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Wang H, Zhu B. Directed preparation of algal oligosaccharides with specific structures by algal polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134093. [PMID: 39053825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides have a wide range of sources and rich content, with various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anticoagulant, and blood pressure lowering. They can be applied in fields such as food, agriculture, and medicine. However, the poor solubility of macromolecular seaweed polysaccharides limits their further application. Reports have shown that some biological activities of seaweed oligosaccharides are more extensive and superior to that of seaweed polysaccharides. Therefore, reducing the degree of polymerization of polysaccharides will be the key to the high value utilization of seaweed polysaccharide resources. There are three main methods for degrading algal polysaccharides into algal oligosaccharides, physical, chemical and enzymatic degradation. Among them, enzymatic degradation has been a hot research topic in recent years. Various types of algal polysaccharide hydrolases and related glycosidases are powerful tools for the preparation of algal oligosaccharides, including α-agarases, β-agaroses, α-neoagarose hydrolases and β-galactosidases that are related to agar, κ-carrageenases, ι-carrageenases and λ-carrageenases that are related to carrageenan, β-porphyranases that are related to porphyran, funoran hydrolases that are related to funoran, alginate lyases that are related to alginate and ulvan lyases related to ulvan. This paper describes the bioactivities of agar oligosaccharide, carrageenan oligosaccharide, porphyran oligosaccharide, funoran oligosaccharide, alginate oligosaccharide and ulvan oligosaccharide and provides a detailed review of the progress of research on the enzymatic preparation of these six oligosaccharides. At the same time, the problems and challenges faced are presented to guide and improve the preparation and application of algal oligosaccharides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China.
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Ma GH, Jiang SQ, Liu LP, Feng J, Zhang JS, Li EX, Li SH, Liu YF. Liquid-Phase Adsorption Behavior of β-D-Glucooligosaccharides When Using Activated Carbon for Separation, and the Antioxidant Stress Activity of Purified Fractions. Foods 2024; 13:1634. [PMID: 38890863 PMCID: PMC11172381 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The adsorption characteristics of β-glucooligosaccharides on activated carbon and the purification were systematically investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of activated carbon reached 0.419 g/g in the optimal conditions. The adsorption behavior was described to be monolayer, spontaneous, and exothermic based on several models' fitting results. Five fractions with different degrees of polymerization (DPs) and structures of β-glucooligosaccharides were obtained by gradient ethanol elution. 10E mainly contained disaccharides with dp2a (G1→6G) and dp2b (G1→3G). 20E possessed trisaccharides with dp3a (G1→6G1→3G) and dp3b (G1→3G1→3G). 30E mainly consisted of dp3a and dp4a (G1→3G1→3(G1→6)G), dp4b (G1→6G1→3G1→3G), and dp4c (G1→3G1→3G1→3G). In addition to tetrasaccharides, 40E and 50E also contained pentasaccharides and hexasaccharides with β-(1→3)-linked or β-(1→6)-linked glucose residues. All fractions could inhibit the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2-induced Caco-2 cells, and they could improve oxidative stress damage by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH), which were related to their DPs and structures. 50E with high DPs showed better anti-oxidative stress activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Ma
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai 201403, China; (G.-H.M.); (L.-P.L.); (J.F.); (J.-S.Z.)
| | - Si-Qi Jiang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai 201403, China; (G.-H.M.); (L.-P.L.); (J.F.); (J.-S.Z.)
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai 201403, China; (G.-H.M.); (L.-P.L.); (J.F.); (J.-S.Z.)
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai 201403, China; (G.-H.M.); (L.-P.L.); (J.F.); (J.-S.Z.)
| | - Jing-Song Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai 201403, China; (G.-H.M.); (L.-P.L.); (J.F.); (J.-S.Z.)
| | - E-Xian Li
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (E.-X.L.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (E.-X.L.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Yan-Fang Liu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai 201403, China; (G.-H.M.); (L.-P.L.); (J.F.); (J.-S.Z.)
