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Lang D, Liu G, Wu R, Wang W, Wu J, Wang L, Yang J, Yang C, Wang L, Fu J. Efficient preparation of anisotropic cellulose sponge from cotton stalks: An excellent material for separation applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134941. [PMID: 38897116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Water pollution and solid waste resource reuse demand immediate attention and research. Here, we present a method to create anisotropic cellulose sponges from cotton stalk waste. Using the inherent structure of cotton stalks, we selectively remove lignin and hemicellulose via acid and alkali pretreatment. This process yields cellulose sponges with a natural pore structure. Our findings demonstrate that these sponges retain the original pore configuration of cotton stalks, providing excellent connectivity and compressibility due to their unique anisotropic three-dimensional structure. Moreover, these sponges exhibit exceptional super-hydrophilic and underwater super-oleophobic properties, with underwater oil contact angles exceeding 150° for all tested oils. External pressure can reduce the pore size of the cellulose sponge, facilitating the gravity-driven separation and removal of dyes and emulsions. Remarkably, removal efficiencies for Methylene Blue (MB), Congo Red (CR), water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, and oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions exceed 99 %, 97 %, 99 %, and 99 %, respectively, highlighting superior removal and recyclability. Further investigation into the mechanisms of dye and emulsion removal employs X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. These insights lay the groundwork for the efficient recycling and resource utilization of waste cotton stalks, offering promising applications in water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daning Lang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Ronglan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway; Center for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway.
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jihong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Makanda RA, Chikwambi Z, Murungweni C, Kakwere H, Mashingaidze AB. Characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from Zhombwe (Neorautanenia brachypus (harms) CA Sm.) bagasse. Biopolymers 2024:e23611. [PMID: 38984389 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Increased awareness of environmental pollution has changed focus to the use of biodegradable materials because they lack persistence in the environment. This article focused on the production of cellulose nanocrystals from Zhombwe, Neorautanenia brachypus (Harms) CA Sm. bagasse using steam explosion, alkaline treatment, bleaching, purification, and acid hydrolysis. The chemical composition after the treatments was determined using TAPPI standards. Further characterization was done using x-ray Diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The nanoscale dimensions and morphology of the extracted nanocrystals was determined through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). FTIR spectroscopy and DSC confirmed the removal of noncellulosic compounds. XRD revealed that N. brachypus bagasse contained cellulose type I, which partly endured morphological change to polymorph II after purification and hydrolysis. FE-SEM revealed elliptical to rod-shaped structures after acid hydrolysis, which had a mean length and width of 1103 nm and 597 nm respectively. TAPPI tests revealed that successive chemical treatments increased crystallinity by 29.7%, enriched cellulose content by 74.2%, reduced lignin content by 21.7%, and reduced hemicellulose to less than 1%. The semicrystalline nature of the material produced in our work is a promising candidate for swelling hydrogel applications in areas such as wound dressing, heavy metal removal, controlled drug delivery, agriculture, and sanitary products. Future studies may focus on surface modification of nanocrystals to improve their thermal stability and therefore expand their range for potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai A Makanda
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Post Harvest Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Zedias Chikwambi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Chrispen Murungweni
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Hamilton Kakwere
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
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Devi R, Thakur R, Kapoor S, Joshi SJ, Kumar A. Comparative assessment on lignocellulose degrading enzymes and bioethanol production from spent mushroom substrate of Calocybe indica and Volvariella volvacea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38878-38892. [PMID: 37071368 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we compared the production of extracellular lignocellulose degrading enzymes and bioethanol from the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Calocybe indica and Volvariella volvacea. From SMS at different stages of the mushroom development cycle, ligninolytic and hydrolytic enzymes were analysed. The activities of lignin-degrading enzymes, including lignin peroxidase (LiP), laccase, and manganese peroxidase (MnP) were maximal in the spawn run and primordial stages, while hydrolytic enzymes including xylanase, cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) showed higher activity during fruiting bodies development and at the end of the mushroom growth cycle. SMS of V. volvacea showed relatively lower ligninase activity than the SMS of C. indica, but had the maximum activity of hydrolytic enzymes. The enzyme was precipitated with acetone and further purified with the DEAE cellulose column. The maximum yield of reducing sugars was obtained after hydrolysis of NaOH (0.5 M) pretreated SMS with a cocktail of partially purified enzymes (50% v/v). After enzymatic hydrolysis, the total reducing sugars were 18.68 ± 0.34 g/l (SMS of C. indica) and 20.02 ± 0.87 g/l (SMS of V. volvacea). We observed the highest fermentation efficiency and ethanol productivity (54.25%, 0.12 g/l h) obtained from SMS hydrolysate of V. volvacea after 48 h at 30 ± 2 °C, using co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 11,815 and Pachysolen tannophilus MTCC 1077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Devi
