. These data indicate that Alys1 is a cold-adapted enzyme. Moreover, the enzyme can depolymerize alginates polyM and polyG, and produce a monosaccharide as the minimal alginate oligosaccharide. Primary substrate preference tests and identification of the final oligosaccharide products demonstrated that Alys1 is a bifunctional alginate lyase and prefers M to G. These properties make Alys1 a valuable candidate in both basic research and industrial applications.
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Hirano Y, Tsukamoto K, Ariki S, Naka Y, Ueda M, Tamada T. X-ray crystallographic structural studies of α-amylase I from Eisenia fetida. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:834-844. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The earthworm Eisenia fetida possesses several cold-active enzymes, including α-amylase, β-glucanase and β-mannanase. E. fetida possesses two isoforms of α-amylase (Ef-Amy I and II) to digest raw starch. Ef-Amy I retains its catalytic activity at temperatures below 10°C. To identify the molecular properties of Ef-Amy I, X-ray crystal structures were determined of the wild type and of the inactive E249Q mutant. Ef-Amy I has structural similarities to mammalian α-amylases, including the porcine pancreatic and human pancreatic α-amylases. Structural comparisons of the overall structures as well as of the Ca2+-binding sites of Ef-Amy I and the mammalian α-amylases indicate that Ef-Amy I has increased structural flexibility and more solvent-exposed acidic residues. These structural features of Ef-Amy I may contribute to its observed catalytic activity at low temperatures, as many cold-adapted enzymes have similar structural properties. The structure of the substrate complex of the inactive mutant of Ef-Amy I shows that a maltohexaose molecule is bound in the active site and a maltotetraose molecule is bound in the cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. The recognition of substrate molecules by Ef-Amy I exhibits some differences from that observed in structures of human pancreatic α-amylase. This result provides insights into the structural modulation of the recognition of substrates and inhibitors.
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Chai L, Yang Y, Yang H, Zhao Y, Wang H. Transcriptome analysis of genes expressed in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in response to cadmium exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124902. [PMID: 31563721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eisenia fetida earthworm is an ecotoxicologically important test species to monitor various pollutants. However, there is a little knowledge about the effects of cadmium (Cd) on earthworms at the transcriptional level. Firstly, we exposed E. fetida to soils supplemented with different concentrations (10, 30, 60 mg/kg soil) of Cd. Moreover, we depicted the characterization of gene expressions with E. fetida using high-throughput profiling of gene expression. In addition, a comparison of the gene expression profiles between each Cd treatment group and the control group suggested that differential expressional genes (DEGs) mainly enriched in enzyme activity, metabolism, oxidative stress, regeneration and apoptosis pathways. 8 DEGs from these pathways had been selected randomly to confirm the data of RNA-seq. Among these DEGs, six genes (metallothionein-2, phytochelatin synthase 1a, CuZn superoxide dismutase, sex determining region Y-box 2, sex determining region Y-box 4b, TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1-like) up-regulated and 2 genes (beta-1,4-endoglucanase, apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2-like) down-regulated in response to Cd exposure. The alteration of them indicated that earthworms could reduce the toxicity and bioavailability of Cd in polluted soil ecosystems through different pathways. This work lays an important foundation for linking earthworm transcriptional level with the ecological risk of Cd in soil ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Yijie Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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8
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Chen F, Ye J, Sista Kameshwar AK, Wu X, Ren J, Qin W, Li DW. A Novel Cold-Adaptive Endo-1,4-β-Glucanase From Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007: Gene Expression and Characterization of the Enzyme and Mode of Action. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3137. [PMID: 32038571 PMCID: PMC6987409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient industrial conversion of plant-derived cellulose to simple sugars and other value-added chemicals requires various highly stable and reactive enzymes. Industrial processes especially synchronous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)-based production of cellulosic bio-ethanol require enzymes that are active at lower temperatures. In this study, we have identified, characterized, and expressed the cold-adaptive endo-1,4-β-glucanase (BpEG) isolated from the Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007. The analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence indicated that BpEG belongs to GH family 8. The BpEG without the signal peptide was cloned into the expression vector pET32a and significantly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells. The SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of BpEG revealed that the recombinant BpEG was approximately 60 kDa. Purified recombinant BpEG exhibited hydrolytic activity against carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC), but not crystalline cellulose and xylan substrates. High performance, anion exchange, chromatography-pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD) analysis of the enzymatic products obtained from depolymerization of 1,4-β-linked biopolymers of different lengths revealed an interesting cutting mechanism employed by endoglucanases. The recombinant BpEG exhibited 6.0 of optimum pH and 35°C of optimum temperature, when cultured with CMC substrate. The BpEG enzyme exhibited stable activity between pH 5.0 and 9.0 at 35°C. Interestingly, BpEG retained about 42% of its enzymatic activity at 10°C compared to its optimal temperature. This new cold-adaptive cellulase could potentially achieve synchronous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) making BpEG a promising candidate in the fields of biofuel, biorefining, food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Jianren Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xuelian Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahong Ren
- Department of Biology Science and Technology, Changzhi College, Changzhi, China
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - De-Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT, United States
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9
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Linton SM. Review: The structure and function of cellulase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase) and hemicellulase (β-1,3-glucanase and endo-β-1,4-mannase) enzymes in invertebrates that consume materials ranging from microbes, algae to leaf litter. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 240:110354. [PMID: 31647988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the reaction catalysed, and the structure and function of the cellulase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and the hemicellulase enzymes, β-1,3-glucanase and endo-β-1,4-mannase that are present in numerous invertebrate groups with a diverse range of feeding specialisations. These range from microbial deposit and filter feeders, micro and macrophagous algal feeders, omnivores to herbivorous leaf litter and wood feeders. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase from glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GH9) digests cellulose like β-1,4-glucans from a range of materials. As it hydrolyses crystalline cellulose very slowly, it is a poor cellulase. Where tested, the enzyme has dual endo-β-1,4-glucanase and lichenase activity. Its presence does not necessarily indicate the ability of an animal to digest cellulose. It only indicates the ability to digest β-1,4-glucans and its function, which is discussed in this review, should be considered with reference to the substrates present in the diet. β-1,3-glucanase (laminarinase) belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GH16) and hydrolyses β-1.3-glucans. These polysaccharides are present in the cell walls of algae, protozoans and yeast, and they also occur as storage polysaccharides within protozoans and algae. Depending on their site of expression, these enzymes may function as a digestive enzyme or may be involved in innate immunity. Enzymes present in the digestive fluids or tissues, would be digestive. Haemolymph GH16 proteins may be involved in innate immunity through the activation of the phenol oxidase system. Insect GH16 proteins expressed within the haemolymph have lost their catalytic residues and function as β-glucan binding proteins. In contrast, crustacean GH16 proteins expressed within the same tissue, have retained the catalytic residues and thus possibly their β-1,3-glucanase activity. The potential function of which is discussed. Endo-β-1,4-mannase from glycosyl hydrolase family 5, subfamily 10 (GH5_10) hydrolyses mannan, glucomannan and galactomannan. These hemicelluloses are present in the cell walls of plants and algae and also function as storage polysaccharides within legume and palm seeds. They are digestive enzymes whose high expression in some species suggests they are a major contributor to hemicellulose digestion. They may also provide the animal with substantial amounts of monosaccharides for energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Linton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC 3216, Australia.