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Krishna Perumal P, Dong CD, Chauhan AS, Anisha GS, Kadri MS, Chen CW, Singhania RR, Patel AK. Advances in oligosaccharides production from algal sources and potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108195. [PMID: 37315876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, algal-derived glycans and oligosaccharides have become increasingly important in health applications due to higher bioactivities than plant-derived oligosaccharides. The marine organisms have complex, and highly branched glycans and more reactive groups to elicit greater bioactivities. However, complex and large molecules have limited use in broad commercial applications due to dissolution limitations. In comparison to these, oligosaccharides show better solubility and retain their bioactivities, hence, offering better applications opportunity. Accordingly, efforts are being made to develop a cost-effective method for enzymatic extraction of oligosaccharides from algal polysaccharides and algal biomass. Yet detailed structural characterization of algal-derived glycans is required to produce and characterize the potential biomolecules for improved bioactivity and commercial applications. Some macroalgae and microalgae are being evaluated as in vivo biofactories for efficient clinical trials, which could be very helpful in understanding the therapeutic responses. This review discusses the recent advancements in the production of oligosaccharides from microalgae. It also discusses the bottlenecks of the oligosaccharides research, technological limitations, and probable solutions to these problems. Furthermore, it presents the emerging bioactivities of algal oligosaccharides and their promising potential for possible biotherapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchurajan Krishna Perumal
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Mohammad Sibtain Kadri
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City-804201, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Zheng Y, Yan J, Cao C, Liu Y, Yu D, Liang X. Application of chromatography in purification and structural analysis of natural polysaccharides: A review. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300368. [PMID: 37480171 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are widely distributed in natural sources from monocytic microorganisms to higher animals, and are found in a variety of biological activities in recent decades. Natural polysaccharides have the characteristics of large molecular weight, diverse composition, and complex structure, so their purification and structural analysis are difficult issues in research. Chromatography as a powerful separation technique, plays an irreplaceable role in the separation and structural analysis of natural polysaccharides, especially in the purification of polysaccharides, the separation of hydrolysates, and the analysis of monosaccharide composition. The separation mechanisms and application of different chromatographic methods in the studies of polysaccharides were summarized in this review. Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of various chromatography methods were discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Cuiyan Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongping Yu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, China
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5
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Preparation methods, biological activities, and potential applications of marine algae oligosaccharides: a review. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dan M, Shen J, Zhao G, Wang D. Complete conversion of agarose into water soluble agaro-oligosaccharides by microwave assisted hydrothermal hydrolysis. Food Chem 2022; 395:133622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gu X, Zhao L, Tan J, Zhang Q, Fu L, Li J. Characterization of a novel β-agarase from Antarctic macroalgae-associated bacteria metagenomic library and anti-inflammatory activity of the enzymatic hydrolysates. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:972272. [PMID: 36118221 PMCID: PMC9478344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.972272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An agarase gene (aga1904) that codes a protein with 640 amino acids was obtained from the metagenomic library of macroalgae-associated bacteria collected from King George Island, Antarctica. Gene aga1904 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and recombinant Aga1904 was purified by His Bind Purification kit. The optimal temperature and pH for the activity of Aga1904 were 50°C and 6.0, respectively. Fe3+ and Cu2+ significantly inhibited the activity of Aga1904. The Vmax and Km values of recombinant Aga1904 were 108.70 mg/ml min and 6.51 mg/ml, respectively. The degradation products of Aga1904 against agarose substrate were mainly neoagarobiose, neoagarotetraose, and neoagarohexaose analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The cellular immunoassay of enzymatic hydrolysates was subsequently carried out, and the results showed that agaro-oligosaccharides dominated by neoagarobiose significantly inhibited key pro-inflammatory markers including, nitric oxide (NO), interleukins 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). This work provides a promising candidate for development recombinant industrial enzyme to prepare agaro-oligosaccharides, and paved up a new path for the exploitation of natural anti-inflammatory agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Luying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaojiao Tan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Li,
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Modulatory effects of Porphyra-derived polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and their mixture on antigen-specific immune responses in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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9
