[Hsp90 participates in the necroptosis of mouse neural cells induced by aluminum through the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway]

Objective: To investigate whether heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) participates in the necroptosis of C57BL/6 mouse neurons and spatial memory impairment induced by Aluminum maltol [Al (mal) (3)] through RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway. Methods: In March 2022, Thirty-two C57 mice were randomly divided into control group, Low dose group, a medium dose group, and a high-dose group, with 8 mice in each group, and injected intraperitoneally with physiological saline, 20, 40, and 80, respectivelyμmol/kgAl (mal) (3) was administered, it was injected 5 days a week and discontinued 2 days for 60 days. Morris water maze test was used to test the spatial learning and memory ability of mice. Nissl staining was used to observe the pathological changes of brain tissue. The protein expression levels of RIP1, RIP3, MLKL and HSP90 in hippocampus were determined by Western blotting. Results: In the water maze experiment, compared with the control group, the number of mice crossing the platform decreased in each dose group, the difference was statistically significant (H=9.50, P=0.023), and the number of mice crossing the platform was statistically significant among each dose group (P <0.05). Compared with the control group, the number of hippocampal nerve cells in each dose group decreased, the arrangement was disordered, and the Nissellite bodies decreased. Western blotting results showed that compared with the control group, the expression level of RIP1 protein in the hippocampus of mice in high-dose group was higher, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The expression levels of RIP3, MLKL and HSP90 in hippocampal tissue of mice in medium and high dose groups were increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After siRNA intervention decreased the expression of HSP90 protein, the expressions of HSP90, RIP1, RIP3 and MLKL in Al (mal) (3) groups were increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Through RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway, HSP90 is involved in neuronal programmed necrosis and spatial memory impairment induced by maltol aluminum in C57 mice.

Functional Components from the Liquid Fermentation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi and Their Food Applications in China

Functional raw materials rich in various effective nutrients and active ingredients that are of stable quality can be obtained from the liquid fermentation of edible and medicinal fungi. In this review, we systematically summarize the main findings of this comparative study that compared the components and efficacy of liquid fermented products from edible and medicinal fungi with those from cultivated fruiting bodies. Additionally, we present the methods used in the study to obtain and analyze the liquid fermented products. The application of these liquid fermented products in the food industry is also discussed. With the potential breakthrough of liquid fermentation technology and the continued development of these products, our findings can serve as a reference for further utilization of liquid fermented products derived from edible and medicinal fungi. Further exploration of liquid fermentation technology is necessary to optimize the production of functional components from edible and medicinal fungi, and to enhance their bioactivity and safety. Investigation of the potential synergistic effects of combining liquid fermented products with other food ingredients is also necessary to enhance their nutritional values and health benefits.

The key technologies of Ganoderma lucidum liquid spawn preparation and scale expansion

Ganoderma lucidum possesses a variety of valuable pharmacological activities, and it has long been used to prevent and treat various human diseases. Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the liquid spawn of G. lucidum, and the development of the G. lucidum industry is constrained by them. This work aimed to study the key technologies and scale-up preparation of G. lucidum liquid spawn, to achieve large-scale preparation of liquid spawn and solve the problem of unstable quality of G. lucidum. The plate culture, primary shake flask culture, shake flask preparation, and fermentor preparation of G. lucidum liquid spawn were explored in the process of liquid fermentation. The results showed that plate broth volume significantly affected mycelial growth rate. Biomass in the primary shake flask culture is significantly influenced by the picking position of plate mycelium. An artificial neural network coupled with a genetic algorithm was used for carbon and nitrogen sources concentration optimization to increase biomass and substrate utilization. The optimized parameter combination is as follows: glucose, 14.5 g L^-1; yeast extract powder, 8.5 g L^-1. Under this condition, the biomass (9.82 g L^-1) and biomass on reducing sugar (0.79 g g^-1) increased by 18.03% and 27.41% compared to the control, respectively. The metabolic activity of liquid spawn prepared by different fermentation scales was diverse, and the liquid spawn prepared by the fermentor has better activity. Conceivably, the liquid spawn process can more conducive be applied to large-scale industrial production.

[Deep neck space infections: a retrospective cohort study of surgical risk factors]

Objective: To explore risk factors affecting treatment for deep neck space infections (DNSIs) so as to provide guidance for appropriate early managements. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on inpatients with DNSIs admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from March 2013 to February 2021. Patients were divided into surgical and non-surgical groups based on whether they had surgery or not. Information collected included demographic data, disease-related signs and symptoms, treatment history, systemic comorbidities, imaging data and laboratory indicators. Hypothesis testing, univariate Logistic regression and multivariate Logistic regression were used for data processing. Resuts A total of 61 patients were included, including 37 males and 24 females, aged 6-96 years. There were 35 cases (57.4%) in the surgical group and 26 cases (42.6%) in the non-surgical group. Multivariate analysis showed that risk factors for surgery as followings: neck dyskinesia (OR=0.03, 95%CI: 0.00-0.24), dysphagia (OR=0.10, 95%CI: 0.02-0.72), serum white blood cell count≥16.74×10⁹/L (OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.01-1.39) and interspace gas (OR=0.03, 95%CI: 0.00-0.30). Conclusion: Clinicians should be alert to these risk factors for surgery in the course of treatment and timely surgical treatment for patients who meet the conditions.

[Implement of mixed reality navigation based on multimodal imaging in the resection of intracranial eloquent lesions]

Objective: To examine the clinical feasibility of mixed reality navigation (MRN) technology based on multimodal imaging for the resection of intracranial eloquent lesions. Methods: Fifteen patients with intracranial eloquent lesions admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Medical Center, People's Liberation Army General Hospital from September 2020 to September 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. There were 7 males and 8 females, aged (50±16) years (range: 16 to 70 years). Postoperative pathological diagnosis included meningioma (n=7), metastatic carcinoma (n=3), cavernous hemangioma, glioma, ependymoma, aneurysmal changes and lymphoma (n=1, respectively). The open-source software was used to perform the three-dimensional visualization of preoperative images, and the self-developed MRN system was used to perform the fusion and interaction of multimodal images, so as to formulate the surgical plan and avoid damaging the eloquent white matter fiber tracts. Traditional navigation, intraoperative ultrasound and fluorescein sodium angiography were used to determine the extent of lesion resection. The intraoperative conditions of MRN-assisted surgery were analyzed, and the setup time and localization error of MRN system were measured. The changes of postoperative neurological function were recorded. Results: MRN based on multimodal imaging was achieved in all patients. The MRN system setup time (M(IQR)) was 36 (12) minutes (range: 20 to 44 minutes), and the localization error was 3.2 (2.0) mm (range: 2.6 to 6.7 mm). The reliability of eloquent white matter fiber tracts localization based on MRN was rated as "excellent" in 11 cases, "medium" in 3 cases, and "poor" in 1 case. There were no perioperative death and no new impairment in motor, language, or visual functions after operation. Transient limb numbness occurred in 1 patient after operation, and recovered to the preoperative state in 2 weeks after operation. Conclusion: The MRN system based on multimodal imaging can improve the surgical accuracy and safety, and reduce the incidence of iatrogenic neurological dysfunction.

[A study on the burden of myocarditis in China in 1990 and 2019]

Objective: To investigate Chinese myocarditis burden and trends in 1990 and 2019. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data, the number of patients, the number of new cases, the number of deaths, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), as well as the morbidity, mortality, DALYs rate and their age-standardized rates were used to analyze the trend and the burden of myocarditis in the Chinese population in 1990 and 2019. Results: In 2019, the number of patients, the number of new cases and the number of deaths with myocarditis in China were 234 900, 275 100 and 13 100 respectively, increasing by 85.62%, 47.51% and 50.22% compared with 1990. The age-standardized incidence and mortality were 16.94/100 000 and 0.92/100 000, respectively. Compared with 1990, the age-standardized incidence in 2019 decreased by 6.06%, and the mortality decreased by 16.04% respectively. The age-standardized incidence and mortality of Chinese male patients with myocarditis were higher than that of female. Compared with 1990, the age group with the largest incidence and mortality of myocarditis in China in 2019 all shifted to the elder group. And, DALYs and age-normalized DALYs due to myocarditis in China showed a decreasing trend in 2019, from 458 600 and 42.51/100 000 in 1990 to 341 300 and 25.39/100 000 in 2019, respectively. The rate of DALYs and age-standardized DALYs in male patients was always higher than female. Conclusions: Compared with 1990, the overall burden of myocarditis in China showed a downward trend in 2019, and the burden of myocarditis in male patients was higher than female. More attention should be paid to the burden of myocarditis in Chinese elderly population.