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10
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Kim S, Jeon D, Lee JY, Cho SJ, Lim Y, Eyun SI, Park SC, Seo YJ. Upregulation of cellulase activity and mRNA levels by bacterial challenge in the earthworm Eisenia andrei, supporting the involvement of cellulases in innate immunity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:15-18. [PMID: 31640857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether earthworm cellulases contribute to the innate immune system, the responsiveness of cellulase activity and mRNA expression to bacterial challenge was examined by zymography and RNA sequencing. A zymographic analysis revealed that the activity levels of earthworm cellulases were upregulated in response to either a bacterial (Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli) or LPS challenge. After the challenge, significant increases in cellulase 1 and cellulase 2 activity levels were observed within 8-16 and 16-24 h, respectively. In the coelomic fluid, both activities were significantly upregulated at 8 h post-injection with B. subtilis. Based on RNA sequencing, cellulase-related mRNAs encoding beta-1,4-endoglucanases were upregulated by 3-fold within 6 h after B. subtilis injection. Our results clearly demonstrated that earthworm cellulases are upregulated by bacterial challenge at the mRNA and protein levels. These results support the view that earthworm cellulases act as inducible humoral effectors of innate immunity against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggu Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghyun Lim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Il Eyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Ortíz-Ceballos AI, Ortiz-Gamino D, Andrade-Torres A, Pérez-Rodríguez P, López-Ortega M. Pontoscolex corethrurus: A homeless invasive tropical earthworm? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222337. [PMID: 31539381 PMCID: PMC6754163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of earthworm species in crop fields is as old as agriculture itself. The earthworms Pontoscolex corethrurus (invasive) and Balanteodrilus pearsei (native) are associated with the emergence of agriculture and sedentism in the region Amazon and Maya, respectively. Both species have shifted their preference from their natural habitat to the cropland niche. They contrast in terms of intensification of agricultural land use (anthropic impact to the symbiotic soil microbiome). P. corethrurus inhabits conventional agroecosystems, while B. pearsei thrives in traditional agroecosystems, i.e., P. corethrurus has not yet been recorded in soils where B. pearsei dwells. The demographic behavior of these two earthworm species was assessed in the laboratory over 100 days, according to their origin (OE; P. corethrurus and B. pearsei) food quality (FQ; soil only, maize stubble, Mucuna pruriens), and soil moisture (SM; 25, 33, 42%). The results showed that OE, FQ, SM, and the OE x FQ interaction were highly significant for the survival, growth, and reproduction of earthworms. P. corethrurus showed a lower survival rate (> mortality). P. corethrurus survivors fed a diet of low-to-intermediate nutritional quality (soil and stubble maize, respectively) showed a greater capacity to grow and reproduce; however, it was surpassed by the native earthworm when fed a high-quality diet (M. pruriens). Besides, P. corethrurus displayed a low cocoon hatching (emergence of juveniles). These results suggest that the presence of the invasive species was associated with a negative interaction with the soil microbiota where the native species dwells, and with the absence of natural mutualistic bacteria (gut, nephridia, and cocoons). These results are consistent with the absence of P. corethrurus in milpa and pasture-type agricultural niches managed by peasants (agroecologists) to grow food regularly through biological soil management. Results reported here suggest that P. corethrurus is an invasive species that is neither wild nor domesticated, that is, its eco-evolutionary phylogeny needs to be derived based on its symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel I. Ortíz-Ceballos
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Ortiz-Gamino
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Antonio Andrade-Torres
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Paulino Pérez-Rodríguez
- Programa de Estadística, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Maurilio López-Ortega
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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12
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Xue D, Zeng X, Gong C, Lin D, Yao S. A cold adapt and ethanol tolerant endoglucanase from a marine Bacillus subtilis. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Ueda M, Konemori Y, Nakazawa M, Sakamoto T, Sakaguchi M. Heterologous expression and characterization of a cold-adapted endo-1,4−β−glucanase gene from Bellamya chinensis laeta. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Gao B, He L, Wei D, Zhang L. Identification and magnetic immobilization of a pyrophilous aspartic protease from Antarctic psychrophilic fungus. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Gao
