Ultrasound assisted pectic polysaccharide extraction and its characterization from waste heads of Helianthus annus

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of soluble dietary Fiber from Hericium erinaceus and its in vitro lipid-lowering effect

Dietary fiber (DF) is an important active polysaccharide in Hericium erinaceus. Obesity can lead to a wide range of diseases. In this work, we investigated the in vitro lipid-lowering effect of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from H. erinaceus, aiming to provide a basis for the subsequent development of lipid-lowering products. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) of SDF from H. erinaceus was performed. The optimal extraction parameters determined via single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were as follows: Lywallzyme concentration, 1.0%; complex protease concentration, 1.2%; ultrasonication time, 35 min; and ultrasonication power, 150 W. In vitro lipid-lowering experiments revealed that the adsorption amount of cholesterol micelles by H. erinaceus SDF was 11.91 mg/g. The binding amount and binding rate of sodium taurocholate were 3.73 mg/g and 42.47%, respectively, and those of sodium glycocholate were 3.43 mg/g and 39.12%, respectively. The pancreatic lipase inhibition rate reached 52.11%, and the type of inhibition was competitive. Therefore, H. erinaceus SDF has good in vitro lipid-lowering ability.

The effect of ultrasonic power on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of frosted figs pectin

Ultrasound has been widely used in industry due to its high energy and efficiency. This study optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process of frosted figs pectin (FFP) using response surface methodology (RSM), and further investigated the effect of ultrasonic power on the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of FFPs. The UAE method of FFP through RSM was optimized, and the optimal extraction process conditions, particle size of 100 mesh, pH value of 1.95, liquid-solid ratio of 47:1 (mL/g), extraction temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 65 min, were obtained. The extraction rate of FFP under this condition was 37.97 ± 2.56 %. Then, the four FFPs modified by ultrasound were obtained by changing the ultrasonic power. Research had found that ultrasonic power had little effect on the monosaccharide composition, Zeta potential, as well as the thermal stability and appearance structure of the four FFPs. However, ultrasonic power had a significant impact on other properties of FFP: as the ultrasonic power increased, the DM% and particle size decreased continuously, while the total carbohydrate content increased. Meanwhile, ultrasonic power also had a significant impact on antioxidant activities of FFPs. From the research results, it could be seen that different ultrasonic power had certain changes in its spatial structure and properties, and the structural changes also affected the biological activity of FFP. The study of the effects of ultrasonic power on the physicochemical properties and biological activity of FFP lays the foundation for the development and application of FFP in food additives and natural drug carriers.

Evaluation of citrus pectin extraction methods: Synergistic enhancement of pectin's antioxidant capacity and gel properties through combined use of organic acids, ultrasonication, and microwaves

The biological potency of pectin is intricately intertwined with its intricate molecular architecture. The fine structure of pectin is influenced by the extraction method, while the specific impact of these methods on the fine structure and the affected attributes thereof remains enigmatic. This study delves into the profound analysis of eight distinct extraction methods influence on the structure and biological activity of citrus peel pectin. The findings demonstrate that citric acid ultrasound-assisted microwave extraction yields pectin (PectinCA-US/MV) with higher viscosity and a dense, rigid chain. Pectin extracted with acetic acid ultrasound (PectinAA-US) and citric acid ultrasound (PectinCA-US) exhibits elevated galacturonic acid (GalA) levels and reduced D-galactose (Gal) content, enhancing antioxidant activity. Eight pectin-chitosan (CS) hydrogels, especially PectinCA-US/MV-CS, demonstrate commendable thermal stability, rheological properties, self-healing capability, and swelling behavior. This study characterizes citrus peel pectin properties from different extraction methods, laying a foundation for its application in food, pharmaceuticals, and industry.

Fractionation and physicochemical characterization of dietary fiber of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed

BACKGROUND

Kenaf seeds are underutilized kenaf plant by-products, containing essential nutrients including dietary fiber (DF), which can be potentially utilized as food ingredients. The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of kenaf seed fiber fractions extracted from kenaf seed.

