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Chen X, Ding Y, Li M, Wu H, Kan Z, Li Z. Creation of fully degradable and mechanically robust poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) films by filling modified starch. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 343:122436. [PMID: 39174081 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Chemically synthesized poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) is a new generation of biomass-derived and degradable semi-crystalline polymer with good comprehensive properties, but high costs limit its application. Starch, as an inexpensive natural polymer, can reduce the cost of P4HB products. However, starch lacks thermoplastic behavior and has poor compatibility with P4HB, thus its extensive use will inevitably impair the mechanical properties of P4HB. In this study, the ball-milling starch grafting process is adopted, which can simultaneously solve the two major deficiencies of starch, and the prepared ball-milling starch-g-polycaprolactone (BSt-g-PCL) has thermoplasticity and better compatibility with P4HB. BSt-g-PCL can melt near 55 °C, and the interweaving of its molecular chains with P4HB reduces the binding energy (Einteraction) of both, making the phase interface blurred or even disappear. Therefore, the elongation at break retention (REB) of P4HB/BSt-g-PCL can increase from 37.1 % to 74.3 % compared to P4HB/starch at the same filling (70 Phr). Additionally, BSt-g-PCL can exert the effect of accelerating P4HB degradation and still make it maintain excellent anti-aging ability. The ball-milling starch graft process provides a simple and effective method for the preparation of inexpensive fully biodegradable P4HB composite films with excellent mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yitong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ze Kan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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2
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Wang S, Du X, Cheng X, Du Z, Zhang Z, Wang H. Ultrahigh Stretchable, Highly Transparent, Self-Adhesive, and Environment-Tolerant Chitin Nanocrystals Engineered Eutectogels toward Multisignal Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:45537-45549. [PMID: 39138982 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Addressing the conflict between achieving elevated mechanical stretchability and environmental adaptability is significant to a breakthrough in the practical application of flexible wearable materials. Therefore, inspired by the perceptive and protective properties of human skin, flexible wearable electronic skins (E-skins) based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) liquid and multiresponse eutectogel have been widely considered to be a promising platform for building a flexible wearable management system to achieve the purpose of "one stone, two birds". In this work, a multifunctional E-skin was designed based on an ultrastretchable, transparent, self-adhesive, and environmentally tolerant eutectogel by first incorporating cationized modified chitin nanocrystals into a covalently cross-linked polymer network comprised of the skeleton formed by a PAA polymerization network structure serving as a stretchable matrix and filled with DESs (ChCl:EG). The obtained eutectogel exhibits superhigh stretchability (up to 6707%), high toughness (17.7 MJ/m3), mechanical strength (0.48 MPa), self-adhesive, and high transparency (91.2%). Simultaneously, the multisignal sensor based on the above comprehensive properties and thermosensitive capacity exhibits a wide monitoring range, high strain/compression/temperature sensitivity, and good reproducibility. Remarkably, the sensor could be attached to rat hearts without glue or stickers for long-term monitoring of high-quality in vivo heartbeat signals. In this way, it is believed that the designed E-skin system based on eutectogel has great potential to serve as a promising platform for the next generation of flexible multisignal monitoring integrated wearable management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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3
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Li B, Li K. Efficient removal of both heavy metal ion and dyes from wastewater using magnetic response adsorbent of block polymer brush-grafted N-doped biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139811. [PMID: 37586497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of biomass from agricultural and forestry waste could realize effective utilization of waste and synthesis of novel adsorbent. Herein, porous biochar was prepared from waste ginkgo biloba leaves and modified by Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (RAFT). And the prepared adsorbent exhibited excellent adsorption capacity owing to its abundant functional groups and porous structure. In addition, the adsorption capacities of the prepared adsorbent for Malachite Green (MG), Amaranth (AM) and Cr (Ⅵ) were 422.59, 373.75 and 368.82 mg/g, respectively, surpassing those of many previously reported materials. Subsequently, the influence of various factors on adsorption performance was studied. The results showed that adsorption of MG, AM and Cr (Ⅵ) on adsorbent followed pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models and the adsorbent also displayed excellent cycling performance. The experimental results of application in various water samples showed that the adsorbent had outstanding adsorption performance in real water samples, further proving that the adsorbent had wide application and practicability. Finally, a simple adsorption column was used for filtration experiments to simulate industrial application. The results were exhibited that the adsorbent had great potential in treating wastewater containing MG, AM and Cr (Ⅵ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baidan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, PR China
| | - Keran Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610500, PR China.