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Gut microbiome modulation and gastrointestinal digestibility in vitro of polysaccharide-enriched extracts and seaweeds from Ulva rigida and Gracilaria fisheri. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Liu G, Duan Y, Yang S, Yu M, Lv Z. Simultaneous quantification of marine neutral neoagaro-oligosaccharides and agar-oligosaccharides by the UHPLC-MS/MS method: application to the intestinal transport study by using the Caco-2 cell monolayer. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2227-2234. [PMID: 35616101 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00700b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and robust ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established for the first time to simultaneously quantify marine neutral neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOS) and agar-oligosaccharides (AOS) with different degrees of polymerization (DP) in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). The separation was achieved on a BEH amide column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-10 mmol L-1 ammonium acetate (58 : 42, v/v) with an isocratic elution program. The total analysis time was 3.5 min. The mass spectra were acquired in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) pattern by using a heated-electrospray ionization (H-ESI) source operating in the positive ionization mode. The linear range was 40-20 000 nmol L-1. The accuracy and precision ranged from 91.5 to 110.0% and 0.9 to 10.4%, respectively. The extraction recovery was consistent and reproducible. The stability was within 90.3-110.8%. The matrix effect, carryover, and dilution integrity were all satisfactory. Moreover, the validated method was successfully applied to the intestinal transport study by using the Caco-2 cell monolayer in vitro. The results revealed that neoagarobiose, neoagarotetraose, neoagarohexaose, agarotriose, agaropentose, and agaroheptose were transported by a paracellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhai Duan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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Jiang C, Cheng D, Liu Z, Sun J, Mao X. Advances in agaro-oligosaccharides preparation and bioactivities for revealing the structure-function relationship. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110408. [PMID: 34112411 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agaro-oligosaccharides originating from red algae have attracted increasing attention in both basic theoretical research and applied fields due to their excellent bioactivities, which indicates the wide prospects of agaro-oligosaccharides for application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Thus, a considerable number of studies regarding functional agaro-oligosaccharides preparation as well as the bioactivities exploration have been carried out. Based on these studies, this review first introduced different methods that have been used in agar extraction from red algae, and further provided research progress on arylsulfatase. Then, different methods used for agaro-oligosaccharides production were summarized. Moreover, the abundant bioactivities of agaro-oligosaccharides were described in detail. Finally, this review has discussed current research problems and further provided critical aspects, which may be helpful for revealing the structure-function relationship of agaro-oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Danyang Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Xie XT, Cheong KL. Recent advances in marine algae oligosaccharides: structure, analysis, and potential prebiotic activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7703-7717. [PMID: 33939558 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1916736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine algae contain abundant polysaccharides that support a range of health-promoting activities; however, the high molecular weight, high viscosity, and low solubility of marine algae polysaccharides (MAPs) limit their application in food, agriculture and medicine. Thus, as the degradation products of MAPs, marine algae oligosaccharides (MAOs) have drawn increasing attention. Most MAOs are non-digestible by digestive enzyme in the human gastrointestinal tract, but are fermented by bacteria in the gut and converted into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). MAOs can selectively enhance the activities of some populations of beneficial bacteria and stimulate a series of prebiotic effects, such as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumour. However, the exact structures of MAOs and their prebiotic activities are, to a large extent, unexplored. This review summarizes recent advances in the sources, categories, and structure analysis methods of MAOs, emphasizing their effects on gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs as well as the resulting range of probiotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
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Chen X, Fu X, Huang L, Xu J, Gao X. Agar oligosaccharides: A review of preparation, structures, bioactivities and application. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118076. [PMID: 33966840 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Agar, a gelatinous polysaccharide which is in the cell wall of many red algae, is widely used as food and gelling agent. Agar oligosaccharides (AOs), the hydrolysate of agar, show much more kinds of bio-activities because of its lower molecular weight, better water solubility and higher absorption efficiency. It is indicated that AOs with different structure and degree of polymerization, i.e. series of agaro-oligosaccharides and neoagaro-oligosaccharides, can be obtained under different preparation conditions. In addition, the biological activities of AOs are diversely and closely correlated to the composition and structure. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the preparation, structural characteristics and bio-activities of AOs, so as to provide a reference for applications of AOs as marine natural products in pharmacological, cosmetics and nutraceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Luqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization of Fujian Province, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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14