[Analysis of changes in mortality of children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years in China from 2004 to 2018 and policy effects]

Objective: To analyze the trend of child and adolescent mortality rate in China from 2004 to 2018 and explore the possible policy effects. Methods: This study used the mortality data of child and adolescent aged 5 to 19 years from 2004 to 2018 based on the National Disease Surveillance System. Age-standardized mortality rate was calculated by using the population from the sixth national census. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of child and adolescent mortality with different features from 2004 to 2018. Results: From 2004 to 2018, the overall mortality rate of children and adolescents in China dropped from 40.02 per 100 000 to 22.00 per 100 000, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was -4.28 (95%CI:-5.35,-3.20,P<0.001). The mortality rate dropped rapidly from 2004 to 2006, and the annual percentage change (APC) was -9.20 (95%CI:-15.63,-2.28,P=0.017). The decline rate slowed down between 2006 and 2013, and the APC was -1.56 (95%CI:-2.78,-0.33,P=0.020). The downward trend accelerated from 2013 to 2018, and the APC was -5.99 (95%CI:-7.52,-4.43,P<0.001). The trend of child mortality rate in rural area, females, eastern provinces of China, children aged 10 to 14 years, children aged 15 to 19 years, and injury mortality rate were basically consistent with the overall trend. The child mortality rate in urban area, central provinces of China and the mortality rate of infectious diseases, maternal and infant, and nutritional deficiencies diseases showed a uniform downward trend from 2004 to 2018, with AAPC values about -3.59 (95%CI:-4.38,-2.78,P<0.001), -2.89 (95%CI:-3.24,-2.54,P<0.001) and -6.66 (95%CI:-7.64,-5.68,P<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The mortality rate of children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years in China continues to decline from 2004 to 2018, and the decline rate becomes faster after 2011.

[The disease burden of degenerative mitral valve disease in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019]

Objective: To explore the trend of disease burden of degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Based on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease database (GBD 2019), the number of patients, the number of new cases, the number of deaths, the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as well as the prevalence, incidence and death rate, DALY rate and their age-standardized rates were used to analyze the trend of the burden of DMVD in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019. Results: In 2019, the number of patients, the number of new cases, and the number of deaths with DMVD in China were 461.2, 27.0 and 0.129 ten thousand, respectively, which increased by 209.0%, 199.1% and 13.2% when compared with 1990. In 2019, the age-standardized prevalence, incidence and death rate were 228.1/100 000, 12.7/100 000 and 0.075/100 000, respectively. Compared with 1990, the change of the age-standardized prevalence, incidence and death rate were 32.6%, 42.8% and -54.1%, respectively. In addition, the 2019 data also showed that the age-standardized prevalence and incidence were higher in females than in males (the age-standardized prevalence was 190.1 (181.5-198.9)/100 000 for males and 262.0 (250.3-273.9)/100 000 for females); the age-standardized incidence was 10.5 (10.0-11.0)/100 000 for males and 14.9 (14.3-15.6)/100 000 for females. The age group with the largest number of DMVD patients was 65 to 69 years old, and the highest incidence was 60 to 64 years old. From 1990 to 2019, DALY caused by DMVD showed an upward trend in China, from 46 439 person-years in 1990 to 69 402 person-years in 2019, with an increase of 49.4%. While the age-standardized DALY rate continued to decline, from 5.5/100 000 in 1990 to 3.8/100 000 in 2019, with a drop of 30.8%. The DALY and the age-standardized DALY rate of females were always higher than that of males in different years. Conclusion: From 1990 to 2019, DALY and the age-standardized prevalence and incidence of DMVD in China shows an increasing trend, and the disease burden caused by DMVD is severe in China.

Similar experimental study on retaining waterproof coal pillar in composite strata mining

Numerous field examples of coal seam mining show that when coal seams under confined water are mined close to faults, water inrush effects on complex mining surfaces occur. Obeying similarity rules, physical similarity models consisting of sand, lime, and plaster were used to investigate the water conducting process, along with stress and displacement measured by a combination of mechanical senor, total station, and video camera-. Comparing the physical model tests with the calculation results of elastoplastic limit equilibrium theory, the rationality of the model has been verified. Besides, a safe width of the waterproof coal pillar has been obtained. It can be demonstrated from the model observations that the coal seam in front of the mining can be divided into three areas with different characteristics of stress and displacement, namely, which are the fault-affected area, the elastic area, and the plastic yield crack area. A closed-loop water inlet and outlet pipeline composed of a water control platform that can provide stable water pressure, and water bags pre-buried in the fault was used to simulate the water conduction in the fracture zone. Integrate the development law of stress, displacement, and water conduction coming from the upper and lower walls of the fault to further determine the reasonable width of the waterproof coal pillar.

[Methods for evaluating overweight and obesity among children and adolescents and application in SPSS and SAS]

Overweight/obesity has become one of the major public health problems among children and adolescents all over the world. The current screening standards for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are not unified. It is easy to make mistakes and inefficient to evaluate item by item or develop self-written packages. Taking the"Screening standards for overweight and obesity in Chinese school-age children and adolescents"as an example, this study introduced four methods and procedures for evaluating overweight and obesity among children and adolescents from the world and China and described their application methods in combination with specific cases. At the same time, the SPSS and SAS packages were compiled and the specific application steps were explained, so that users could correctly and quickly screen overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, and conduct horizontal comparisons of similar studies across different regions.

Coevolutionary insights between promoters and transcription factors in the plant and animal kingdoms

The divergence and continuous evolution of plants and animals contribute to ecological diversity. Promoters and transcription factors (TFs) are key determinants of gene regulation and transcription throughout life. However, the evolutionary trajectories and relationships of promoters and TFs are still poorly understood. Here, we conducted extensive analysis of large-scale multi-omics sequences in 420 animal species and 223 plant species spanning nearly a billion years of evolutionary history. Results showed that promoter GC-content and TF isoelectric points, as features/signatures that accompany long biological evolution, exhibited increasing growth in animal cells but a decreasing trend in plant cells. Furthermore, the evolutionary trajectories of promoter and TF signatures in the animal kingdom provided further evidence that Mammalia as well as Aves evolved directly from the ancestor Reptilia. The strong correlation between promoter and TF signatures indicates that promoters and TFs formed antagonistic coevolution in the animal kingdom, but mutualistic coevolution in the plant kingdom. The distinct coevolutionary patterns potentially drive the plant-animal divergence, divergent evolution and ecological diversity.

Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver: A case report

BACKGROUND

Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver (MCN-L) is a cyst-forming epithelial neoplasm. The most distinguishing feature is the ovarian-type subepithelial stroma on pathological examination.

CASE SUMMARY

An abdominal ultrasound incidentally revealed a liver tumor in a 32-year-old woman. Physical and laboratory examination results did not reveal any abnormalities. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a cystic space measuring 7.2 cm × 5.4 cm in the liver. Subsequent CT showed an increase in tumor size. Thus, we performed surgical resection of the tumor and gallbladder. Postoperative histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of MCN-L. At the 6-mo of follow-up, no recurrence was observed on ultrasound or CT.

CONCLUSION

Since preoperative diagnosis of MCN-L is difficult, active surgery is recommended and helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of MCN-L.

Changes of structures and biosynthesis/hydrolysis-associated genes expression of glucans at different Volvariella volvacea maturity stages

In the present study, effects of maturity stage on structural characteristics and biosynthesis/hydrolysis-associated genes expression of glucans from Volvariella volvacea fruit body were well investigated. Elongation and pileus expansion stages decreased total soluble carbohydrate and protein contents to 17.09 mg/g and 8.33 mg/g, and significantly accumulated the total amino acids contents to 32.37 mg/g. Yields of crude polysaccharides significantly increased to 8.12% at egg stage and decreased to 3.72% at pileus expansion stage. Purified VVP I-a and VVP I-b were proved to be α-glucans. The maturity process affected the monosaccharide compositions, decreased the molecular weights of VVP I-a and VVP I-b with decreased transcription levels of glucan biosynthesis-associated enzyme genes vvugp and vvgls and increased glucan hydrolysis-associated glucanase gene vvexg2 expression with no significant effects on backbone structures including glycosidic linkages and configurations. The findings would benefit for understanding change patterns of V. volvacea glucan structures and their biosynthesis/hydrolysis-associated genes expression at maturity stages.