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, 141004, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Richa Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, 141004, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Shammi Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, 141004, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sanket J Joshi
- Oil & Gas Research Center, and Central Analytical and Applied Research Unit, Sultan Qaboos University, 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
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Prakash S, Radha, Sharma K, Dhumal S, Senapathy M, Deshmukh VP, Kumar S, Madhu, Anitha T, Balamurugan V, Pandiselvam R, Kumar M. Unlocking the potential of cotton stalk as a renewable source of cellulose: A review on advancements and emerging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129456. [PMID: 38237828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cotton stalk (CS) is a global agricultural residue, with an annual production of approximately 50 million tons, albeit with limited economic significance. The utilization of cellulose derived from CS has gained significant attention in green nanomaterial technologies. This interest stems from its unique properties, including biocompatibility, low density, minimal thermal expansion, eco-friendliness, renewability, and its potential as an alternative source for chemicals, petroleum, and biofuels. In this review, we delve into various extraction and characterization methods, the physicochemical attributes, recent advancements, and the applications of cellulose extracted from CS. Notably, the steam explosion method has proven to yield the highest cellulose content (82 %) from CS. Moreover, diverse physicochemical properties of cellulose can be obtained through different extraction techniques. Sulfuric acid hydrolysis, for instance, yields nanocrystalline cellulose fibers measuring 10-100 nm in width and 100-850 nm in length. Conversely, the steam explosion method yields cellulose fibers with dimensions of 10.7 μm in width and 1.2 mm in length. CS-derived products, including biochar, aerogel, dye adsorbents, and reinforcement fillers, find applications in various industries, such as environmental remediation and biodegradable packaging. This is primarily due to their ready availability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainable nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Prakash
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India.
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Marisennayya Senapathy
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, SNNPR, Ethiopia
| | - Vishal P Deshmukh
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Yashwantrao Mohite Institute of Management, Karad, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Division of Computer Applications, Meerut, India
| | - Madhu
- ICAR - Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - T Anitha
- Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam 625604, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Division of Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR - Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod 671 124, Kerala, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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Balachandran GB, Narayanasamy P, Alexander AB, David PW, Mariappan RK, Ramachandran ME, Indran S, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S. Multi-analytical investigation of the physical, chemical, morphological, tensile, and structural properties of Indian mulberry ( Morinda tinctoria) bark fibers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21239. [PMID: 37954341 PMCID: PMC10637935 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, micro-cellulosic fibers were isolated from the bark of Morinda tinctoria (MT) and characterized for the first time. The anatomical, physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the M. tinctoria bark fiber (MTBF) were investigated. The mean diameter and density values were determined to be 32.013 ± 1.43 μm and 1.4875 g/cm³, respectively. Zeta potential analysis and particle size measurements provided the evidence of enhanced micro-particle behavior on the fiber's surface. Various structural characterizations confirmed the presence of polysaccharide structures, monosaccharide compositions, glycosidic residues (sugar linkages), and cohesive reactions of TMSA (Trimethylsilyl alditol) derivatives, indicating the fiber's potential for strong surface absorption properties. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a crystallinity index of 51 % and a crystallite size of 3.086 nm for MTBF. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin constituents, along with their corresponding functional groups. The calculated values of Young's modulus and tensile strength were determined to be 75.7 GPa and 746.77 MPa, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the thermal stability of the extracted MTBF up to 240 °C. Based on these findings, the MT microfibrils derived from the bark can be considered as potential substitutes for existing synthetic composites, offering reinforcement for novel bio composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurukarthik Babu Balachandran
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Narayanasamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anandha Balaji Alexander
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prince Winston David
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Kannan Mariappan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Eshwaran Ramachandran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suyambulingam Indran
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