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Enzyme-Assisted Method for Phycobiliproteins Extraction from Porphyra and Evaluation of Their Bioactivity. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the poor protein availability of algae in their unprocessed form, development of extraction methods for phycobiliproteins is of great significance. This study aimed to extract phycoerythrin (PE) and phycocyanin (PC) from Porphyra via bacterial enzymatic hydrolysis and to evaluate their bioactivity. To induce enzyme production, Porphyra powder was added into the culture medium of two marine bacterial strains. The pH and enzyme activity of the cultured supernatant, namely crude enzyme solution, were significantly raised. For PE and PC extraction, Porphyra were incubated within crude enzyme solution with homogenization and ultrasonication followed by ultrafiltration process. After distinguishing by fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), three major fractions were observed and identified as R-PE, R-PC and small molecular PE by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis. With respect to bioactivity, these three fractions exhibited free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities in a various degree. In addition, the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of both R-PE and R-PC fractions was observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, the employed process of bacterial enzymatic hydrolysis is suggested to be a feasible method to obtain PE and PC from Porphyra without limiting their bioactivity.
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García-Poza S, Leandro A, Cotas C, Cotas J, Marques JC, Pereira L, Gonçalves AMM. The Evolution Road of Seaweed Aquaculture: Cultivation Technologies and the Industry 4.0. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6528. [PMID: 32911710 PMCID: PMC7560192 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are autotrophic organisms capable of producing many compounds of interest. For a long time, seaweeds have been seen as a great nutritional resource, primarily in Asian countries to later gain importance in Europe and South America, as well as in North America and Australia. It has been reported that edible seaweeds are rich in proteins, lipids and dietary fibers. Moreover, they have plenty of bioactive molecules that can be applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas. There are historical registers of harvest and cultivation of seaweeds but with the increment of the studies of seaweeds and their valuable compounds, their aquaculture has increased. The methodology of cultivation varies from onshore to offshore. Seaweeds can also be part of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), which has great opportunities but is also very challenging to the farmers. This multidisciplinary field applied to the seaweed aquaculture is very promising to improve the methods and techniques; this area is developed under the denominated industry 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara García-Poza
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.G.-P.); (A.L.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Adriana Leandro
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.G.-P.); (A.L.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Carla Cotas
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João Cotas
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.G.-P.); (A.L.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - João C. Marques
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.G.-P.); (A.L.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Leonel Pereira
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.G.-P.); (A.L.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Ana M. M. Gonçalves
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.G.-P.); (A.L.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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16
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A Novel Route for Agarooligosaccharide Production with the Neoagarooligosaccharide-Producing β-Agarase as Catalyst. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are catalysts with high specificity. Different compounds could be produced by different enzymes. In case of agaro-oligosaccharides, agarooligosaccharide (AOS) can be produced by α-agarase through cleaving the α-1,3-glycosidic linkages of agarose, while neoagarooligosaccharide (NAOS) can be produced by β-agarase through cleaving the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of agarose. However, in this study, we showed that β-agarase could also be used to produce AOSs with high purity and yield. The feasibility of our route was confirmed by agarotriose (A3) and agaropentaose (A5) formation from agaroheptaose (A7) and agarononoses (A9) catalyzed by β-agarase. Agarose was firstly liquesced by citric acid into a mixture of AOSs. The AOSs mixture was further catalyzed by β-agarase. When using the neoagarotetraose-forming β-agarase AgWH50B, agarotriose could be produced with the yield of 48%. When using neoagarotetraose, neoagarohexaose-forming β-agarase DagA, both agarotriose and agaropentaose could be produced with the yield of 14% and 13%, respectively. Our method can be used to produce other value-added agaro-oligosaccharides from agarose by different agarolytic enzymes.