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Rimmer S, Spencer P, Nocita D, Sweeney J, Harrison M, Swift T. Chain-Extendable Crosslinked Hydrogels Using Branching RAFT Modification. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030235. [PMID: 36975685 PMCID: PMC10048396 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional crosslinked hydrogels were prepared from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (AA). The acid monomer was incorporated both via copolymerization and chain extension of a branching, reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer agent incorporated into the crosslinked polymer gel. The hydrogels were intolerant to high levels of acidic copolymerization as the acrylic acid weakened the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinked network. Hydrogels made from HEMA, EGDMA and a branching RAFT agent provide the network with loose-chain end functionality that can be retained for subsequent chain extension. Traditional methods of surface functionalization have the downside of potentially creating a high volume of homopolymerization in the solution. Branching RAFT comonomers act as versatile anchor sites by which additional polymerization chain extension reactions can be carried out. Acrylic acid grafted onto HEMA–EGDMA hydrogels showed higher mechanical strength than the equivalent statistical copolymer networks and was shown to have functionality as an electrostatic binder of cationic flocculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rimmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JA, UK
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (T.S.); Tel.: +44-0127-423-2323 (S.R. & T.S.)
| | - Paul Spencer
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Davide Nocita
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - John Sweeney
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Marcus Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JA, UK
| | - Thomas Swift
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JA, UK
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (T.S.); Tel.: +44-0127-423-2323 (S.R. & T.S.)
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5
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Synthesis of Starch-Grafted Polymethyl Methacrylate via Free Radical Polymerization Reaction and Its Application for the Uptake of Methylene Blue. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185844. [PMID: 36144579 PMCID: PMC9503754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this research, a new biodegradable and eco-friendly adsorbent, starch-grafted polymethyl methacrylate (St-g-PMMA) was synthesized. The St-g-PMMA was synthesized by a free radical polymerization reaction in which methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted onto a starch polymer chain. The reaction was performed in water in the presence of a potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator. The structure and different properties of the St-g-PMMA was explored by FT-IR, 1H NMR, TGA, SEM and XRD. After characterization, the St-g-PMMA was used for the removal of MB dye. Different adsorption parameters, such as effect of adsorbent dose, effect of pH, effect of initial concentration of dye solution, effect of contact time and comparative adsorption study were investigated. The St-g-PMMA showed a maximum removal percentage (R%) of 97% towards MB. The other parameters, such as the isothermal and kinetic models, were fitted to the experimental data. The results showed that the Langmuir adsorption and pseudo second order kinetic models were best fitted to experimental data with a regression coefficient of R2 = 0.93 and 0.99, respectively.
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Wu H, Zhang S, Liu L, Ren Y, Xue C, Wu W, Chen X, Jiang H. Controllable Fabrication of Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres with Nanoporous and Multilayered Structure for Dialysate Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030418. [PMID: 35159766 PMCID: PMC8840109 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of urea from dialysate is essential for wearable artificial kidneys (WRK). Molecularly imprinted microspheres with nanoporous and multilayered structures are prepared based on liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which can selectively adsorb urea. In addition, we combine the microspheres with a designed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip to propose an efficient urea adsorption platform. In this work, we propose a formulation of LLPS including Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), ethanol, and acrylic acid (30% v/v), to prepare urea molecularly imprinted microspheres in a simple and highly controllable method. These microspheres have urea molecular imprinting sites on the surface and inside, allowing selective adsorption of urea and preservation of other essential constituents. Previous static studies on urea adsorption have not considered the combination between urea adsorbent and WRK. Therefore, we design the platform embedded with urea molecular imprinted microspheres, which can disturb the fluid motion and improve the efficiency of urea adsorption. These advantages enable the urea absorption platform to be highly promising for dialysate regeneration in WRK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchi Wu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, China; (L.L.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Shanguo Zhang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Z.); (Y.R.); (W.W.)