RESULTS

Defatted kenaf seed powder yielded four DF fractions: alkali-soluble hemicellulose (146.4 g kg-1 ), calcium-bound pectin (10.3 g kg-1 ) and acid-soluble pectin (25.4 g kg-1 ) made up the soluble fibre fraction, whereas cellulose (202.2 g kg-1 ) comprised the insoluble fraction. All fractions were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The DF fractions contained glucose, mannose, xylose and arabinose, and a small amount of uronic acid (1.2-2.7 g kg-1 ). The isolated pectin fractions had a low degree of esterification (14-30%). All the isolated DF fractions had high average molecular weights ranging from 0.3 to 4.3 × 106 g mol-1 . X-ray diffractogram analysis revealed that the fractions consisted mainly of an amorphous structure with a relative crystallinity ranging from 31.6% to 44.1%. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of kenaf seed and its DF fractions showed typical absorption of polysaccharides, with the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, acetyl and methyl groups. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the raw material with the rigid structure resulted in soluble and insoluble DF fractions with more fragile and fibrous appearances, respectively. The soluble DF demonstrated greater flowability and compressibility than the insoluble fractions.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide novel information on the DF fractions of kenaf seeds, which could be used as a potential new DF for the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum FM 17 fermentation on jackfruit polysaccharides: Physicochemical, structural, and bioactive properties

Fermentation is a novel technology for modifying polysaccharides in fruits and improving their bioactivities. In this work, we introduced Lactobacillus plantarum FM 17 to ferment jackfruit pulp and subsequently purified polysaccharides from unfermented (JP) and fermented jackfruit pulp (JP-F). Furthermore, the physicochemical, structural, and bioactive properties of JP and JP-F were investigated. Results showed fermentation dropped the glucuronic acid, molecular weight, and particle size of JP-F by 15.62 %, 23.92 %, and 39.43 %, respectively, compared with those of JP. JP-F showed higher solubility than JP but lower apparent viscosity and thermal stability. Additionally, FT-IR spectra and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that fermentation did not alter the different types of glycosidic bonds and the fundamental polysaccharide structure. Moreover, JP-F exhibited stronger DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging properties than JP and stronger stimulation on macrophage secretion of NO and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, using L. plantarum FM 17 for fermentation can alter physical and chemical properties of jackfruit pulp polysaccharides, enhancing their bioactivities.

Utilization of wild Cressa cretica biomass for pectinase production from a halo-thermotolerant bacterium

Halophytes are the native inhabitants of saline environment. Their biomass can be considered as a potential substrate for the production of microbial enzymes. This study was intended at feasible utilization of a halophytic biomass, Cressia cretica, for pectinase production using a halo- and thermo-tolerant bacterium, Bacillus vallismortis MH 10. The data from fractionation of the C. cretica biomass revealed presence of 17% pectin in this wild biomass. Seven different factors (temperature, agitation, pH, inoculum size, peptone concentration, substrate concentration, and incubation time) affecting pectinase production using C. cretica were assessed through a statistical tool, Plackett-Burman design. Consequently, two significant factors (incubation time and peptone concentration) were optimized using the central composite design. The strain produced 20 IU mL-1 of pectinase after 24 h under optimized conditions. The enzyme production kinetics data also confirmed that 24 h is the most suitable cultivation period for pectinase production. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy of C. cretica biomass ascertained utilization of pectin and structural changes after fermentation. The purification of pectinase by using DEAE column yielded specific activity and purification fold of 88.26 IU mg-1 and 3.2, respectively. The purified pectinase had a molecular weight of >65 kDa. This study offers prospects of large-scale production of pectinase by halotolerant strain in the presence of economical and locally grown substrate that makes the enzyme valuable for various industrial operations.

Pectin from sunflower by-products obtained by ultrasound: Chemical characterization and in vivo evaluation of properties in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a public health challenge and the use of pectin for symptom amelioration is a promising option. In this work, sunflower pectin has been extracted without (CHP) and with assistance of ultrasound (USP) using sodium citrate as a food-grade extracting agent. At optimal conditions (64 °C, 23 min) the highest yield was obtained with ultrasound application (15.5 vs. 8.1 %). Both pectins were structurally characterized by 1H NMR, HPSEC-ELSD, FT-IR and GC-FID. Unlike CHP, USP showed a lower molecular weight, higher galacturonic acid, lower degree of methyl-esterification and, overall, higher viscosity. These characteristics could affect the anti-inflammatory activity of pectins, evaluated using DSS-induced IBD model mice. So, USP promoted the defence (ICAM-1) and repair of the gastrointestinal mucosa (TFF3, ZO-1) more effectively than CHP. These results demonstrate the potential amelioration of acute colitis in IBD mice through USP supplementation. Taking into account the biomarkers analysed, these results demonstrate, for the first time, the positive impact of sunflower pectin extracted by ultrasound under very soft conditions on inflammatory bowel disease that might open up new possibilities in the treatment of this serious pathology.

Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pectin from Apple Pomace and Its Effect on the Quality of Fruit Bars

The article investigates the process of pectin extraction using ultrasonic and microwave techniques from apple pomace generated during juice production in the context of circular bioeconomy. The extraction yield, equivalent mass, content of methoxyl groups, content of anhydrogalacturonic acid, and degree of esterification of pectin were investigated. These indicators varied depending on the parameters and extraction method. The resulting pectin displayed a co-extracted total polyphenol content (TPC) ranging from 2.16 to 13.05 mg GAE/g DW and a DPPH radical inhibition capacity of 4.32-18.86 μmol TE/g. It was found that the antioxidant activity of raw pectin is correlated with TPC and with the content of terminal groups released during the polysaccharide degradation process. The extracted pectin was used as a binding and coating agent for dried fruit bars. Evaluation of water activity (a_w), TPC and total flavonoid content (TFC), together with sensory and microbiological analyses of the fruit bars over a period of 360 days, revealed a protective effect of pectin: reducing moisture loss, minimizing the degradation of bioactive compounds during storage, and maintaining the potential antioxidant activity of the product.

Density-oriented deep eutectic solvent-based system for the selective separation of polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus var. Mongholicus under ultrasound-assisted conditions

The water extraction and ethanol precipitation method is an extraction method based on the solubility characteristics of polysaccharides that offers wide applicability in the extraction and separation of plant polysaccharides. However, this method leads to large amounts of proteins, nucleic acids, pigments, and other impurities in the polysaccharides products, which makes downstream purification complicated and time-consuming. In this study, a green, high-density natural deep eutectic solvents was used for the high-purity extraction and separation of polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. Mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao roots under ultrasound-assisted conditions. In this study, 16 different natural deep eutectic solvents were designed to screen the best solvent for extracting Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs). Based on the yield and recovery of APSs, a natural deep eutectic solvents composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid with a molar ratio of 1:2 was selected. The related factors affecting polysaccharides extraction and solvent precipitation were investigated. To improve the operating methodology, single-factor trials, a Plackett-Burman design, and a Box-Behnken design were used. The optimal extraction process conditions were obtained as follows: water content of 55%, liquid-solid ratio of 24 mL/g, ultrasonic irradiation time of 54 min, ultrasonic irradiation temperature of 50 °C, ultrasonic irradiation power of 480 W, ethanol precipitation time of 24 h, and ethanol concentration of 75%. Under optimal extraction conditions, the recovery of APSs was 61.4 ± 0.6 mg/g. Considering the special matrix characteristics of A. membranaceus var. Mongholicus roots, physical-technology-based ultrasonic waves promote penetration, and the mass transfer function also solves the bottleneck of high-viscosity deep eutectic solvents in the extraction stage. In comparison with the conventional method, the proposed method based on deep eutectic solvents isolation can significantly increase APSs recovery, which is beneficial to simplifying the process of polysaccharides purification by using solvent properties to separate extracts and reduce impurities in APSs.

Conformational evolution of soybean protein-polysaccharide at oil-water interface in simulated gastric environment in vitro

The conformation and characteristics of soybean hull polysaccharide (SHP)/soy bean protein isolate (SPI) complex at oil-water interface in simulated gastric environment in vitro were discussed. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) thermodynamic results illustrated that SPI formed a complex with SHP. ζ-potential and microstructure showed a flocculation phenomenon after SPI/SHP emulsion droplet treatment (especially at 60 min), which indicated that the inter droplet steric hindrance and repulsion were reduced after the emulsion was treated. Additionally, at 60 min, in FT-IR spectrum fitting results, the contents of β-sheet and β-turn structure were the lowest, which might be that the polar group residues exposed in the SPI/SHP complex at the interface interacted with Na⁺ by ion-dipole interaction or protonated with H⁺. The blue shift of maximum absorption intensity also indicated that the tryptophan residues moved to the hydrophobic environment, which made the treated droplets flocculate without obvious aggregation.