Screening candidate genes related to volatile synthesis in shiitake mushrooms and construction of regulatory networks to effectively improve mushroom aroma

BACKGROUND

Metabolite formation is a physiological stress response during the growth and development of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes). The characteristic flavor metabolites are important quality components in shiitake mushrooms. To investigate the formation mechanisms of characteristic flavor metabolites, transcriptome analyses were performed on shiitake mushrooms harvested at different growth stages.

RESULTS

In total, 30 genes related to the synthesis of characteristic volatiles of mushrooms were identified via screening. Through KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis of the selected genes and correlation analyses of gene expressions, the main volatile synthesis pathways were determined as histidine metabolism, glutathione metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Gene cluster and correlation analyses were performed to clarify the combined effects of different genes in the enzymatic reactions. Further, a correlation network of candidate genes was built based on the gene expression levels.

CONCLUSION

The activities of flavor synthases and the content of characteristic flavor metabolites were analyzed; the enzyme activity changes and metabolic product distribution sites were clarified. A synthesis and regulation network was constructed for the candidate genes and characteristic volatiles, and information was obtained for 16 hub genes. Moreover, it was essential to identify and characterize the key genes and synthases involved in the synthesis of the characteristic volatiles of mushrooms. This information provides us with a better understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of the volatiles, which will lay the foundation for improving the quality of shiitake mushrooms. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Integrated microRNA-mRNA analysis reveals the roles of microRNAs in the muscle fat metabolism of Yanbian cattle

Fat deposition is an important economic trait in farm animals. However, it is difficult to genetically improve intramuscular fat deposition via trait-based cattle breeding. The main objectives of this study were to analyze the factors about beef flavor, and to detect functional microRNA (miRNA, miR) associated with intramuscular fat deposition in Yanbian cattle. Longissimus dorsi samples from six steers were separated into high- and low-fat groups (n = 3 each) based on the marbling score, and transcriptomic analysis was performed using miRNA sequencing. A total of 33 miRNAs and 38 genes were found to be differentially expressed in the high- and low-fat groups. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the sequencing results. Integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis revealed that miRNA-associated target genes were primarily associated with skeletal muscle development. However, some of the miRNAs (miR-424 etc.) and genes (ATF3 etc.) were also associated with fat metabolism. A targeted relationship between miR-22-3p and the WFIKKN2 gene and its involvement in adipocyte differentiation were confirmed experimentally. The study findings may provide potential candidate molecular targets for the selection of cattle with improved meat quality.

[A case of glufosinate-ammonium poisoning in a patient with total gastrectomy]

Objective: To analyze the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with glufosinate-ammonium poisoning after total gastrectomy. Methods: The clinical data of a patient with oral glufosinate-ammonium poisoning after total gastrectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in August 2020 were analyzed. Results: After total gastrectomy, the patient took about 200 ml of glufosinate-ammonium orally, and the plasma glufosinate-ammonium concentration was 816.8 ng/ml 6.5 h after poisoning. After symptomatic treatment such as promoting poison excretion, rehydration, anti infection and protecting important organs, the patient improved and discharged. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of patients with glufosinate-ammonium poisoning after total gastrectomy are still mainly neurological symptoms, with delayed effect. Whether total gastrectomy will affect the distribution and toxic effect of the poison still needs further exploration.

Ganoderic acid T improves the radiosensitivity of HeLa cells via converting apoptosis to necroptosis

The use of natural substances derived from traditional Chinese medicine and natural plants as safe radiosensitizing adjuvants is a new trend for cancer radiotherapy. Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine with a history of more than 2000 years. Ganoderic acid T (GAT) is a typical triterpene of G. lucidum, which has strong cytotoxicity to cancer cells, but whether it has radiation sensitization effect has not been explored. In this work, we treated the HeLa cells with different concentrations of GAT before exposure to gamma-ray radiation and investigated its influence on the radiosensitivity. The cell viability, apoptosis rate, necoptosis rate, intracellular ATP level, cell cycle, the amount of H2AX and 53BP1, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial membrane potential were examined. Apoptotic, necroptotic, and autophagic biomarker proteins, including caspase 8, cytochrome c, caspase 3, RIPK, MLKL, P62, and LC3, were analyzed. As a result, we confirmed that with treatment of GAT, the gamma-ray radiation induced both apoptosis and necroptosis in HeLa cells, and with increase of GAT, the percentage ratio of necroptosis was increased. The involved pathways and mechanisms were also explored and discussed.

[Gender difference in secular trends of body height in Chinese Han adolescents aged 18 years, 1985-2014]

Objective: To analyze the gender difference in secular trends of body height in Chinese Han adolescents aged 18 years from 1985 to 2014. Methods: Data were extracted from 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 Chinese National Surveys in Students' Constitution and Health. A total of 124 099 Chinese Han adolescents aged 18 years were included in the analysis. ANOVA test was used to compare the body height between different subgroups stratified by gender and the mean difference and ratio in body height were calculated. Quantile regression model was used to assess the association between body height and gender over time in the adolescents stratified by region or area. Results: The mean body height of adolescents aged 18 years increased significantly from 1985 to 2014 with the rate of 1.3 cm/decade in male adolescents and 0.8 cm/decade in female adolescents, and the highest increment occurred from 1995 to 2005 in both groups. Male adolescents were taller than female adolescents at each subgroup (P<0.05). Gender difference in body height increased from 11.1 cm in 1985 to 12.6 cm in 2014 and ratio remained to be 1.07-1.08. The body height was taller in adolescents in urban area than in rural area (P<0.05) and in northeastern China than in other regions (P<0.05) in both male and female adolescents. The body height of obese male adolescents had been taller since 2000 and the body height of obese female adolescents had been taller since 2010 than other groups. When adjusted for urban-rural areas, region, socioeconomic status and nutritional status, the body height increased over time at P₅, P₂₅, P₅₀, P₇₅ and P₉₅ in both male and female adolescents, and the increments of gender difference in body height at different percentile ranged from 0.45 cm/decade to 0.57 cm/decade. When stratified by region, the gender difference in body height showed similar trend with total sample except P₅ and P₉₅ in northeastern China, the difference of increments were not significant. Conclusions: From 1985 to 2014, the gender difference in body height of Chinese Han adolescents aged 18 years increased, and male adolescents showed greater increase than female adolescents. Moreover, the adolescents in northeastern and eastern China had larger increment in body height. It is necessary to paid more attention to the adolescents in central and western China to promote their physical development.

Development of Dermestes Maculatus at a Constant Temperature and Its Larval Instar Determination

Objective To establish the basic data for estimating minimum postmortem interval （PMImin） of heavily decayed and skeletonized remains by studying the development of Dermestes maculatus DeGeer （Coleoptera: Dermestidae）. Methods The developmental stages of Dermestes maculatus were observed at four constant temperatures of 20 ℃, 24 ℃, 28 ℃ and 32 ℃, and the changes in body length were also examined as the biological indicator to estimate larval day-age and instar. Results The total developmental time from egg to adult at 20 ℃, 24 ℃, 28 ℃ and 32 ℃ were （126.7±10.6） d, （69.4±8.2） d, （50.4±8.4） d and （49.6±6.5） d, respectively. The body length increased gradually, but changed irregularly as a whole. Conclusion The study provides basic data on the development and growth of Dermestes maculatus, especially on its developmental duration as a significant value for estimating PMImin of heavily decayed and skeletonized remains. Nevertheless, the change of body length is not found to be the best biological indicator for instar determination.

[Stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia in adults outside Hubei province during the COVID-19 pandemic]

Objective: To investigate the severity of stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in adults outside Hubei Province, China. Methods: An online survey of psychological and sleep by using Questionnaire Star program from 5th to 19th February 2020 was conducted. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised was used to assess COVID-19 outbreak-related stress symptoms. Meanwhile, Questionnaires of Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Insomnia Severity Index were respectively used to assess the severity of anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: A total of 3 134 subjects were included. Among the included subjects, 15.5% (487), 24.9% (779), 28.7% (899) and 30.9% (968) of the subjects had COVID-19-related stress symptoms, anxiety, depression and insomnia after the COVID-19 outbreak, respectively. The severity levels of anxiety, depression and insomnia were significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to prior to the outbreak (all P<0.01). Furthermore, the subjects' stress response to the COVID-19 outbreak was an independent risk factor for increased anxiety, depression and insomnia after the outbreak. Conclusion: The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in related stress response and widespread increase in anxiety, depression, and insomnia outside Hubei Province, China in the general population. The aggravation of anxiety, depression and insomnia is associated with stress levels. Our data demonstrate that the widespread psychological and insomnia problems in the general population need to be addressed at the early phase of the pandemic.

[Association between endurance quality and blood pressure levels in Han students aged 13-18 years in China, 2014]

Objective: To analyze the association between the endurance quality and blood pressure levels in Han students aged 13-18 years in China. Methods: We used the data of Han students aged 13-18 years from 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health. Elevated blood pressure and its components, including isolated elevated SBP, isolated elevated DBP, and mix elevated blood pressure, were evaluated according to the reference of screening for elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. The students' endurance quality was scored according to the National Standards for Students' Physical Health (2014 revision) and categorized based on their percentiles into four groups as follows: P(0)-, P(25)-, P(50)-, and P(75)-P(100). Trend χ(2) test was used to analyze the trend of the detection rates of elevated blood pressure and its components in different groups of endurance quality. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for elevated blood pressure and its components in different endurance quality groups and P(0)-group was set as reference group. Quantile regression model was used to analyze the association between different blood pressure levels and endurance quality. Results: The detection rate of elevated blood pressure in the students aged 13-18 years in China in 2014 was 9.2%. The detection rate of elevated blood pressure and its components decreased with the improvement of endurance quality (P<0.001). With the P(0)-endurance quality group as reference, the OR(95%CI) were 0.89(0.84-0.95), 0.81(0.76-0.86) and 0.79(0.74-0.84) respectively in P(25)-, P(50)- and P(75)-P(100) endurance quality groups respectively. The negative association existed between endurance quality and elevated blood pressure in overweight, obese and normal students, but not in malnourished students. The quantile regression analysis results showed that in overweight and obese students, the SBP levels at the P(10), P(25), P(50), P(75), P(9)0 and P(95) groups were negatively associated with the endurance quality, and the DBP levels at the P(25) and above group were negatively associated with the endurance quality. In malnourished and normal students, only some levels of DBP were negatively associated with the endurance quality. Conclusions: The negative association existed between endurance quality and elevated blood pressure in Han students aged 13-18 years in China. In overweight and obese students, the association between endurance quality and blood pressure level was stronger. Improving students' endurance quality may facilitate the prevention of elevated blood pressure.

[Analysis on the trend of prevalence of excellent and good physical fitness and health status among Chinese Han students aged 13 to 18 years and related influencing factors from 1985 to 2014]

Objective: Using the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health data from 1985 to 2014 to analyze the trend of excellent and good physical fitness and health status among Chinese Han students aged 13 to 18 years and the related influencing factors. Methods: 738 523 students aged 13 to 18 years with completed data of gender, age, urban and rural, physical form, vital capacity and physical fitness were selected from the six Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health. According to National Standards for Students' Physical Health (2014 revision), the comprehensive scores and the prevalence of excellent and good physical fitness and health status were calculated (90.0-120.0 was classified as excellent, and 80.0-89.9 was classified as good). The trend of prevalence of excellent and good physical fitness and health status in different years and the corresponding differences among students with different characteristics were analyzed and compared. The log-binomial regression model was used to analyze related factors of physical fitness and health status. Results: From 1985 to 2014, the overall prevalence of excellent and good physical fitness and health status increased from 27.6% in 1985 to 35.6% in 1995, and then declined to 13.9% in 2005. In the 2010 and 2014 cycles, the prevalence increased steadily, at 16.5% and 19.1% respectively. Except for 1995 and 2014, the prevalence of boys was higher than that of girls (P<0.001). The prevalence of students aged 13 to 15 was higher than that of students aged 16 to 18 (P<0.001). Log-binomial regression model analysis showed that girls ［PR（95%CI）=1.03（1.00-1.05）, P=0.021］, rural area ［PR（95%CI）=1.09（1.07-1.12）, P<0.001］, 13-15 years old［PR（95%CI）=1.89（1.84-1.94）, P<0.001］, eastern region［PR（95%CI）=1.94（1.88-2.00）, P<0.001］, middle region［PR（95%CI）=1.15（1.11-1.20）, P<0.001］, Exercise time ≥1 h/d［PR（95%CI）=1.41（1.37-1.45）, P<0.001］, parents support participation in sports activities after school［PR（95%CI）=1.10（1.06-1.15）, P<0.001］, TV time ≤1 h/d［PR（95%CI）=1.26（1.21-1.30）, P<0.001］, playing video games, watching videos or e-books ≤1 h/d［PR（95%CI）=1.05（1.02-1.09）, P<0.001］ were all related to the high prevalence of excellent and good physical fitness and health status. Conclusion: The prevalence of excellent and good physical fitness and health status among students aged 13 to 18 was changing between 1985 and 2014. Gender, age, area, physical exercise time, screen time for non-learning purposes, and parents' attitudes toward students' participation in physical activities were all related to the excellent and good physical fitness and health status of students.

Employment of ARTP to Generate Phellinus baumii (Agaricomycetes) Strain with High Flavonoids Production and Validation by Liquid Fermentation

To obtain Phellinus baumii strain with high flavonoids yield, ARTP was employed to generate mutants of a Ph. baumii strain, which were screened for higher flavonoids content. After five rounds of screening, four mutants were identified to produce more flavonoids than the wild type strain under optimal conditions, of which A67 was the mutant with the highest flavonoids productive capacity. When cultured in shake flasks, the maximum intracellular total flavonoids production of A67 reached 0.56 g/L, 86.67% higher than the total flavonoids in CK. Antagonistic testing, RAPD, and HPLC analysis suggested that ARTP caused changes of the genetic material and metabolites in Ph. baumii. In addition, the superiority of A67 to CK was proved by liquid fermentation using unstructured kinetic models, which was performed in a 50-L fermentor. The maximum intracellular total flavonoids production and dry mycelium weight of A67 reached 0.64 g/L and 15.24 g/L, which was an increase of 88.24% and 18.23% compared with CK, respectively. This work could provide an efficient and practical strategy to obtain high flavonoids production strains and the superiority of A67 could also provide a reference to further increase flavonoids production of Ph. baumii in large-scale production mode by submerged fermentation process.

[The application of the National Standards for Students' Physical Health (2014 revision) in SPSS]

The National Standards for Students' Physical Health (2014 revision)is a standard for providing primary guidance for the national school education work and applicable to the evaluation of the physical health of primary school, secondary school and university students in China. This standard sets indicators and assessment scores by gender and grade from three aspects, i.e. body shape, function and quality. Given the complexity of the application process and the large number of indicators, it could be inefficient and misused due to a large sample size. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively introduce the application of the standard with examples, and compile the corresponding SPSS package for potential audience to quickly and accurately evaluate students' physical health.