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Lujia Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai China
- NYU‐ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai Shanghai China
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15
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Ueda M, Hirano Y, Fukuhara H, Naka Y, Nakazawa M, Sakamoto T, Ogata Y, Tamada T. Gene cloning, expression, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of a β-mannanase from Eisenia fetida. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 117:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Increasing of activity and thermostability of cold active butanol-tolerant endoglucanase from a marine Rhodococcus sp. under high concentrations of butanol condition. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:265. [DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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17
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Overexpression and biochemical characterization of a recombinant psychrophilic endocellulase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. DY3. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:100-105. [PMID: 29733934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cold-active cellulases have received great attention for both industrial applications and fundamental research because of their high activity at low temperatures and their unique structural characters. In this study, the cold-active endoglucanase CelX from psychrotrophic Pseudoalteromonas sp. DY3 was successfully overexpressed in E. coli, partly purified and characterized in detail. CelX showed the highest activity at pH 5.5, and exhibited moderate activity and superior pH stability over a wide pH range (pH 5.0-pH 9.0). It displayed the highest activity at 45 °C, and kept 34.7% residual activity even at 5 °C. It was stable below 35 °C and lost activity very quickly above 45 °C, which is consistent with its cold adaptability. The apparent kinetic parameters CelX against CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) were determined, with the Km and kcat values of 6.4 mg/ml and 4.2 s-1 respectively. Mn2+ and Co2+ enhanced the cellulolytic activity of CelX by 28.8% and 20.6% respectively, whereas Pb2+ and Cu2+ inhibited its activity by 14.9% and 6.5% separately. The cold adaptation of CelX is possibly due to the presence of the unusually long linker between the catalytic module and the cellulose-binding domain.
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18
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Khalili Ghadikolaei K, Gharechahi J, Haghbeen K, Akbari Noghabi K, Hosseini Salekdeh G, Shahbani Zahiri H. A cold-adapted endoglucanase from camel rumen with high catalytic activity at moderate and low temperatures: an anomaly of truly cold-adapted evolution in a mesophilic environment. Extremophiles 2018; 22:315-326. [PMID: 29330650 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-0999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endoglucanases are important enzymes in plant biomass degradation. They have current and potential applications in various industrial sectors including human and animal food processing, textile, paper, and renewable biofuel production. It is assumed that the cold-active endoglucanases, with high catalytic rates in moderate and cold temperatures, can improve the cost-effectiveness of industrial processes by lowering the need for heating and, thus, energy consumption. In this study, the endoglucanase CelCM3 was procured from a camel rumen metagenome via gene cloning and expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The maximum activity of the enzyme on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was obtained at pH 5 and 30 °C with a Vmax and Km of 339 U/mg and 2.57 mg/ml, respectively. The enzyme with an estimated low melting temperature of 45 °C and about 50% activity at 4 °C was identified to be cold-adapted. A thermodynamic analysis corroborated that CelCM3 with an activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of activation (ΔH), and Gibb's free energy (ΔG) of, respectively, 18.47 kJ mol-1, 16.12 kJ mol-1, and 56.09 kJ mol-1 is a cold-active endoglucanase. In addition, CelCM3 was tolerant of metal ions, non-ionic detergents, urea, and organic solvents. Given these interesting characteristics, CelCM3 shows promise to meet the requirements of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Khalili Ghadikolaei
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Gharechahi
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamahldin Haghbeen
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Akbari Noghabi
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahbani Zahiri