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17
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Torres MD, Flórez-Fernández N, Domínguez H. Integral Utilization of Red Seaweed for Bioactive Production. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E314. [PMID: 31142051 PMCID: PMC6627364 DOI: 10.3390/md17060314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrocolloids carrageenan and agar are the major fraction industrially extracted and commercialized from red seaweeds. However, this type of macroalgae also contains a variety of components with nutritional, functional and biological properties. In the context of sustainability and bioeconomy, where the integral utilization of the natural resources is incentivized, the sequential separation and valorization of seaweed components with biological properties of interest for food, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals is proposed. In this work, a review of the available conventional and alternative greener and efficient extraction for obtaining red seaweed bioactives is presented. The potential of emerging technologies for the production of valuable oligomers from carrageenan and agar is also commented, and finally, the sequential extraction of the constituent fractions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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18
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Abstract
A simple method for obtaining pure and well-defined oligosaccharides was established by hydrolyzing agar with β-agarase from Vibrio natriegens. The conditions for enzymolysis were optimized as follows: a temperature of 45 °C, a pH of 8.5, a substrate concentration of 0.3%, an enzyme amount of 100 U/g and an enzymolysis time of 20 h. Neoagaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization were obtained by hydrolyzing agar with β-agarase for different lengths of time. After removing pigments using activated carbon and salts by dialyzing, the enzyme hydrolysis solution was separated with Bio-Gel P2 column chromatography. Neoagaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization were acquired. By comparing with authentic standard substances, along with further confirmation by FTIR, MS and NMR, structures of the purified neoagaro-oligosaccharides were identified as neoagarobiose (NA2), neoagaroteraose (NA4), neoagarohexaose (NA6), neoagarooctaose (NA8), neoagaro-decaose (NA10) and neoagarododecaose (NA12) with purities of more than 97.0%. The present study established a method for the preparation of various neoagaro-oligosaccharides that may be of great significance for further study of their bioactivities.
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He H, Huang Q, Liu C, Jia S, Wang Y, An F, Song H. Effectiveness of AOS-iron on iron deficiency anemia in rats. RSC Adv 2019; 9:5053-5063. [PMID: 35514661 PMCID: PMC9060678 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most serious nutritional problems. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a novel agar oligosaccharide-iron complex (AOS-iron) on rats with IDA, such as iron supplementation and recovery of antioxidant ability. Eighty-four weaned male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (n = 12), which was fed with a standard diet, and an anemia model group (n = 72), which was fed with an iron-deficient diet for 4 weeks to establish a model of IDA. After the model was established, the rats with IDA were divided into six groups, namely, an anemia model group, a ferrous gluconate group, a ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) group, and low-dose (LD), medium-dose (MD) and high-dose (HD) AOS-iron groups, and fed with an iron-deficient diet and different iron supplements for 4 weeks, respectively. The results showed that HD AOS-iron exerted a significant restorative effect by returning blood parameters to normal levels in rats with IDA, including hemoglobin, red blood cells, hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell hematocrit, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin. A histological analysis suggested that the liver morphology in the MD and HD AOS-iron groups was similar to that in the normal group. Furthermore, MD and HD AOS-iron improved antioxidant activities in the serum and liver. In general, high-dose (the same dose as those of ferrous gluconate and FeSO4) AOS-iron exhibited the best effects in terms of iron supplementation and antioxidant activities. The present findings showed that AOS-iron might be a potential new iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
| | - Qun Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Cancan Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
| | - Shirong Jia
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
| | - Yiwei Wang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
| | - Fengping An
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Song
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
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20
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Oligosaccharides Derived from Red Seaweed: Production, Properties, and Potential Health and Cosmetic Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102451. [PMID: 30257445 PMCID: PMC6222765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their potential use as functional ingredients in human nutrition, oligosaccharides derived from natural sources are receiving paramount consideration. Red seaweed, a proven rich source of agar and carrageenan, is one of the most abundantly present sources of such oligosaccharides. Agaro-oligosaccharides (AOS) and carrageenan-oligosaccharides (COS) are produced from agar and carrageenan, respectively, through chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. Enzymatic hydrolysis of agar and carrageenan into oligosaccharides is preferred in industrial production because of certain problems associated with chemical hydrolysis, including the release of high amounts of monosaccharides and undesirable toxic products, such as furfural. AOS and COS possess many biological activities, including prebiotic, immuno-modulatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor activities. These activities are related to their chemical structure, molecular weight, degree of polymerization, and the flexibility of the glycosidic linkages. Therefore, the structure–function relationship and the mechanisms occurring during the specific biological applications of AOS and COS are discussed herein. Moreover, the chromatographic separation, purification, and characterization of AOS and COS are also part of this review. This piece of writing strives to create a new perspective on the potential applications of AOS and COS in the functional food and pharmaceutical industry.