[Comparison of status of physical activity time at school and influencing factors in students in China, 2010 and 2014]

Objective: To compare the probability of physical activity (PA) time ≥1 hour at school and influencing factors in students in China between 2010 and 2014. Methods: We used the data of 2010 and 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH). The surveys covered the Han students aged 9-22 years and Tibetan students aged 9-18 years (Tibet). The participants were primary school students (9-12 years old), junior high school students (13-15 years old), senior high school students (16-18 years old) and college students (19-22 years old). The probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school was compared using χ(2) tests between 2010 and 2014 survey years. Log-binomial Regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) for the probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school in different age groups. Results: The overall probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school in students aged 9-22 years was 20.5% in 2010, and 23.8% in 2014. The difference between 2010 and 2014 was significant (P<0.001). On the whole, the probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school increased in the eastern, central and western areas in 2014 compared with 2010 (P<0.05), and the increase range was highest in eastern area, followed by western area and central area (P<0.05). The probability of PA time of 1 hour at school in all age groups increased in 2014 compared with 2010 (P<0.05). The increase in the probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school was larger in primary school students than that in high school students and college students (P<0.05). The probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school increased in all age groups in three areas, except in junior and senior high school students in the central area where the probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school decreased. The probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school in primary and junior/senior high school students in the eastern area had the greatest increase, but in college students it had the smallest increase in the three areas. From 2010 to 2014, the changes in the probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school in students in different provinces were quite different, especially in primary school students. The probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school in four age groups increased in only three provinces. With the probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school in primary school students as the reference, the RR in junior high students had no significant change between 2010 and 2014. The RR in senior high school increased from 0.34 (0.33-0.35) in 2010 to 0.36 (0.36-0.37) in 2014, and the RR in college students increased from 0.33 (0.32-0.34) in 2010 to 0.43 (0.42-0.44) in 2014. Conclusions: The probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school in all age groups increased in 2014 compared with 2010, but there were great differences among provinces. The findings of our study suggests that although the national policy played a certain role, the provinces should take specific measures to improve the probability of PA time ≥1 hour at school in students according to their own conditions. In addition, more attention should be paid to PA of older students.

Cine magnetic resonance urography for postoperative evaluation of reconstructive urinary tract after ileal ureter substitution: initial experience

AIM

To report the initial experiences with functional cine magnetic resonance urography (cine MRU) and assess its usefulness as a novel postoperative evaluation method of ileal ureter substitution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The medical records of 17 patients from who underwent cine MRU during June 2010 to December 2019 during their follow-up after ileal ureter substitution were collected. The cine MRU videos of reconstructive urinary tract were observed, and the luminal diameter, contraction ratio, peristaltic waves, and ureteral jets were measured.

RESULTS

Seventeen patients underwent cine MRU after ileal ureter substitution during their follow-up. Based on their cine MRU videos assessing the morphology and the peristaltic motility of the reconstructive urinary tract, there was resolution of preoperative hydronephrosis, which matched their ameliorative renal function. Clearly, peristaltic motility of the ileal graft was observed in 14 patients with obvious peristaltic waves and ureteral jets.

CONCLUSION

This study is the first to assess the clinical utility of functional cine MRU during the patient follow-up after ileal ureter substitution. Cine MRU is a radiation-free, non-invasive imaging method that can clearly show the morphology and the peristaltic motility of the ileal graft. Therefore, cine MRU, as a novel technique, will be extremely useful in the postoperative evaluation of patients after ileal ureter substitution.

[Secular trends and geographic disparities of all-cause mortality among Chinese adolescents aged 10-24 years, between 1953 and 2010]

Objective: To analyze the secular trends and geographic disparities of all-cause mortality among Chinese adolescents aged 10-24 years over the period of 1953-2010. Methods: Data were extracted from the Chinese National Census in 1953-2010. We calculated the all-cause mortality and annualized rates of the changes. Using the provincial gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as an indicator of regional socio-economic development level, we calculated the Wagstaff normal concentration indices for adolescent mortality. Results: Over the period of 1953-2010, the general patterns of Chinese adolescent mortality appeared higher in males than those in females, higher in the 20-24-year-old than those in the 15-19 year-old and in the 10-14 year-old groups, higher in adolescents from the western than those in the eastern regions. The mortality of adolescents decreased from 554.6/100 000 in 1953-1964 to 55.7/100 000 in 2010 in males and decreased from 488.4/100 000 to 26.7/100 000 in females, respectively. The percentage of decrease for females (94.5%) was higher than that for males (90.0%). In 1981-2010, the highest annualized rate of decline for males was seen in Beijing (4.4%), with the lowest seen in Qinghai (0.1%). For girls, Hubei showed the highest annualized rate of decline (6.4%) while Qinghai the lowest (0.8%). Provinces that with higher mortality tended to have lower annualized rate of decline. The concentration indices for boys were -0.07 (95%CI: -0.11- -0.03), -0.13 (95%CI: -0.18- -0.08), and -0.16 (95%CI: -0.22- -0.10) in 1990, 2000, and 2010, respectively, and were -0.07 (95%CI: -0.13- -0.02), -0.18 (95%CI: -0.24- -0.12), and -0.18 (95%CI: -0.26- -0.09) respectively in girls. The indices among 1990, 2000, and 2010 did not show statistically significantly differences, both for boys and girls (P>0.05). Conclusions: Over the half century, the mortality of Chinese adolescents showed dramatic decreasing trend. However, in terms of death rates, gender and geographic disparities were consistently seen in the adolescents.

Increased Inhibition Effect of Antrodin C from the Stout Camphor Medicinal Mushroom, Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Agaricomycetes), on A549 through Crosstalk between Apoptosis and Autophagy

Antrodin C was obtained from Taiwanofungus camphoratus mycelia. The inhibition effect of antrodin C on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated by plate clone formation, wound healing, cell cycle, activated caspase-3, Bax, P53, Bcl-2, and RAPR activities as well as reactive oxygen species release. Plate clone formation assay revealed that antrodin C could significantly inhibit the viability of A549 cells in vitro. Wound healing assay revealed that cell migration was inhibited by exposure to antrodin C at concentrations of 50 and 80 μg/mL. Flow cytometry revealed that antrodin C increased the percentages of cells in the G0/G1 phase at concentrations of 50 and 80 μg/mL and the apoptosis was related to upregulation of caspase-3, Bax, P53 expression, downregulation of Bcl-2, RAPR expression, and the release of reactive oxygen species in the A549 cells. CQ or RAPA could significantly promote or inhibit the inhibition effect on A549 proliferation induced by antrodin C, which suggests that the autophagy played a cytoprotective role on inhibition proliferation of A549 induced by antrodin C. These results indicated that the combination of pro-apoptosis agents and anti-autophagy agents may be a useful strategy in enhancing the anticancer efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer.

Effects of three different first-aid training methods on knowledge retention of caregivers and teachers: a randomized and longitudinal cohort study in China

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of pediatric first-aid training methods on caregivers' and teachers' knowledge retention.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a randomized longitudinal cohort study.

METHODS

A stratified random sampling method was used to select 1282 caregivers and teachers with the help of local education authorities in 18 districts and 1 county of Shanghai, China. The selected caregivers and teachers were randomly allocated into groups that were exposed to 3 models of training, including an interactive training model (group A), lecture-based training model (group B), and video instruction training model (group C), for pediatric first-aid training for caregivers and teachers (PedFACTs). Before and after the training, a descriptive questionnaire composed of demographic information and 37 simple-choice questions about first aid was administered. During the follow-up, 120 caregivers and teachers from each of the three methods were randomized and retested 9 months after their training and 120 caregivers and teachers were randomly reselected in each of the three methods and retested 4 years after their training.

RESULTS

Immediately after training, there was a significant difference in the postassessment results between groups A and B (P = 0.002) as well as between groups A and C (P < 0.001). The average interactive training model score was the highest, followed by the instruction training model and video instruction training model. There was no significant difference among the three groups in the reassessment scores at 9 months and 4 years after training (P = 0.744, P = 0.595). The difference in passing the assessment among the three groups at 9 months or 4 years after training was not maintained at a significant level.

CONCLUSION

The three training methods did not affect knowledge retention of the caregivers and teachers at nine months or four years after training completion. Video instruction may be an effective, convenient, and feasible method to train caregivers and teachers.