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Characterization of a microbial polysaccharide-based bioflocculant and its anti-inflammatory and pro-coagulant activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 161:636-644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Wei YD, Li Y, Deng C, Wu SH, Huang CJ, Yi Y. Expression and biochemical characterization of a multifunctional glycosidase from the thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis SR01. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2017; 63:259-265. [PMID: 28835594 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A gene (gkdA) (741 bp) encoding a putative protein of 247 amino acids was cloned from the Bacillus licheniformis SR01. The protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 with a molecular mass estimated by SDS-PAGE of approximately 28.03 kDa and showed a calculating isoelectric point (pI) of 6.42. Structure analysis and function identification showed that the enzyme was a multifunctional glycosidase. Its specific activity was 0.013 U/μg. The recombinant glycosidase showed a maximum activity at 50°C and pH 7.0. It was very stable below 90°C and may have heat activation at higher temperatures. The relative residual activity was still more than 80% after 120 min at pH 5.0-10.0. The enzyme activity was inhibited by Cu2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Li+, SDS and EDTA, activated by Ca2+, and not affected by Mn2+ and K+. Under simulated stomach, and in vitro intestine, conditions, the enzyme retained 80%, and more than 100%, activity, respectively, after incubation for 90 min. The excellent properties of this enzyme, specifically its thermal stability and multifunctional abilities, give it potential application in the field of feed processing and other high-temperature processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Dao Wei
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Ya Li
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Chun Deng
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Shi-Hua Wu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Cui-Ji Huang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Yi Yi
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology.,Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology
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21
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Park IY, Cha JR, Ok SM, Shin C, Kim JS, Kwak HJ, Yu YS, Kim YK, Medina B, Cho SJ, Park SC. A new earthworm cellulase and its possible role in the innate immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:476-480. [PMID: 27614272 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new endogenous cellulase (Ean-EG) from the earthworm, Eisenia andrei and its expression pattern are demonstrated. Based on a deduced amino acid sequence, the open reading frame (ORF) of Ean-EG consisted of 1368 bps corresponding to a polypeptide of 456 amino acid residues in which is contained the conserved region specific to GHF9 that has the essential amino acid residues for enzyme activity. In multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis, the deduced amino acid sequence of Ean- EG showed the highest sequence similarity (about 79%) to that of an annelid (Pheretima hilgendorfi) and could be clustered together with other GHF9 cellulases, indicating that Ean-EG could be categorized as a member of the GHF9 to which most animal cellulases belong. The histological expression pattern of Ean-EG mRNA using in situ hybridization revealed that the most distinct expression was observed in epithelial cells with positive hybridization signal in epidermis, chloragogen tissue cells, coelomic cell-aggregate, and even blood vessel, which could strongly support the fact that at least in the earthworm, Eisenia andrei, cellulase function must not be limited to digestive process but be possibly extended to the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Yong Park
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Roung Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Mi Ok
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuog Shin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Se Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Yu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Brenda Medina
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Purification, Characterization, and Gene Cloning of a Cold-Adapted Endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Bellamya chinensis laeta. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:241-50. [PMID: 26921188 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Bellamya chinensis laeta was purified to electrophoretically homogeneous state. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated 70,000 by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was most active at pH 5.5 and 50 °C, and stable at around pH 10 and 50 °C. The enzyme exhibited the significant activity at 20 °C (30 % of the activity at optimal 50 °C). The enzyme was hydrolyzed cellohexaose into cellobiose, cellotriose, and cellotetraose as main products. Three cDNAs (BC-EG70a, BC-EG70b, and BC-EG70c) encoding the endo-1,4-β-glucanase were cloned by PCR-based method. Three endo-1,4-β-glucanases consisted of 1758 bp encoding 586 amino acids. The three genes were almost the same nucleotide sequences. The deduced proteins were consisted of a signal sequence, cellulose binding domain, linker, and catalytic domain. The amino acid sequence of BC-EG70a shares sequence identity degree with the endo-1,4-β-glucanases of Haliotis discus hannai (61 %), Ampullaria crossean (52 %), and Mizuhopecten yessoensis (51 %) which all belong to glycoside hydrolase family 9.