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Bian H, Yang Y, Tu P, Chen JY. Value-Added Utilization of Wheat Straw: From Cellulose and Cellulose Nanofiber to All-Cellulose Nanocomposite Film. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:475. [PMID: 35629801 PMCID: PMC9146936 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To accelerate the high value-added usage of agricultural residue, cellulose and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were extracted from wheat straw and then formed into all-cellulose nanocomposite films. The acid-alkali method (AM) and the extraction method (EM) were respectively adopted to prepare wheat straw cellulose (WSC), and the TEMPO oxidation method was used to extract CNFs. The nanocomposite films were fabricated by dissolving WSC and adding different CNF contents of 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0%. There was a better miscibility for the all-cellulose nanocomposite film prepared by EM (Composite-E) compared to that for the all-cellulose nanocomposite film prepared by AM (Composite-A). Composite-E also showed a better optical transparency than Composite-A. The thermal stability of the two RWSCs presented contrary results when the CNFs were added, indicating a higher thermal stability for Composite-E than for Composite-A. This should have determined the properties of the films in which Cellulose I and Cellulose II coexisted for the all-cellulose nanocomposite films, and the forming mechanism of Cellulose II and crystallinity were determined by the cellulose-extracting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy also showed that there was more Cellulose I in Composite-E than in Composite-A. The results are expected to enrich the data for deep processing of agricultural residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Bian
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yanyan Yang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Peng Tu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jonathan Y. Chen
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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High-Quality Natural Fibers from Cotton Stalk Bark via Limited Alkali Penetration and Simultaneous Accelerated Temperature Rise. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020422. [PMID: 35057138 PMCID: PMC8777726 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
High-quality cotton stalk fibers that are both fine and have a high breakage strength are extracted via limited alkali penetration in the glycerol solvent and simultaneous accelerated temperature rise by means of microwave-assisted heating. Alkali is widely used in the extraction of cotton stalk fibers. However, alkali molecules in the aqueous phase penetrate easily into the fiber bundles, resulting in a simultaneous degumming between the inner and outer layers of the fiber bundles. In previous reports, the fibers treated in the aqueous phase present a coarse fineness (51.0 dtex) under mild conditions or have a poor breakage strength (2.0 cN/dtex) at elevated temperatures. In this study, glycerol is chosen as a solvent to reduce the penetration of alkali. Simultaneously, the microwave-assisted heating form is adopted to increase the temperature to 170 °C within 22 s. The inhibited alkali penetration and accelerated temperature rise limited the delignification to the outer layer, resulting in fibers with both appropriate fineness (23.8 dtex) and high breakage strength (4.4 cN/dtex). Moreover, the fibers also exhibit a clean surface and large contact angle. In this paper, we detail a new strategy to extract high-quality lignocellulosic fibers that will be suitable for potential reinforcing applications.
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Chen Q, Zhao Y, Zong Z, You N, Zhang P. Preparation and Characterization of a Hard Capsule Based on Oxidized Rice Starch and Cellulose Nanocrystals. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- QiJie Chen
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Processing of Aquatic Biotic Resources School of Chemistry and Food Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha Hunan Province 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - YaLan Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Processing of Aquatic Biotic Resources School of Chemistry and Food Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha Hunan Province 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - ZhangYang Zong
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Processing of Aquatic Biotic Resources School of Chemistry and Food Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha Hunan Province 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Na You
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Processing of Aquatic Biotic Resources School of Chemistry and Food Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha Hunan Province 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Processing of Aquatic Biotic Resources School of Chemistry and Food Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha Hunan Province 410114 People's Republic of China
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Hassan SH, Velayutham TS, Chen YW, Lee HV. TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose films derived from coconut residues: Physicochemical, mechanical and electrical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:392-402. [PMID: 33737185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work focuses on the development of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) film that derived from sustainable biomass resources, which potentially to work as bio-based conductive membranes that assembled into supercapacitors. The chemically purified cellulose was isolated from different parts of coconut (coconut shell and its husk) and further subjected to 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation for CNF preparation. Physicochemical properties of prepared CNFs were studied in terms of chemical characteristics & crystallinity, surface functionalities, surface morphology, and thermal properties. Both coconut shell-derived CNF and coconut husk-derived CNF fulfilled with nanocellulose's characteristics with fibres width ranged of 70-120 nm and 150-330 nm, respectively. CNF films were further prepared by solvent casting method to measure the modulus elasticity, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the films. Mechanical study indicated that coconut shell-derived CNF film showed a higher value of elastic modulus than the coconut husk-derived CNF film, which was 8.39 GPa and 5.36 GPa, respectively. The effectiveness of electrical aspects for CNF films are well correlated with the crystallinity and thermal properties, associated with it's composition of different coconut's part.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Hassan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Low Dimensional Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - T S Velayutham
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y W Chen
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H V Lee
