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Plachy T, Kutalkova E, Skoda D, Holcapkova P. Transformation of Cellulose via Two-Step Carbonization to Conducting Carbonaceous Particles and Their Outstanding Electrorheological Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105477. [PMID: 35628288 PMCID: PMC9141483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, cellulose was carbonized in two-steps using hydrothermal and thermal carbonization in sequence, leading to a novel carbonaceous material prepared from a renewable source using a sustainable method without any chemicals and, moreover, giving high yields after a treatment at 600 °C in an inert atmosphere. During this treatment, cellulose was transformed to uniform microspheres with increased specific surface area and, more importantly, conductivity increased by about 7 orders of magnitude. The successful transition of cellulose to conducting carbonaceous microspheres was confirmed through SEM, FTIR, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Prepared samples were further used as a dispersed phase in electrorheological fluids, exhibiting outstanding electrorheological effects with yield stress over 100 Pa at an electric field strength 1.5 kV mm−1 and a particle concentration of only 5 wt%, significantly overcoming recent state-of-the-art findings. Impedance spectroscopy analysis showed clear interfacial polarization of this ER fluid with high dielectric relaxation strength and short relaxation time, which corresponded to increased conductivity of the particles when compared to pure cellulose. These novel carbonaceous particles prepared from renewable cellulose have further potential to be utilized in many other applications that demand conducting carbonaceous structures with high specific surface area (adsorption, catalyst, filtration, energy storage).
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Tian Y, Zhou M, Luo T, Zhu P, Cheng F, Zhang Y, Lin Y. A comparative investigation of gelatinized and regenerated starch composites reinforced by microfibrillated cellulose. Food Chem 2021; 373:131470. [PMID: 34740051 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This research demonstrated a novel and ecofriendly method for producing regenerated starch (RS)/microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) composite films with a nearly 1.4-fold improvement in tensile strength than traditional gelatinized starch (GS) films. Pure starch was dissolved in 14 wt% urea/4 wt% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 0 °C. Then, RS films and their biocomposite films containing MFC were prepared by dialyzing and solution-casting method. Results showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of RS increased by 44.8% and 82.4%, compared with that of GS film, respectively. Owing to the adequate dispersion, lower viscosity-average molecular weight, higher amylose content, lower crystallinity and smaller crystal grain size, RS/MFC composite films exhibited significantly improved mechanical properties. The novel strategy used in this study will be helpful in preparing regenerated starch materials with excellent mechanical properties and biodegradability as alternatives to petrochemical plastics for the development of sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Ting Luo
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - PuXin Zhu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Tarchoun AF, Trache D, Klapötke TM, Selmani A, Saada M, Chelouche S, Mezroua A, Abdelaziz A. New insensitive high-energy dense biopolymers from giant reed cellulosic fibers: their synthesis, characterization, and non-isothermal decomposition kinetics. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Renewable giant reed has been explored for the first time to develop new advanced high-energy dense biopolymers through carbamate surface functionalization and nitration of native cellulose and cellulose microcrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- Energetic Materials Laboratory
- Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algeria
- Energetic Propulsion Laboratory
| | - Djalal Trache
- Energetic Materials Laboratory
- Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algeria
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Energetic Propulsion Laboratory
- Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algeria
| | - Aimen Selmani
- Energetic Materials Laboratory
- Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algeria
| | - Mohamed Saada
- Energetic Materials Laboratory
- Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algeria
| | - Salim Chelouche
- Energetic Materials Laboratory
- Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algeria
| | - Abderrahmane Mezroua
- Energetic Materials Laboratory
- Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algeria
| | - Amir Abdelaziz
- Energetic Materials Laboratory
- Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algeria
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Delgado-Canto MA, Fernández-Silva SD, Roman C, García-Morales M. On the Electro-Active Control of Nanocellulose-Based Functional Biolubricants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46490-46500. [PMID: 32938182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research work aims to explore the development of functional nanocellulose-based biolubricants, which allow for an electro-active control of the friction behavior. With this purpose, the influence of both nanocellulose concentration and electric field strength on the lubricant's electrorheological behavior was analyzed. Electric field strengths up to 4 kV/mm were imposed and two different kinds of nanocellulose were studied as the polarizable particulate phase: cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Nanocellulose particles were added to castor oil at weight fractions ranging from 0 to 6 wt %. All dispersions exhibited a noticeable variation in their dielectric constant, but not in their conductivity, within a wide frequency range between 1 Hz and 200 kHz, and their dielectric behavior was significantly affected by the particle weight fraction. Noteworthily, it was found that the critical value of nanocellulose concentration, 4 wt %, at which the electro-viscous effect displayed by these dispersions was constrained, yielding a limiting electrorheological (ER) behavior. In addition, the dynamic yield stress dependence on the electric field strength showed a critical value within the interval of 0.8-1.2 kV/mm, suggesting a nonlinear conduction model for these nanocellulose-based ER dispersions. Finally, a maximum leak current intensity for 1 wt % CNF or CNC dispersions and an asymptotic decay at higher concentrations were observed. We conclude that both CNC and CNF nanoparticles have demonstrated that they can endow castor oil with significant ER properties, which remarkably reduced the friction coefficient within the boundary and mixed lubrication regions at electric field strengths lower than 40 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Delgado-Canto