[Analysis on the urban-rural disparity of childhood stunting and its association with economic growth among Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years old]

Objective: To analyze the urban-rural disparity of childhood stunting and its association with subnational economic growth among Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years. Methods: We used the data from 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health. 213 940 Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years with complete height records were included in this study. Stunting was defined according to the Screening Criteria of Malnutrition for School-age Children and Adolescents(2014 version, in Chinese). We divided students into two groups (economically developed and underdeveloped areas) according to the provincial GDP per capita. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to explore the association between the difference of urban-rural stunting prevalence and the provincial GDP per capita. Logistic regression models were established to assess the risk of stunting in rural children compared with urban children. Results: Among 213 940 students, 107 033 (50.0%) were from urban areas. The average height of 7-18 years old and 18 years old [(152.9±15.7) and (166.1±8.7) cm] of urban students were both higher than those of rural students [(150.7±16.0) and (165.1±8.6) cm] (P<0.001). The stunting prevalence of Chinese urban students (0.4%) was statistically significant lower than that of rural students (1.1%) (P<0.001), which was consistent in all age groups (P<0.05). The urban-rural disparity was found in 60% (18/30) of Chinese provinces. The difference of urban-rural stunting prevalence was negatively associated with provincial GDP per capita (r=-0.62, P<0.001). In economically underdeveloped areas, the risk of stunting for rural students aged 7-9 years was 4.69 (95%CI: 2.93-7.52) times that for urban children, while for students aged 10-18 years, the odds ratio was 2.44 (95%CI: 2.02-2.96). In economically developed areas, the risk of stunting for rural students aged 7-9 years was 5.43 (95%CI: 3.67-8.03) times that for urban children, while for students aged 10-18 years, the odds ratio was 2.15 (95%CI: 1.85-2.49). Conclusions: The urban-rural disparity of childhood stunting existed in most places in China. The difference of growth retardation between urban and rural areas was related to regional economic development.

Downregulation of Salmonella Virulence Gene Expression During Invasion of Epithelial Cells Treated with Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris JFR1 Requires OppA

Invasion of Salmonella into host intestinal epithelial cells requires the expression of virulence genes. In this study, cell culture models of human intestinal cells (mucus-producing HT29-MTX cells, absorptive Caco-2 cells, and combined cocultures of the two) were used to determine the effects of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris treatments (exopolysaccharide producing and nonproducing strains) on the virulence gene expression of Salmonella Typhimurium and its mutant lacking the oligopeptide permease subunit A (ΔoppA). During the course of epithelial cell (HT29-MTX, Caco-2, and combined) infection by Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, improved barrier function was reflected by increased transepithelial electrical resistance in cells treated with both strains of L. lactis subsp. cremoris. In addition, virulence gene expression was downregulated, accompanied with lower numbers of invasive bacteria into epithelial cells in the presence of L. lactis subsp. cremoris treatments. Similarly, virulence gene expression of Salmonella was also suppressed when coincubated with overnight cultures of both L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains in the absence of epithelial cells. However, in medium or in the presence of cell cultures, Salmonella lacking the OppA permease function remained virulent. HT29-MTX cells and combined cultures stimulated by Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 showed significantly lower secretion levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 after treatment with L. lactis subsp. cremoris cell suspensions. Contrarily, these responses were not observed during infection with S. Typhimurium ΔoppA. Both the exopolysaccharide producing and nonproducing strains of L. lactis subsp. cremoris JFR1 exhibited an antivirulence effect against S. Typhimurium DT104 although no significant difference between the two strains was observed. Our results show that an intact peptide transporter is essential for the suppression of Salmonella virulence genes which leads to the protection of the barrier function in the cell culture models studied.

Effect of fermented milk from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris strain JFR1 on Salmonella invasion of intestinal epithelial cells

The process of fermentation contributes to the organoleptic properties, preservation, and nutritional benefits of food. Fermented food may interfere with pathogen infections through a variety of mechanisms, including competitive exclusion or improving intestinal barrier integrity. In this study, the effect of milk fermented with Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris JFR1 on Salmonella invasion of intestinal epithelial cell cultures was investigated. Epithelial cells (HT29-MTX, Caco-2, and cocultures of the 2) were treated for 1 h with Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris JFR1 fermented milk before infection with Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica Typhimurium. Treatment with fermented milk resulted in increased transepithelial electrical resistance, which remained constant for the duration of infection (up to 3 h), illustrating a protective effect. After gentamicin treatment to remove adhered bacterial cells, enumeration revealed a reduction in numbers of intracellular Salmonella. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR data indicated a downregulation of Salmonella virulence genes hilA, invA, and sopD after treatment with fermented milk. Fermented milk treatment of epithelial cells also exhibited an immunomodulatory effect reducing the production of proinflammatory IL-8. In contrast, chemically acidified milk (glucono delta-lactone) failed to show the same effect on monolayer integrity, Salmonella Typhimurium invasion, and gene expression as well as immune modulation. Furthermore, an oppA knockout mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium infecting treated epithelial cells did not show suppressed virulence gene expression. Collectively, these results suggest that milk fermented with Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris JFR1 is effective in vitro in the reduction of Salmonella invasion into intestinal epithelial cells. A functional OppA permease in Salmonella is required to obtain the antivirulence effect of fermented milk.

Optimization of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Fermentation Process for Large-Scale Production

The objective of this study was to increase the intracellular polysaccharide yield of Ganoderma lucidum. The accordingly optimized fermentation medium by central composite design method contains glucose 40 g L^-1, yeast powder 12 g L^-1, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3 g L^-1, initial pH 5.5, and inoculum size 10 mL 100 mL^-1. Under this condition, the predicted value of intracellular polysaccharide yield was 2.03 g L^-1. Shake flask experiments confirmed that the average intracellular polysaccharide yield was 1.98 g L^-1 similar to the predicted value. The yields of intracellular polysaccharides in the 5-L and 50-L fermentors were 2.59 g L^-1 and 2.65 g L^-1, respectively. The molecular weight distribution of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides obtained was determined by HPSEC-MALLS-RI. The results showed that the weight-average molecular weight of component 1 in the intracellular crude polysaccharide was 4.695 × 10⁶ Da and the mass fraction was 58%. The weight-average molecular weight of component 2 in the extracellular polysaccharide was 5.554 × 10⁴ Da. The mass fraction was 94.9%. The liquid submerged fermentation process of G. lucidum mycelium obtained from this study has effectively increased the yield of intracellular polysaccharides. Its intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides have good immunological activity. Conceivably, the optimized process can be applied for the large-scale production.

Chemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Volatile Oil from the White Jelly Mushroom, Tremella fuciformis (Tremellomycetes)

To fully analyze the composition of volatile oil extracted from Tremella fuciformis, hydrodistillation (HD) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) were adopted simultaneously. In both cases, the analysis was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the antioxidant activity of the volatile oil was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method with rutin as a positive control. Nineteen components in HD and 68 components in SPME were identified, respectively. Moreover, the oil obtained from T. fuciformis by HD indicated that aromatic compounds were a major class (93.5%), followed by the terpenes (5.7%), alkanes (0.4%), and alcohols (0.3%). Among them, butylated hydroxytoluene was the highest concentration (92.5%) of the compounds. The compounds detected by SPME were different from those of HD, and the substances with the largest content were esters (57.7%), followed by alcohols (19.0%), acids (7.0%), and aldehydes (6.3%). Only three of the same substances were detected in both of them, namely borneol, (-)-α-terpineol, and acetic acid. In the DPPH assays, strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.176 mg/mL) was evident in volatile oil from T. fuciformis. Antioxidant activity was positively correlated with the concentration of volatile oil.

[Comparative study on growth retardation prevalence in students aged 7-18 years from 26 minority ethnic groups in China]

Objective: To compare the prevalence of growth retardation in students aged 7-18 years from 26 minority ethnic groups in China and provides reference evidence to promote the growth and improve the health status of students in minority ethnic groups. Methods: The body height data of students aged 7-18 years in 26 minority ethnic groups in 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health were used for the analysis and comparison. Growth retardation was defined according to the school-aged child and adolescent malnutrition screening standard (WS/T 456-2014). Results: In 2014, the average body heights of school boys and school girls aged 18 years in 26 ethnic minority groups were (168.3±6.8) cm and (156.2±5.9) cm respectively. The overall growth retardation prevalence rate of school boys and school girls in 26 ethnic groups were 5.4% and 5.1%, respectively. The growth retardation prevalence rate was highest in students of Shui ethnic group (24.5% for boys and 23.0% for girls), and lowest in students of Hui ethnic group (0.1% for boys and 0.3% for girls). The growth retardation prevalence rates in 9 ethnic minority groups were higher than the average level, in these 9 ethnic groups, the differences in prevalence rates of boys of Buyi ethnic group, girls of Lisu ethnic group and girls of Hani ethnic group had no significance among four age groups. Growth retardation in students of Sala ethnic group was mainly observed in age group 7-9 years, but in others ethnic group, for example, Wa ethnic, it was mainly observed in older age group. The students in minority ethnic groups in southwestern China had the highest growth retardation prevalence rate (8.1%), significantly higher than that in northern China (0.8%) (OR=10.6, 95%CI: 7.8-14.4). The overall growth retardation prevalence rate between 7 and 17 years old was negatively correlated with the body height of 18 years old (boys: r=-0.811, P<0.001; girls: r=-0.715, P<0.001). Conclusions: In 2014, the differences in body height among students aged 18 years in 26 minority ethnic groups in China were significant. In general, the first five minority ethnic groups with high detection rate of growth retardation in boys were Shui, Wa, Buyi, Yao and Yi, and the five minority ethnic groups with high detection rate of growth retardation in girls were Shui, Yao, Buyi, Wa and Miao. The detection rate of growth retardation was highest in students of minority ethnic groups in southwestern China. Nutritional interventions and healthy education should be carried out in minority ethnic groups and areas with high growth retardation prevalence rate to promote the growth of the students.