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21
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He H, An F, Teng H, Huang Q, Song H. Preparation and characterisation of a novel agar oligosaccharide-iron (III) complex. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Fengping An
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Qun Huang
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Hongbo Song
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch; Fuzhou 350002 China
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22
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Xu SY, Kan J, Hu Z, Liu Y, Du H, Pang GC, Cheong KL. Quantification of Neoagaro-Oligosaccharide Production through Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Its Anti-Oxidant Activities. Molecules 2018; 23:E1354. [PMID: 29874799 PMCID: PMC6100174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOS) have health benefits that are related to their amount and degree of polymerization (DP). However, the current methods that are used to quantify enzymatically released NAOS are un-specific and time-consuming. Agar has been extracted from Gelidium amansii and has been degraded by AgaXa (a recombinant β-agarase). Polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE) has been adapted in order to quantify NAOS. In addition, the anti-oxidant activity of the degraded samples has been assessed. We have found that the PACE method provided sensitive, precise, and accurate quantification for each of the six NAOS samples. PACE has revealed that the DP of the enzymatic products from the AgaXa digestion were mainly neoagaro-octaose and neoagaro-decaose. The degraded samples exhibited increased radical-scavenging activity towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulfonic acid) radicals. While the anti-oxidant activity may have been from NAOS activity and contributions from neoagaro-octaose and neoagaro-decaose. The adapted PACE method that has been presented here is promising for large sample analysis during quality control and for characterizing novel β-agarase degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Jie Kan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Zhong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Hong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Guang-Chang Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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23
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Jia X, Kang J, Yin H. A simple and rapid method for measuring α-D-phosphohexomutases activity by using anion-exchange chromatography coupled with an electrochemical detector. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1517. [PMID: 26788420 PMCID: PMC4715444 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interconversion of hexose-6-phosphate and hexose-1-phosphate can be directly analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with an electrochemical detector (HPAEC-PAD). Thus, this method can be used to measure the activities of N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate mutase (AGM), glucosamine-phosphate mutase (GlmM) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), which are the members of α-D-phosphohexomutases superfamily. The detection limits were extremely low as 2.747 pmol, 1.365 pmol, 0.512 pmol, 0.415 pmol, 1.486 pmol and 0.868 pmol for N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1-P), N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6-P), glucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcN-1-P), glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P), glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) and glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P), respectively. By employing HPAEC-PAD, activities of AtAGM (AGM from Arabidopsis thaliana) on these six phosphohexoses can be detected. The Km of AtAGM on Glc-1-P determined by HPAEC-PAD was 679.18 ± 156.40 µM, which is comparable with the Km of 707.09 ± 170.36 µM detected by traditional coupled assay. Moreover, the activity of MtGlmM (GlmM from Mycobacterium tuberculosis) on GlcN-6-P tested by HPAEC-PAD was 7493.40 ± 309.12 nmol∕min ⋅ mg, which is much higher than 288.97 ± 35.28 nmol∕min ⋅ mg obtained by the traditional coupled assay. Accordingly, HPAEC-PAD is a more rapid and simple method than the traditional coupled assays given its high specificity and sensitivity, and will certainly bring convenience to further research of α-D-phosphohexomutases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , China
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