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Harini K, Chandra Mohan C. Isolation and characterization of micro and nanocrystalline cellulose fibers from the walnut shell, corncob and sugarcane bagasse. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1375-1383. [PMID: 32750484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to extract and characterize the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) present in different agro-industrial wastes such as walnut shells, corncob, and sugarcane bagasse. Moreover, it is also the aim of this study to convert MCCs to nanocrystalline cellulose fiber (NCCF), to demonstrate the difference in morphological, structural, thermal, and chemical natures. Corncob cellulose was observed to possess a loosely bounded linear bundle structure. Nanocrystalline cellulose fiber yield from walnut shell and sugarcane bagasse cellulose were higher than corncob cellulose. The thermal stability of cellulose was noted to be high for walnut shell NCCF. Nanocrystalline cellulose fiber of corncob and sugarcane bagasse was estimated to have a low thermal degradation temperature. All the MCCs and NCCFs produced from investigated cellulose sources were found to have type I cellulose. Functional group compositions of cellulose were observed to be intact for converted agro-based NCCF's.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harini
- Centre for Food Technology, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - C Chandra Mohan
- Centre for Food Technology, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India
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Multiscale nanocelluloses hybrid aerogels for thermal insulation: The study on mechanical and thermal properties. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bian H, Tu P, Chen JY. Fabrication of all-cellulose nanocomposites from corn stalk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4390-4399. [PMID: 32388869 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to help farmers and industries develop value-added composite and nanocomposite materials from agricultural residuals. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were made using a TEMPO oxidation method and celluloses were prepared by acid-base method and extracting method, which were all from corn stalk, an agricultural residual. The prepared celluloses were dissolved separately in dimethylacetamide/LiCl solvent and CNFs were added at 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.5% and 3.0% to form all-cellulose nanocomposites, and then cast into films. Morphology, structure and properties of the nanocomposite films were characterized using atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and mechanical testing. RESULTS The all-cellulose nanocomposite films with different cellulose matrices exhibited good optical transparency and layer structure. The all-cellulose nanocomposite films with cellulose prepared by the extracting method (Composite E) exhibited a higher crystallinity, better thermal stability and higher mechanical strength compared to the all-cellulose nanocomposite films with cellulose prepared by the acid-base method (Composite A). CONCLUSIONS The crystal structure of the all-cellulose nanocomposite films indicated the coexistence of cellulose I and cellulose II. However, in contrast to Composite A, the diffraction intensity of cellulose I in Composite E was higher than that of cellulose II. This was another reason that the mechanical properties of Composite E were superior to those of Composite A. In addition, the mechanical properties of the all-cellulose nanocomposite films were significantly different when the addition of CNFs reached 3.0% by weight, as indicated by a multiple-range comparison. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Bian
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Peng Tu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jonathan Y Chen
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Athinarayanan J, Alshatwi AA, Subbarayan Periasamy V. Biocompatibility analysis of Borassus flabellifer biomass-derived nanofibrillated cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Production and technological characteristics of avocado oil emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils isolated from agroindustrial residues. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Spray-dried microparticles composed of carboxylated cellulose nanofiber and cysteamine and their oxidation-responsive release property. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Miao X, Lin J, Bian F. Utilization of discarded crop straw to produce cellulose nanofibrils and their assemblies. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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17
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Han L, Wang W, Zhang R, Dong H, Liu J, Kong L, Hou H. Effects of Preparation Method on the Physicochemical Properties of Cationic Nanocellulose and Starch Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121702. [PMID: 31795244 PMCID: PMC6956194 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) has attracted attention in recent years for the advantages offered by its unique characteristics. In this study, the effects of the preparation method on the properties of starch films were investigated by preparing NC from cationic-modified microcrystalline cellulose (MD-MCC) using three methods: Acid hydrolysis (AH), high-pressure homogenization (HH), and high-intensity ultrasonication (US). When MD-MCC was used as the starting material, the yield of NC dramatically increased compared to the NC yield obtained from unmodified MCC and the increased zeta potential improved its suspension stability in water. The NC prepared by the different methods had a range of particle sizes and exhibited needle-like structures with high aspect ratios. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that trimethyl quaternary ammonium salt groups were introduced to the cellulose backbone during etherification. AH-NC had a much lower maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) than HH-NC or US-NC. The starch/HH-NC film exhibited the best water vapor barrier properties because the HH-NC particles were well-dispersed in the starch matrix, as demonstrated by the surface morphology of the film. Our results suggest that cationic NC is a promising reinforcing agent for the development of starch-based biodegradable food-packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Haizhou Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Lingrang Kong
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Hanxue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (H.H.)