Effect of Culture Time on the Bioactive Components in the Fruit Bodies of Caterpillar Mushroom, Cordyceps militaris CM-H0810 (Ascomycetes)

Cordyceps militaris are widely cultivated in China for an important raw material for health foods. CM-H0810 is a C. militaris strain used in the production of C. militaris in Shanghai, the surrounding areas of Shanghai, and Guangdong province in China. We evaluated the effect of culture time on the bioactive components in the fruit bodies of C. militaris CM-H0810 to provide scientific references for production of C. militaris fruit bodies with good quality. The results showed that the polysaccharide contents increased gradually during 35-45 d, but it declined with the prolongation of culture time. The highest polysaccharide content was 3.46% at 45 d. With the prolongation of culture time the cordycepin content gradually increased; the highest cordycepin content was 3.57 μg/mg at 60 d, which increased 321% compared to that at 35 d. Contrary to cordycepin, the adenosine content declined gradually, with the highest content of 1.86 μg/mg at 35 d and the lowest content of 1.48 μg/mg at 60 d. Our study indicates that it is necessary to select suitable harvest times in view of different compounds that are desirable to obtain in high quantities.

Research Progress on InDel Genetic Marker in Forensic Science

Genetic markers in forensic DNA typing experienced the variable number of tandem repeats （VNTR） sequences and the short tandem repeats （STR） sequences. With the emerge of sequencing technology, the third generation of genetic markers were found out, which usually have two alleles including single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） and insertion/deletion （InDel）, also known as biallelic genetic markers. Because of the insertions or deletions of DNA fragments, InDel genetic marker reveals DNA fragment length polymorphism and widely distributes across the whole genome. InDel genetic marker is numerous and has the characteristics of STR and SNP genetic markers, which has been applied in the fields of genetics and anthropology. This review focuses on the research progress of InDel genetic marker in forensic science, aiming to review and summarize the main research findings in recent years and provide clues for future researches.

[The comparation of establishing the allergic rhinitis model between Kunming mice and BALB/c mice]

Objective: To discusses the feasibility of establishing the allergic rhinitis (AR) model in Kunming mice. Methods: Kunming mice (n=20) and BALB/c mice (n=20) were sensitized and motivated by ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminium hydroxide. The symptoms rating scale (symptoms score>5 as successful model) was used to evaluate AR symptoms of two kinds of mice after the AR model were set up. The differences of OVA serum specific IgE (OVA-sIgE) and the levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) in Kunming mice model group and Kunming mice blank group were evaluated, the symptom scores, OVA serum specific IgE (OVA-sIgE) and the levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) of successful model of Kunming mice and BALB/c mice were compared, and the difference between two kinds of animal models. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis was analysed. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Results: During the experiment, 2 mice died in BALB/c mouse model group, and no mouse died in Kunming mouse model group. Kunming model group gained a certain incease of weight. The clinical symptom scores, OVA - sIgE levels, serum IL - 4 levels of Kunming mouse model group were significantly higher than those of blank control group. The difference was statistically significant [(6.100±0.568) vs (2.700±0.823), (29.083±10.470) ng/ml vs (3.908±1.984) ng/ml, (219.250±30.821) pg/ml vs (140.056±27.684) pg/ml, all P<0.05]. Compared with BALB/c mice model group, the symptom score and serum level of IL-4 of Kunming mice model group had no statistically significant differences (6.100±0.568) vs (6.313±0.704), (219.250±30.821) pg/ml vs (253.294±53.953) pg/ml, all P>0.05), and the difference of serum level of OVA-sIgE was statistically significant ((29.083±10.470) ng/ml vs (76.277±25.724) ng/ml, P<0.05). Conclusions: Kunming mice are able to obtain a clinically significant AR model through OVA modeling, with a significant increase in serum OVA-SIgE and IL-4. Kunming mice AR model shows good tolerance, and could reduce the losses in animal experiment.

Analysis on Fourier characteristics of wavelength-scanned optical spectrum of low-finesse Fabry-Pérot acoustic sensor

In this work, we investigate the Fourier characteristics of wavelength-scanned optical spectrum of low-finesse Fabry-Pérot (FP) acoustic sensor both theoretically and experimentally. The wavelength scanning will transform the time-domain acoustic signal into phase modulation loaded on the FP sensor spectrum distributed along wavelength. Therefore the interference spectrum can be regarded as carrier signal in the wavelength domain. From this perspective, it is intelligible that the phase modulation loaded on the spectrum (carrier signal) will introduce sidebands in Fourier domain. The spatial frequency and phase of sideband components contain unique information of both acoustic signal and the corresponding sensor. These conclusions are experimentally proved by single sensor head as well as two parallel sensors. The Fourier characteristics of sideband components can be utilized to recognize and distinguish acoustic signals received by different sensors, indicating that it has potential applications in multiplexed FP sensor array and source localization, and so forth.

[Assessment on Application of 24 Y-STR Loci in Forensic Science]

OBJECTIVES

To select a Y-STR marker system with strong haplotype identification ability, appropriate mutation rate and high compatibility and to assess its forensic application.

METHODS

The 24 Y-STR loci were tested by self-built fluorescent multiplex system, and the forensic assessment was conducted by 139 pairs of father-son samples collected in Jinan, Shandong province.

RESULTS

Totally 176 alleles were identified among the 24 Y-STR loci in the sample of 139 unrelated individuals labeled with father, and the gene diversity （GD） distributed between 0.083 7 （DYS645）-0.966 9 （DYS385a/b）. According to the 24 Y-STR loci, 139 different haplotypes were detected from 139 unrelated male individuals labeled with father in Han population of Shandong province and with no shared haplotype observed. The overall haplotype diversity （HD） was 1 and the discrimination capacity （DC） was 1. A total of 5 one-step mutations events were observed among the 24 Y-STR loci in 139 pairs of father-son. The average mutation rate was 0.001 5 [95% CI （0.000 5, 0.003 5）].

CONCLUSIONS

The system of 24 Y-STR loci shows a strong individual recognition ability and low mutation rate in the population in Jinan, Shandong province, and it has good application value in forensic science.