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, China; (L.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Z.); (Y.R.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chun Xue
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, China; (L.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Wenlong Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Z.); (Y.R.); (W.W.)
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Z.); (Y.R.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.J.)
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7
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Ma ZL, Tsou CH, Yao YL, De Guzman MR, Wu CS, Gao C, Yang T, Chen ZJ, Zeng R, Li Y, Yang TT, Wang P, Lin L. Thermal Properties and Barrier Performance of Antibacterial High-Density Polyethylene Reinforced with Carboxyl Graphene-Grafted Modified High-Density Polyethylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Lu Ma
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chi-Hui Tsou
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Sichuan Golden-Elephant Sincerity Chemical Co. Ltd., Meishan 620010, China
- Sichuan Yibin Plastic Packaging Materials Co. Ltd., Yibin 644007, China
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Sichuan Zhirenfa Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
| | - You-Li Yao
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Manuel Reyes De Guzman
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung County 82101, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chen Gao
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Chen
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Yu Li
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Li Lin
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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8
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Cheng X, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Jia C, Wei B, Hu T, Tang R, Li C. Glucose-Targeted Hydroxyapatite/Indocyanine Green Hybrid Nanoparticles for Collaborative Tumor Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37665-37679. [PMID: 34342216 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA) is considered as a promising drug carrier or therapeutic agent against malignant tumors. But the strong agglomeration tendency and lack of active groups seriously hamper their usage in vivo. To address these issues, we fabricated an organic-inorganic hybrid nanosystem composed of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), nHA, and indocyanine green (ICG), and further modified with glucose to give a targeting nanosystem (GA@HAP/ICG-NPs). These hybrid nanoparticles (∼90 nm) showed excellent storage and physiological stability assisted by PAA and had a sustained drug release in an acidic tumor environment. In vitro cell experiments confirmed that glucose-attached particles significantly promoted cellular uptake and increased intracellular ICG and Ca2+ concentrations by glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the excessive Ca2+ induced cell or organelle damage and ICG triggered photothermal and photodynamic effects (PTT/PDT) under laser irradiation, resulting in enhanced cell toxicity and apoptosis. In vivo tests revealed that the hybrid nanosystem possessed good hemocompatibility and biosafety, facilitating in vivo circulation and usage. NIR imaging further showed that tumor tissues had more drug accumulation, resulting in the highest tumor growth inhibition (87.89%). Overall, the glucose-targeted hybrid nanosystem was an effective platform for collaborative therapy and expected to be further used in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yingran Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, P. R. China
| | - Chaochao Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, P. R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
- Research Center of Anti-aging Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui Province, Biology and Food Engineering School, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China
| | - Ting Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, P. R. China
| | - Rupei Tang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Conghu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, P. R. China
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9
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Han Z, Xu Y, Tian H, Liang J, Sun D. Enhanced ammonia adsorption and separation by a molecularly imprinted polymer after acid hydrolysis of its ester crosslinker. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125145. [PMID: 33516109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While ammonia (NH3) is one of the primary hazardous emissions from sludge aerobic composting plants, it has the potential to be recycled as an energy source or nitrogen fertilizer. Recently, an NH3 molecularly imprinted polymer (NH3-MIP) was developed that efficiently separated NH3 from other compounds, but its adsorption capacity required improvement. This study improved both NH3 adsorption capacity and separation of the NH3-MIP using acid hydrolysis optimization. NH3 adsorption capacity increased 13-fold and remained between 5.59 and 7.84 mmol·g-1 during simulated sludge aerobic composting. Separation factors for NH3/methyl sulfide (DMS) (i.e. NH3 adsorption capacity/DMS adsorption capacity) and NH3/dimethyl disulfide both increased more than 15-fold. Results showed that hydrolysis of the ester crosslinker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, on the NH3-MIPs produced chemical adsorption sites (‒COOH and epoxides) and increased hydrogen bonds (‒COOH and alcohol hydroxyl), which promoted NH3 adsorption and separation. It is expected that this will be a beneficial strategy for elimination of odors and NH3 recovery during sludge aerobic composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangliang Han