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18
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de Assis ACL, Alves LP, Malheiro JPT, Barros ARA, Pinheiro-Santos EE, de Azevedo EP, Silva Alves HD, Oshiro-Junior JA, Damasceno BPGDL. Opuntia Ficus-Indica L. Miller (Palma Forrageira) as an Alternative Source of Cellulose for Production of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Biomaterials: Extraction and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071124. [PMID: 31269671 PMCID: PMC6680953 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is among the top 5 excipients used in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been considered one of the main diluents used in conventional and modern dosage forms. Therefore, different raw materials of plant origin have been evaluated as potential alternative sources of cellulose. In this context, Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller (palma forrageira), a plant of the cactus family that has physiological mechanisms that provide greater productivity with reduced water requirements, is an interesting and unexplored alternative for extracting cellulose. By using this source, we aim to decrease the extraction stages and increase the yields, which might result in a decreased cost for the industry and consequently for the consumer. The aim of this work was to investigate the use of Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller as a new source for cellulose extraction, therefore providing an efficient, straight forward and low-cost method of cellulose II production. The extraction method is based on the oxidation of the lignins. The obtained cellulose was identified and characterized by spectroscopic methods (FTIR and NMR), X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TGA-DTG and DSC) and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed the identity of cellulose and its fibrous nature, which are promising characteristics for its use in the industry and a reasonable substrate for chemical modifications for the synthesis of cellulose II derivatives with different physicochemical properties that might be used in the production of drug delivery systems and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro César Lima de Assis
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pereira Alves
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Tavares Malheiro
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
| | - Alana Rafaela Albuquerque Barros
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
| | - Edvânia Emannuelle Pinheiro-Santos
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities-Universidade Potiguar, Natal 59056-000-RN, Brazil
| | - Harley da Silva Alves
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil
| | - João Augusto Oshiro-Junior
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil.
| | - Bolívar Ponciano Goulart de Lima Damasceno
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande 58429-500-PB, Brazil.
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19
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Wang Z, Yao Z, Zhou J, He M, Jiang Q, Li A, Li S, Liu M, Luo S, Zhang D. Improvement of polylactic acid film properties through the addition of cellulose nanocrystals isolated from waste cotton cloth. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:878-886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Suwanprateep S, Kumsapaya C, Sayan P. Structure and Thermal Properties of Rice Starch-based Film Blended with Mesocarp Cellulose Fiber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Fabrication and cytotoxicity assessment of cellulose nanofibrils using Bassia eriophora biomass. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:911-918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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A review on processing techniques of bast fibers nanocellulose and its polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:1314-1328. [PMID: 30208300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of nanocellulose has increasingly gained attentions from various research fields, especially the field of polymer nanocomposites owing to the growing environmental hazardous of petroleum based fiber products. Meanwhile, the searching of alternative cellulose sources from different plants has become the interests for producing nanocellulose with varying characterizations that expectedly suit in specific field of applications. In this content the long and strong bast fibers from plant species was gradually getting its remarkable position in the field of nanocellulose extraction and nanocomposites fabrications. This review article intended to present an overview of the chemical structure of cellulose, different types of nanocellulose, bast fibers compositions, structure, polylactic acid (PLA) and the most probable processing techniques on the developments of nanocellulose from different bast fibers especially jute, kenaf, hemp, flax, ramie and roselle and its nanocomposites. This article however more focused on the fabrication of PLA based nanocomposites due to its high firmness, biodegradability and sustainability properties in developed products towards the environment. Along with this it also explored a couple of issues to improve the processing techniques of bast fibers nanocellulose and its reinforcement in the PLA biopolymer as final products.