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23
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Bai X, Yuan X, Wen A, Li J, Bai Y, Shao T. Cloning, expression and characterization of a cold-adapted endo-1, 4- β-glucanase from Citrobacter farmeri A1, a symbiotic bacterium of Reticulitermes labralis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2679. [PMID: 27843715 PMCID: PMC5103814 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many biotechnological and industrial applications can benefit from cold-adapted EglCs through increased efficiency of catalytic processes at low temperature. In our previous study, Citrobacter farmeri A1 which was isolated from a wood-inhabiting termite Reticulitermes labralis could secrete a cold-adapted EglC. However, its EglC was difficult to purify for enzymatic properties detection because of its low activity (0.8 U/ml). The objective of the present study was to clone and express the C. farmeri EglC gene in Escherichia coli to improve production level and determine the enzymatic properties of the recombinant enzyme. METHODS The EglC gene was cloned from C. farmeri A1 by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. EglC was transformed into vector pET22b and functionally expressed in E. coli. The recombination protein EglC22b was purified for properties detection. RESULTS SDS-PAGE revealed that the molecular mass of the recombinant endoglucanase was approximately 42 kDa. The activity of the E. coli pET22b-EglC crude extract was 9.5 U/ml. Additionally, it was active at pH 6.5-8.0 with an optimum pH of 7.0. The recombinant enzyme had an optimal temperature of 30-40 °C and exhibited >50% relative activity even at 5 °C, whereas it lost approximately 90% of its activity after incubation at 60 °C for 30 min. Its activity was enhanced by Co2+ and Fe3+, but inhibited by Cd2+, Zn2+, Li+, Triton X-100, DMSO, acetonitrile, Tween 80, SDS, and EDTA. CONCLUSION These biochemical properties indicate that the recombinant enzyme is a cold-adapted endoglucanase that can be used for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Bai
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Aiyou Wen
- College of Animal Science, University of Science and Technology of Anhui , Fengyang , China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yunfeng Bai
- Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing , China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
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24
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Bai X, Yuan X, Wen A, Li J, Bai Y, Shao T. Efficient expression and characterization of a cold-active endo-1, 4-β-glucanase from Citrobacter farmeri by co-expression of Myxococcus xanthus protein S. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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25
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Santiago M, Ramírez-Sarmiento CA, Zamora RA, Parra LP. Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms, and Industrial Applications of Cold-Active Enzymes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1408. [PMID: 27667987 PMCID: PMC5016527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-active enzymes constitute an attractive resource for biotechnological applications. Their high catalytic activity at temperatures below 25°C makes them excellent biocatalysts that eliminate the need of heating processes hampering the quality, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of industrial production. Here we provide a review of the isolation and characterization of novel cold-active enzymes from microorganisms inhabiting different environments, including a revision of the latest techniques that have been used for accomplishing these paramount tasks. We address the progress made in the overexpression and purification of cold-adapted enzymes, the evolutionary and molecular basis of their high activity at low temperatures and the experimental and computational techniques used for their identification, along with protein engineering endeavors based on these observations to improve some of the properties of cold-adapted enzymes to better suit specific applications. We finally focus on examples of the evaluation of their potential use as biocatalysts under conditions that reproduce the challenges imposed by the use of solvents and additives in industrial processes and of the successful use of cold-adapted enzymes in biotechnological and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Santiago
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - César A. Ramírez-Sarmiento
- Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo A. Zamora
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Loreto P. Parra
- Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
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26
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Bjerga GEK, Lale R, Williamson AK. Engineering low-temperature expression systems for heterologous production of cold-adapted enzymes. Bioengineered 2015; 7:33-8. [PMID: 26710170 PMCID: PMC4878266 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2015.1128589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of psychrophilic enzymes in the commonly used mesophilic expression systems is hampered by low intrinsic stability of the recombinant enzymes at the optimal host growth temperatures. Unless strategies for low-temperature expression are advanced, research on psychrophilic enzymes may end up being biased toward those that can be stably produced in commonly used mesophilic host systems. Two main strategies are currently being explored for the development of low-temperature expression in bacterial hosts: (i) low-temperature adaption of existing mesophilic expression systems, and (ii) development of new psychrophilic hosts. These developments include genetic engineering of the expression cassettes to optimize the promoter/operator systems that regulate heterologous expression. In this addendum we present our efforts in the development of such low-temperature expression systems, and speculate about future advancements in the field and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Elin Kjæreng Bjerga
- a University of Tromsø, Norstruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Rahmi Lale
- b Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Department of Biotechnology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Adele Kim Williamson
- a University of Tromsø, Norstruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tromsø , Norway
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27