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yangjie Xu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haozhong Tian
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiahao Liang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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10
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Peidayesh H, Heydari A, Mosnáčková K, Chodák I. In situ dual crosslinking strategy to improve the physico-chemical properties of thermoplastic starch. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118250. [PMID: 34294287 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study is focused on enhancing the stability of mechanical and chemical properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) by dual crosslinking strategy through melt processing conditions. The dually crosslinked TPS was prepared by in situ reaction of starch, glycerol, and epichlorohydrin (ECH), resulting in both noncovalent and covalent bond formation. The TPS was characterized by tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA), rheology, and solubility in water. A substantial increase in tensile strength, Young's modulus, insoluble portion, and stability in water for dually crosslinked TPS was observed in comparison with conventional TPS. The rheology results indicated that the ECH induced the formation of 3D networks and significantly limited the chain mobility of the melted TPS, resulting in an extended relaxation process, which was also verified by DMTA. The suggested strategy avoids any chemical modification pretreatment of starch for introducing covalent bonds into TPS before one-step mixing using the melt processing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Peidayesh
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Abolfazl Heydari
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Katarína Mosnáčková
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
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11
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Kumar B, Priyadarshi R, Sauraj, Deeba F, Kulshreshtha A, Gaikwad KK, Kim J, Kumar A, Negi YS. Nanoporous Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose- g-poly (Sodium Acrylate)/FeCl 3 Hydrogel Beads: Synthesis and Characterization. Gels 2020; 6:E49. [PMID: 33322561 PMCID: PMC7768363 DOI: 10.3390/gels6040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly (sodium acrylate)/Ferric chloride (CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3) nanoporous hydrogel beads were prepared based on the ionic cross-linking between CMC-g-PNaA and FeCl3. The structure of CMC and CMC-g-PNaA were elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the elemental composition was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The physicochemical properties of the CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling percentage of hydrogel beads was studied at different time periods. The obtained CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads exhibited a higher nanoporous morphology than those of CMC-g-PNaA and CMC beads. Furthermore, an AFM image of the CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 beads shows granule type topology. Compared to the CMC-g-PNaA (189 °C), CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads exhibited improvement in thermal stability (199 °C). Furthermore, CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads depicted a higher swelling percentage capacity of around 1452%, as compared to CMC-g-PNaA (1096%). Moreover, this strategy with preliminary results could be useful for the development of polysaccharide-based hybrid hydrogel beads for various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India; (B.K.); (F.D.)
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Ruchir Priyadarshi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Bio Nanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Sauraj
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India;
| | - Farha Deeba
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India; (B.K.); (F.D.)
| | - Anurag Kulshreshtha
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India; (A.K.); (K.K.G.)
| | - Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India; (A.K.); (K.K.G.)
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Anuj Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Yuvraj Singh Negi
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India; (B.K.); (F.D.)