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23
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A review of natural polysaccharides for drug delivery applications: Special focus on cellulose, starch and glycogen. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:96-108. [PMID: 30086465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides are renewable with a high degree of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. Comprehensive investigations of polysaccharides are essential for our fundamental understanding of exploiting its potential as bio-composite, nano-conjugate and in pharmaceutical sectors. Polysaccharides are considered to be superior to other polymers, for its ease in tailoring, bio-compatibility, bio-activity, homogeneity and bio-adhesive properties. The main focus of this review is to spotlight the new advancements and challenges concerned with surface modification, binding domains, biological interaction with the conjugate including stability, polydispersity, and biodegradability. In this review, we have limited our survey to three essential polysaccharides including cellulose, starch, and glycogen that are sourced from plants, microbes, and animals respectively are reviewed. We also present the polysaccharides which have been extensively modified with the various types of conjugates for combating last-ditch pharmaceutical challenges.
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24
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Campos AD, Sena Neto ARD, Rodrigues VB, Luchesi BR, Moreira FK, Correa AC, Mattoso LH, Marconcini JM. Bionanocomposites produced from cassava starch and oil palm mesocarp cellulose nanowhiskers. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:330-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Lee HR, Kim K, Mun SC, Chang YK, Choi SQ. A new method to produce cellulose nanofibrils from microalgae and the measurement of their mechanical strength. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 180:276-285. [PMID: 29103506 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the enormous potential of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) as a reinforcing filler in various fields, the use of them has been limited by high-energy mechanical treatments that require a lot of energy and time consumption. To reduce the demands of energy and time required for mechanical treatments, microalgae, in particular, Nannochloropsis oceanica, which has small size, rapid growth rate, and high productivity was used as a CNFs source. This study obtains the CNFs by lipid/protein extraction, purification, and TEMPO-mediated oxidation processes under gentle mixing without high-energy mechanical treatments. Furthermore, to evaluate the applicability of microalgal CNFs as a reinforcing filler, this study estimated the mechanical strength of the fibrils by the sonication-induced scission method. To achieve a precise estimation, an effective method to distinguish straight fibrils from buckled fibrils was also developed, and subsequently, only straight fibrils were used to calculate the mechanical strength in the sonication-induced scission method. Consequently, the tensile strength of the N. oceanica CNFs is around 3-4GPa on average which is comparable with the mechanical strength of general reinforcing fillers and even higher than that of wood CNFs. Thus, this study has shown that the newly proposed simplified method using N. oceanica is very successful in producing CNFs with great mechanical strength which could be used in various reinforcement fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ro Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - KyuHan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Cik Mun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Q Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Hafiza MN, Isa MIN. Solid polymer electrolyte production from 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose: Effect of ammonium nitrate composition on its structural properties. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:123-131. [PMID: 28363531 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Addition of doping materials can possibly enhance the ionic conduction of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). In this work, a new SPE using 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose (2-HEC) incorporated with different ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) composition was prepared via solution casting method. Studies of structural properties were conducted to correlate the ionic conductivity of 2-HECNH4NO3 SPE using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Encouraging result was obtained as the ionic conductivity increased about two orders of magnitude upon addition of 12wt% of NH4NO3. XRD analysis shows the most amorphous SPE was obtained at 12-NH4NO3. From FTIR spectra, the interactions between 2-HEC and NH4NO3 were observed by the shifts of COH peak from 1355cm-1 to 1330cm-1 and the presence of new NH peak in the OH region. The spectrum has been validated theoretically using Gaussian software. The results obtained from this study corroborate that the complexes of 2-HEC and NH4NO3 responsible to promote the ionic conductivity to the higher value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Hafiza
- Advanced Materials Team, Ionic State Analysis (ISA) Laboratory, School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
| | - M I N Isa
- Advanced Materials Team, Ionic State Analysis (ISA) Laboratory, School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia.
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27
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Sánchez R, Espinosa E, Domínguez-Robles J, Loaiza JM, Rodríguez A. Isolation and characterization of lignocellulose nanofibers from different wheat straw pulps. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:1025-1033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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