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de "El Carmen", Huelva 21071, Spain
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21071, Spain
| | - Samuel David Fernández-Silva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de "El Carmen", Huelva 21071, Spain
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21071, Spain
| | - Claudia Roman
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de "El Carmen", Huelva 21071, Spain
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21071, Spain
| | - Moisés García-Morales
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de "El Carmen", Huelva 21071, Spain
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21071, Spain
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Microfibrillated Cellulose Suspension and Its Electrorheology. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122119. [PMID: 31861094 PMCID: PMC6960754 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) particles were synthesized by a low-pressure alkaline delignification process, and their shape and chemical structure were investigated by SEM and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, respectively. As a novel electrorheological (ER) material, the MFC particulate sample was suspended in insulating oil to fabricate an ER fluid. Its rheological properties—steady shear stress, shear viscosity, yield stress, and dynamic moduli—under electric field strength were characterized by a rotational rheometer. The MFC-based ER fluid demonstrated typical ER characteristics, in which the shear stresses followed the Cho–Choi–Jhon model well under electric field strength. In addition, the solid-like behavior of the ER fluid was investigated with the Schwarzl equation. The elevated value of both dynamic and elastic yield stresses at applied electric field strengths was well described using a power law model (~E1.5). The reversible and quick response of the ER fluid was also illustrated through the on–off test.
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Dong YZ, Seo Y, Choi HJ. Recent development of electro-responsive smart electrorheological fluids. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3473-3486. [PMID: 30968927 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of an electrorheological (ER) fluid, as a class of smart soft matter, can be actively and accurately tuned between a liquid- and a solid-like phase by the application of an electric field. ER materials used in ER fluids are electrically polarizable particles, which are attracting considerable attention in addition to further research. This perspective reports the latest ER materials along with their rheological understanding and provides a forward-looking summary of the potential future applications of ER technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhen Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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Choi K, Gao CY, Nam JD, Choi HJ. Cellulose-Based Smart Fluids under Applied Electric Fields. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1060. [PMID: 28891966 PMCID: PMC5615715 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose particles, their derivatives and composites have special environmentally benign features and are abundant in nature with their various applications. This review paper introduces the essential properties of several types of cellulose and their derivatives obtained from various source materials, and their use in electro-responsive electrorheological (ER) suspensions, which are smart fluid systems that are actively responsive under applied electric fields, while, at zero electric field, ER fluids retain a liquid-like state. Given the actively controllable characteristics of cellulose-based smart ER fluids under an applied electric field regarding their rheological and dielectric properties, they can potentially be applied for various industrial devices including dampers and haptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisuk Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Chun Yan Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Jae Do Nam
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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Bae DH, Choi HJ, Choi K, Nam JD, Islam MS, Kao N. Fabrication of phosphate microcrystalline rice husk based cellulose particles and their electrorheological response. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:247-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gan S, Zakaria S, Chia CH, Chen RS, Ellis AV, Kaco H. Highly porous regenerated cellulose hydrogel and aerogel prepared from hydrothermal synthesized cellulose carbamate. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173743. [PMID: 28296977 PMCID: PMC5351978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, a stable derivative of cellulose, called cellulose carbamate (CC), was produced from Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) core pulp (KCP) and urea with the aid of a hydrothermal method. Further investigation was carried out for the amount of nitrogen yielded in CC as different urea concentrations were applied to react with cellulose. The effect of nitrogen concentration of CC on its solubility in a urea-alkaline system was also studied. Regenerated cellulose products (hydrogels and aerogels) were fabricated through the rapid dissolution of CC in a urea-alkaline system. The morphology of the regenerated cellulose products was viewed under Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The transformation of allomorphs in regenerated cellulose products was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The transparency of regenerated cellulose products was determined by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The degree of swelling (DS) of regenerated cellulose products was also evaluated. This investigation provides a simple and efficient procedure of CC determination which is useful in producing regenerated CC products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinyee Gan
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarani Zakaria
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Hua Chia
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruey Shan Chen
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amanda V. Ellis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hatika Kaco
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Influence of amine- and sulfonate-functional groups on electrorheological behavior of polyacrylonitrile dispersed suspension. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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