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12
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Dual modification of starches by phosphorylation and grafting and their application as adsorbents for the removal of phenol. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Haq F, Yu H, Wang Y, Wang L, Haroon M, Khan A, Mehmood S, Bilal-Ul-Amin, Lin T. Synthesis of carboxymethyl starch grafted poly (methacrylic acids) (CMS-g-PMAAs) and their application as an adsorbent for the removal of ammonia and phenol. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Chen L, Dai R, Shan Z, Chen H. Fabrication and characterization of one high-hygroscopicity liquid starch-based mulching materials for facilitating the growth of plant. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115582. [PMID: 31887860 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One high-performance liquid starch-based mulching materials (LSMM) was successfully fabricated by grafting polyacrylic acid (PAA) onto starch then crosslinking with N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA). The effects of the dosage of acrylic acid on the performances of LSMM film had been explored. The LSMM was characterized by FTIR, solid state 13C NMR, XRD and SEM. Their application performances by spraying the LSMM on the soil surface also had been discussed. The PAA grafted onto starch significantly improved the properties of LSMM film (tensile strength 20.89 MPa, elongation at break 59.19 %, water absorbency 68.58 g/g and solubility in water 4.5 %). The PAA broke the hydrogen bonds and reduced the crystallinity of starch molecule, which can form the compact structure in LSSM film. As a result, the LSMM showed excellent relative hygroscopicity, water retention, degradability (weight loss 72.61 %) and the effect of facilitating the growth and germination ratio (84.00 %) of lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Chen
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rui Dai
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhihua Shan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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15
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Lapointe M, Barbeau B. Understanding the roles and characterizing the intrinsic properties of synthetic vs. natural polymers to improve clarification through interparticle Bridging: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Haroon M, Yu H, Wang L, Ullah RS, Haq F, Teng L. Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl starch-g-polyacrylic acids and their properties as adsorbents for ammonia and phenol. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Advances in chemical modifications of starches and their applications. Carbohydr Res 2019; 476:12-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Chen Y, Liu P, Sun P, Jiang J, Zhu Y, Dong T, Cui Y, Tian Y, An T, Zhang J, Li Z, Yang X. Oncogenic MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 Feedback Loop: A Novel Therapeutic Target of Photothermal Therapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1453-1473. [PMID: 30867843 PMCID: PMC6401508 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been considered the most aggressive glioma type. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the main first-line chemotherapeutic agent for GBM. Decreased mutS homolog 6 (MSH6) expression is clinically recognized as one of the principal reasons for GBM resistance to TMZ. However, the specific functions of MSH6 in GBM, in addition to its role in mismatch repair, remain unknown. Methods: Bioinformatics were employed to analyze MSH6 mRNA and protein levels in GBM clinical samples and to predict the potential cancer-promoting functions and mechanisms of MSH6. MSH6 levels were silenced or overexpressed in GBM cells to assess its functional effects in vitro and in vivo. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assays were used to explore the relevant molecular mechanisms. Cu2(OH)PO4@PAA nanoparticles were fabricated through a hydrothermal method. Their MRI and photothermal effects as well as their effect on restraining the MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results: We demonstrated that MSH6 is an overexpressed oncogene in human GBM tissues. MSH6, CXCR4 and TGFB1 formed a triangular MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop that accelerated gliomagenesis, proliferation (G1 phase), migration and invasion (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; EMT), stemness, angiogenesis and antiapoptotic effects by regulating the p-STAT3/Slug and p-Smad2/3/ZEB2 signaling pathways in GBM. In addition, the MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop was a vital marker of GBM, making it a promising therapeutic target. Notably, photothermal therapy (PTT) mediated by Cu2(OH)PO4@PAA + near infrared (NIR) irradiation showed outstanding therapeutic effects, which might be associated with a repressed MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop and its downstream factors in GBM. Simultaneously, the prominent MR imaging (T1WI) ability of Cu2(OH)PO4@PAA could provide visual guidance for PTT. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the oncogenic MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop is a novel therapeutic target for GBM and that PTT is associated with the inhibition of the MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 loop.