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Mao Y, Yin Y, Zhang L, Alias SA, Gao B, Wei D. Development of a novel Aspergillus uracil deficient expression system and its application in expressing a cold-adapted α-amylase gene from Antarctic fungi Geomyces pannorum. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Akazawa SI, Ikarashi Y, Yarimizu J, Yokoyama K, Kobayashi T, Nakazawa H, Ogasawara W, Morikawa Y. Characterization of two endoglucanases for the classification of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida Waki. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 80:55-66. [PMID: 26295166 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1075860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei are vermicomposting species that are used as model animals for testing chemical material toxicology. Eisenia spp. are grown commercially in various fields in Japan. However, these two species have not been classified because it is difficult to distinguish them morphologically; thus, all bred earthworms are called E. fetida. However, it has been proposed that these two species have different expression regulation mechanisms. Here, we classified a sample of earthworms purchased from several farms, confirming that both E. fetida and E. andrei are present in Japanese earthworm breeding programs. We also characterized two highly active endoglucanases (EfEG1 and EfEG2) from the E. fetida Waki strain, which contained strong fibrinolytic enzymes for improving human health. We confirmed that EfEG1 is 1371 bp long and belongs to GHF9. Thus, E. fetida Waki may have commercial application for biomass utilization and as a dietary health supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Akazawa
- a Department of Materials Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College , Nagaoka , Japan
| | - Yuki Ikarashi
- a Department of Materials Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College , Nagaoka , Japan
| | - Jun Yarimizu
- a Department of Materials Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College , Nagaoka , Japan
| | - Keisuke Yokoyama
- a Department of Materials Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College , Nagaoka , Japan
| | - Tomoya Kobayashi
- a Department of Materials Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College , Nagaoka , Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakazawa
- b Department of Bioengineering , Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka , Japan
| | - Wataru Ogasawara
- b Department of Bioengineering , Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka , Japan
| | - Yasushi Morikawa
- b Department of Bioengineering , Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka , Japan
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Bjerga GEK, Williamson AK. Cold shock induction of recombinant Arctic environmental genes. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:78. [PMID: 26286037 PMCID: PMC4544801 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterologous expression of psychrophilic enzymes in E. coli is particularly challenging due to their intrinsic instability. The low stability is regarded as a consequence of adaptation that allow them to function at low temperatures. Recombinant production presents a significant barrier to their exploitation for commercial applications in industry. Methods As part of an enzyme discovery project we have investigated the utility of a cold-shock inducible promoter for low-temperature expression of five diverse genes derived from the metagenomes of marine Arctic sediments. After evaluation of their production, we further optimized for soluble production by building a vector suite from which the environmental genes could be expressed as fusions with solubility tags. Results We found that the low-temperature optimized system produced high expression levels for all putatively cold-active proteins, as well as reducing host toxicity for several candidates. As a proof of concept, activity assays with one of the candidates, a putative chitinase, showed that functional protein was obtained using the low-temperature optimized vector suite. Conclusions We conclude that a cold-shock inducible system is advantageous for the heterologous expression of psychrophilic proteins, and may also be useful for expression of toxic mesophilic and thermophilic proteins where properties of the proteins are deleterious to the host cell growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0185-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Elin Kjæreng Bjerga
- Norstruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway. .,Centre for Applied Biotechnology, Uni Research AS, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Adele Kim Williamson
- Norstruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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30
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Yan J, Yuan SS, Jiang LL, Ye XJ, Ng TB, Wu ZJ. Plant antifungal proteins and their applications in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4961-81. [PMID: 25971197 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are far more complex organisms than viruses or bacteria and can develop numerous diseases in plants that cause loss of a substantial portion of the crop every year. Plants have developed various mechanisms to defend themselves against these fungi which include the production of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites and proteins and peptides with antifungal activity. In this review, families of plant antifungal proteins (AFPs) including defensins, lectins, and several others will be summarized. Moreover, the application of AFPs in agriculture will also be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China,
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31
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Challenges for the production of bioethanol from biomass using recombinant yeasts. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 92:89-125. [PMID: 26003934 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass, one of the most abundant renewable resources on the planet, is an alternative sustainable energy source for the production of second-generation biofuels. Energy in the form of simple or complex carbohydrates can be extracted from lignocellulose biomass and fermented by microorganisms to produce bioethanol. Despite 40 years of active and cutting-edge research invested into the development of technologies to produce bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, the process remains commercially unviable. This review describes the achievements that have been made in generating microorganisms capable of utilizing both simple and complex sugars from lignocellulose biomass and the fermentation of these sugars into ethanol. We also provide a discussion on the current "roadblocks" standing in the way of making second-generation bioethanol a commercially viable alternative to fossil fuels.