[Timeless promotes the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cell by reprogramming of glucose metabolism]

Objective: To explore the function and molecular mechanism of Timeless in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth. Methods: The expression of Timeless in HCC and paracancer tissues were analyzed by using the public data of HCC. Timeless was overexpressed in MHCC97L cells and silenced in MHCC97H cells, respectively, and the expression of Timeless and its downstream molecules were detected by real-time PCR and western blot. The effects of Timeless on cell glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and proliferation were detected by the glucose uptake experiment, lactic acid detection experiment, the extracellular fluid pH detection experiment, cell oxygen consumption test and cell viability assay, respectively. Results: The level of Timeless in HCC tissue was significantly higher than that of paracancer tissue (P<0.05). The relative cellular glucose uptake levels in the groups of Timeless knockdown, including siTimeless-1 and siTimeless-2 group were 0.510±0.119 and 0.508±0.099, respectively, significantly different from that of control group (P<0.05); The relative cellular uptake level of Timeless overexpressed group was 1.953±0.324, significantly different from that of vector transfected group (P<0.05). The relative levels of lactic acid production in the siTimeless-1 and siTimeless-2 group were 0.579±0.096 and 0.550±0.120, respectively, significantly different from that of control group (P<0.05); The relative production level of lactic acid in the Timeless overexpressed group was 1.463±0.179, significantly different that of vector transfected group (P<0.05). The extracellular pH values of siTimeless-1 and siTimeless-2 group were 7.390±0.035 and 7.370±0.060, respectively, significantly different from that of control group (P<0.05); the extracellular pH value of Timeless overexpressed group was 7.130±0.031, significantly different than vector transfected group (P<0.05). Oxygen consumption rate of siTimeless-1 and siTimeless-2 group were 3.686±0.389 and 3.955±0.431, respectively, significantly higher than 1.690±0.297 of control group (P<0.05); Oxygen consumption rate of Timeless overexpressed group was 1.302±0.336, significantly lower than 3.185±0.262 of vector transfected group (P<0.05) Timeless inhibited the expression of p53. The cell glucose uptake, lactic acid production, the pH of extracellular culture medium and cell oxygen consumption of control group were not significantly different from that of Timeless and p53 co-silenced group [(si-Timeless+sip53) group] (P>0.05); the glucose uptake, the production of lactic acid, the pH of the extracellular culture medium and the oxygen consumption of Timeless co-transfected with p53 (Timeless+p53) group were not significantly different from those of vector transfected group (P>0.05). Timeless promoted the proliferation of HCC cells through inhibiting the expression of p53. Conclusion: Timeless promotes reprogramming of glucose metabolism and proliferation of HCC cells by inhibiting the p53-dependent signaling pathway.

[Forensic Application of SiFaSTR™ 23plex DNA ID System in Han Population of Eastern China]

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the genetic polymorphism of 21 autosomal STR loci and DYS391 locus of SiFaSTR™ 23plex DNA ID system in Han population of eastern China and to evaluate its application value in forensic science.

METHODS

Typing test of 2 000 unrelated individuals was performed using SiFaSTR™ 23plex DNA ID system. The population genetic parameters of STR loci were statistically analysed. A total of 3 198 parentage confirmed cases were detected with that system and the mutation conditions were observed in 21 autosomal STR loci.

RESULTS

All the 21 autosomal STR loci showed no significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P>0.05）. The Ho ranged from 0.617 5 to 0.927 0. The DP ranged from 0.796 4 to 0.986 9, as well as the PIC distributed from 0.561 1 to 0.912 3. The CDP was 0.999 999 999 999 999. The CPE_duo was 0.999 997 431 701 961, while CPE_trio was 0.999 999 999 654 865. Five alleles were detected in DYS391 locus, with the allele frequency from 0.004 0 to 0.729 0, and GD was 0.418 9. Except D13S317 and D10S1248, seventy-six mutation events were observed at the rest nineteen autosomal STR loci. Among them, seventy-five （98.68%） were one step mutation, and only one （1.32%） was three steps mutation. The mutation rate ranged from 0.246 5×10⁻³ to 2.711 4×10⁻³, and the averaged mutation rate was 0.892 1×10⁻³ （95% CI： 0.70×10⁻³-1.10×10⁻³）. In 33 trio mutation cases, the proportion of the paternal mutation and the maternal mutation was 2.09:1.

CONCLUSIONS

The involved STRs are highly polymorphic in Eastern Han population with acceptable mutation rates by the SiFaSTR™ 23plex DNA ID system, which is suitable for paternity testing and individual identification.

Understanding the element segregation and phase separation in the Ce-substituted Nd-(Fe,Co)-B based alloys

Ce substituted Nd₂Fe₁₄B (2:14:1)-type permanent magnets have shown increasing potential in the applications due to their high properties/cost ratio. However, the element segregation and phase separation in the Ce substituted magnets have not been fully understood yet. In this work, (Nd_1−xCe_x)₂₅Fe₄₀Co₂₀Al₄B₁₁ alloys with high coercivities were prepared by copper mold casting. Based on detailed microstructure and composition analysis, the segregation of rare earth (RE) elements was observed in the as-cast alloys. Nd element prefers to enter into the 2:14:1 phase and the Ce element enter into the 1:2 phase. The existence of the 1:2 phase can promote the element segregation. The alloy shows an abnormal increase of coercivity from 641 kA/m for x = 0.2 to 863 kA/m for x = 0.3. This increase could be attributed to the phase separation of the 2:14:1 phase, which has been confirmed by the microstructural characterization. The present data provides useful information for exploring Ce-containing Nd-Fe-B magnets.

[Establishment of 43-plex SNP Typing System and Its Forensic Application]

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the application of 43-plex SNP typing system in forensic science.

METHODS

The typing of 43 SNP loci in 123 unrelated Han individuals from East China was detected by MALDI-TOF-MS. The application value of 43-plex SNP typing system was assessed according to the forensic parameters of population genetics.

RESULTS

All the 43 SNP loci of 123 individuals showed no significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P>0.05）. Excepted rs1355366, rs2270529, rs10776839 and rs938283, there were 39 SNP loci had minor allele frequencies （MAF）, which were greater than 0.25. Among the 25 loci MAFs, 24 ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, while 3 were close to 0.4. The DP, CDP, PIC, Ho, PE_trio and PE_duo of the 43 SNP loci were 0.290 1-0.654 4, 1-9.8×10⁻¹¹, 0.170 8-0.500 0, 0.155 7-0.593 5, 0.085 4-0.250 0 and 0.014 6-0.125 0, respectively. The CPE_trio and CPE_duo were 0.999 986 and 0.992 436 1, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The 43-plex SNP typing system in present study shows a high polymorphism, which can be an effective supplement and verification for traditional STR genetic markers. It also can be used with other commercial kits for the forensic paternity testing and individual identification.

[Implement of multimodal navigation-based virtual reality in the needle biopsy of intracranial eloquent lesions]

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of multimodal navigation-based virtual reality (MNVR) in the needle biopsy of intracranial eloquent lesions. Methods: From January 2016 to January 2017, 20 patients with intracranial deep-seated lesions involving eloquent brain areas underwent MNVR-aided needle biopsy at Department of Neurosurgery, People's Liberation Army General Hospital. Preoperatively, MNVR was used to propose and revise the biopsy planning. Intraoperatively, navigation helped trajectory avoid the eloquent structures. Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) was performed to prove the biopsy accuracy and detect the intraoperative complications. Perioperative neurological status, iMRI findings, intraoprative complications, surgical outcome and pathological diagnosis were recorded. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to compare the preoperative and postoperative neurological scores. Results: MNVR helped revised 45%(9/20) initial biopsy trajectories, which would probably injury the nearby eloquent structures. Navigation helped biopsy trajectories spare the eloquent structures during the operation. No statistical difference was found between postoperative and preoperative neurological status, despite all the lesions were adjacent to eloquent areas. Additionally, 20 patients totally received 21 iMRI scanning. iMRI helped revise incorrect biopsy site in one case and detected intraoperative hemorrhage in another case, both of cases were treated immediately and effectively. No MNVR related adverse events and complications occurred. Conclusions: MNVR-aided needle biopsy of intracranial eloquent lesions is a safe, novel and efficient biopsy modality. This technique is helpful to reduce the incidence of surgery related neurological deficits.

Antitumor Effect of By-1 from Spent Broth from Submerged Cultures of Stout Camphor Medicinal Mushroom, Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Higher Basidiomycetes), on A549 Adenocarcinoma Cells

By-1 was obtained from spent broth from submerged cultures of Taiwanofungus camphoratus. This report evaluates the effects of By-1 on plate clone formation, wound healing, cell cycle, activated caspase-3 expression, and ROS release in A549 lung cancer cells. The result of plate clone formation assay revealed that By-1 could dramatically inhibit the viability of A549 cells in vitro. The inhibitory effect of By-1 on cell migration was tested using a wound healing assay. Proliferation rates of A549 cells were significantly inhibited following exposure to By-1 (12.5, 50, and 80 μg/mL). Flow cytometry revealed that the extracts increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the number of cells in the G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle. The results of the caspase-3 experiment suggested that By-1 could induce A549 cells apoptosis, and this apoptosis was related to the release of reactive oxygen species by the A549 cells. All these results indicate that By-1 has potential in anti-lung cancer drug development.