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19
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Xun J, Lou T, Xing J, Zhang W, Xu Q, Peng J, Wang X. Synthesis of a starch-acrylic acid-chitosan copolymer as flocculant for dye removal. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Xun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Tao Lou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Jinshou Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Jing Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
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20
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Yu W, Wang Y, Li A, Yang H. Evaluation of the structural morphology of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid) on its scale-inhibition efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:86-95. [PMID: 29778068 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of phosphorus-free and biodegradable scale inhibitors has been paid considerable attention. Two series of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid) (St-g-PAA) samples with different grafting ratios and grafted-chain distributions, that is, the number and length of grafted PAA chains on the starch backbone, were designed and prepared in this study. Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were used to further characterize the molecular structures of the St-g-PAAs. In addition to dose, the effects of the structural morphologies of St-g-PAA, namely, grafting ratio and grafted-chain distribution, on the scale-inhibition performance against calcium carbonate were investigated systematically. Structural morphology significantly influenced the scale-inhibition performance of St-g-PAA. St-g-PAA with relatively low grafting ratio (≤97%) displayed better scale-inhibition effect than samples with similar grafted-chain distributions. Meanwhile, under the similar grafting ratios, samples with higher number of branched chains with shorter grafted chains displayed better antiscaling performance. Thus, higher scale-inhibition rate and lower corresponding optimal dose were obtained. Different scale-inhibition mechanisms were involved in the effects of the structural morphology. These mechanisms were investigated in detail from the molecular levels using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yawen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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21
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Haroon M, Wang L, Yu H, Ullah RS, Zain-ul-Abdin, Khan RU, Chen Q, Liu J. Synthesis of carboxymethyl starch-g-polyvinylpyrolidones and their properties for the adsorption of Rhodamine 6G and ammonia. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 186:150-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Radiation grafting: A voyage from bio-waste corn husk to an efficient thermostable adsorbent. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 183:151-164. [PMID: 29352870 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initiator free environmentally benign gamma radiation is employed to graft poly-acrylic acid (PAA) onto the widely produced bio-waste corn husk to develop promising, cheap, efficient and reusable adsorbent (AAc-g-husk) having specific adsorption capacity of 1682.7mgg-1 of methylene blue (MB) at pH 9.0 and 320K. The most suitable grafting yield is found by optimizing absorbed dose, dose rate and concentrations of monomer, Mohr's salt and inorganic acid. The inter-planar hydrogen bonding among (002) planes of cellulose in the husk decreases after diversifying grafting of PAA on ad-axial, ribs and micro-fibrils surfaces of the corn husks. The chemically and structurally modified AAc-g-husk shows superior thermal stability. The mechanism of MB dye adsorption by AAc-g-husk has been discussed through six two-parameters adsorption isotherm and ten three-parameters adsorption isotherm models at three different temperatures (300, 310 and 320K), seven kinetic models at room temperature, FT-IR and desorption studies in different solvent compositions.
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23
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Guo W, Qiu Z, Guo C, Ding D, Li T, Wang F, Sun J, Zheng N, Liu S. Multifunctional Theranostic Agent of Cu 2(OH)PO 4 Quantum Dots for Photoacoustic Image-Guided Photothermal/Photodynamic Combination Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9348-9358. [PMID: 28248076 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Image-guided phototherapy is considered to be a prospective technique for cancer treatment because it can provide both oncotherapy and bioimaging, thus achieving an optimized therapeutic efficacy and higher treatment accuracy. Compared to complicated systems with multiple components, using a single material for this multifunctional purpose is preferable. In this work, we strategically fabricated poly(acrylic acid)- (PAA-) coated Cu2(OH)PO4 quantum dots [denoted as Cu2(OH)PO4@PAA QDs], which exhibit a strong near-infrared photoabsorption ability. As a result, an excellent photothermal conversion ability and the photoactivated formation of reactive oxygen species could be realized upon NIR irradiation, concurrently meeting the basic requirements for photothermal and photodynamic therapies. Moreover, phototherapeutic investigations on both cervical cancer cells in vitro and solid tumors of an in vivo mice model illustrated the effective antitumor effects of Cu2(OH)PO4@PAA upon 1064-nm laser irradiation, with no detectable lesions in major organs during treatment. Meanwhile, Cu2(OH)PO4@PAA is also an exogenous contrast for photoacoustic tomography (PAT) imaging to depict tumors under NIR irradiation. In brief, the Cu2(OH)PO4@PAA QDs prepared in this work are expected to serve as a multifunctional theranostic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhenyu Qiu
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chongshen Guo
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dandan Ding
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Tianchan Li
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jianzhe Sun
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Nannan Zheng
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- School of Life and Technology and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystem and Microstructure (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
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