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Okano H, Kanaya E, Ozaki M, Angkawidjaja C, Kanaya S. Structure, activity, and stability of metagenome-derived glycoside hydrolase family 9 endoglucanase with an N-terminal Ig-like domain. Protein Sci 2015; 24:408-19. [PMID: 25545469 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A metagenome-derived glycoside hydrolase family 9 enzyme with an N-terminal immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domain, leaf-branch compost (LC)-CelG, was characterized and its crystal structure was determined. LC-CelG did not hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl cellobioside but hydrolyzed CM-cellulose, indicating that it is endoglucanase. LC-CelG exhibited the highest activity at 70°C and >80% of the maximal activity at a broad pH range of 5-9. Its denaturation temperature was 81.4°C, indicating that LC-CelG is a thermostable enzyme. The structure of LC-CelG resembles those of CelD from Clostridium thermocellum (CtCelD), Cel9A from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (AaCel9A), and cellobiohydrolase CbhA from C. thermocellum (CtCbhA), which show relatively low (29-31%) amino acid sequence identities to LC-CelG. Three acidic active site residues are conserved as Asp194, Asp197, and Glu558 in LC-CelG. Ten of the thirteen residues that form the substrate binding pocket of AaCel9A are conserved in LC-CelG. Removal of the Ig-like domain reduced the activity and stability of LC-CelG by 100-fold and 6.3°C, respectively. Removal of the Gln40- and Asp99-mediated interactions between the Ig-like and catalytic domains destabilized LC-CelG by 5.0°C without significantly affecting its activity. These results suggest that the Ig-like domain contributes to the stabilization of LC-CelG mainly due to the Gln40- and Asp99-mediated interactions. Because the LC-CelG derivative lacking the Ig-like domain accumulated in Escherichia coli cells mostly in an insoluble form and this derivative accumulated in a soluble form exhibited very weak activity, the Ig-like domain may be required to make the conformation of the active site functional and prevent aggregation of the catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okano
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Yang SQ, Xiong H, Yang HY, Yan QJ, Jiang ZQ. High-level production of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase by Rhizomucor miehei under solid-state fermentation and its potential application in the brewing industry. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:84-91. [PMID: 25393407 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To improve the β-1,3-1,4-glucanase production by Rhizomucor miehei under solid-state fermentation (SSF) for industrial application. METHODS AND RESULTS The fermentation conditions for β-1,3-1,4-glucanase production by R. miehei CAU432 under SSF were optimized using a 'one-factor-at-a-time' method. Under the optimized fermentation conditions, viz. oatmeal (0·45-0·9 mm) as sole carbon source, 5% (w/w) peptone as sole nitrogen source, initial moisture of 80% (w/w), initial culture pH of 5·0, incubation temperature of 50°C and incubation time of 6 days, the highest β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity of 20,025 U g(-1) dry substrate was achieved, which represents the highest yield for β-1,3-1,4-glucanase production ever reported. The crude enzyme was extracted and purified to homogeneity with a purification fold of 4·6 and a recovery yield of 9·0%. The addition of the purified β-1,3-1,4-glucanase in mash obviously reduced its filtration time (24·6%) and viscosity (2·61%). CONCLUSIONS The optimal fermentation conditions for maximal β-1,3-1,4-glucanase production under SSF was obtained, and the enzyme was suitable for application in the malting process. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The high production yield and excellent capability of the enzyme may enable it great potential in industries, especially in brewing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Production, optimization and evaluation of multicomponent holocellulase produced by Streptomyces sp. ssr-198. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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