High-intensity ultrasound-based process strategies for obtaining edible sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) flour with low-phenolic and high-protein content

The sunflower Helianthus annuus L. represents the 4th largest oilseed cultivated area worldwide. Its balanced amino acid content and low content of antinutrient factors give sunflower protein a good nutritional value. However, it is underexploited as a supplement to human nutrition due to the high content of phenolic compounds that reduce the sensory quality of the product. Thus, this study aimed at obtaining a high protein and low phenolic compound sunflower flour for use in the food industry by designing separation processes with high intensity ultrasound technology. First, sunflower meal, a residue of cold-press oil extraction processing, was defatted using supercritical CO₂ technology. Subsequently, sunflower meal was subjected to different conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds. The effects of solvent composition (water: ethanol) and pH (4 to 12) were investigated using different acoustic energies and continuous and pulsed process approaches. The employed process strategies reduced the oil content of sunflower meal by up to 90% and reduced 83% of the phenolic content. Furthermore, the protein content of sunflower flour was increased up to approximately 72% with respect to sunflower meal. The acoustic cavitation-based processes using the optimized solvent composition were efficient in breaking down the cellular structure of the plant matrix and facilitated the separation of proteins and phenolic compounds, while preserving the functional groups of the product. Therefore, a new ingredient with high protein content and potential application for human food was obtained from the residue of sunflower oil processing using green technologies.

A Review on the Potential Bioactive Components in Fruits and Vegetable Wastes as Value-Added Products in the Food Industry

The food production industry is a significant contributor to the generation of millions of tonnes of waste every day. With the increasing public concern about waste production, utilizing the waste generated from popular fruits and vegetables, which are rich in high-added-value compounds, has become a focal point. By efficiently utilizing food waste, such as waste from the fruit and vegetable industries, we can adopt a sustainable consumption and production pattern that aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper provides an overview of the high-added-value compounds derived from fruit and vegetable waste and their sources. The inclusion of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibrowning properties can enhance the quality of materials due to the high phenolic content present in them. Waste materials such as peels, seeds, kernels, and pomace are also actively employed as adsorbents, natural colorants, indicators, and enzymes in the food industry. Therefore, this article compiles all consumer-applicable uses of fruit and vegetable waste into a single document.

Physicochemical and functional properties of RG-I enriched pectin extracted from thinned-young apples

The demand for obtaining pectin from new sources has been continuously increasing. The abundant but underutilized thinned-young apple is a potential source of pectin. In this study, an organic acid (i.e., citric acid) and two inorganic acids (i.e., hydrochloric acid and nitric acid) commonly used in commercial pectin production were applied to extract pectin from three varieties of thinned-young apples. The physicochemical and functional properties of the thinned-young apple pectin were comprehensively characterized. The highest pectin yield (8.88 %) was obtained from Fuji apple using citric acid extraction. All pectin was high methoxy pectin (HMP) and rich in RG-I regions (>56 %). The citric acid extracted pectin had the highest molecular weight (Mw) and lowest degree of esterification (DE) values, and exhibited great thermal stability and shear-thinning property. Furthermore, Fuji-apple pectin possessed significantly better emulsifying properties compared to pectin obtained from the other two varieties of apples. Thus, pectin extracted with citric acid from Fuji thinned-young apples has great potential to be applied in the food industry as a natural thickener and emulsifier.

Food and fruit waste valorisation for pectin recovery: Recent process technologies and future prospects

Pectin possesses a dual property of resistance and flexibility and thus has diverse commercial value which has generated research interest on this versatile biopolymer. Formulated products using pectin could be useful in food, pharma, foam, plasticiser and paper substitute industries. Pectin is structurally tailor-made for greater bioactivity and diverse applications. Sustainable biorefinery leaves greener footprints while producing high-value bioproducts like pectin. The essential oils and polyphenols obtained as byproducts from a pectin-based biorefinery are useful in cosmetics, toiletries and fragrance industries. Pectin can be extracted from organic sources following eco-friendly strategies, and the extraction techniques, structural alterations and the applications are continually being upgraded and standardized. Pectin has great applications in diverse areas, and its green synthesis is a welcome development. In future, growing industrial application of pectin is anticipated as research orients on biopolymers, biotechnologies and renewable source-based processes. As the world is gradually adopting greener strategies in sync with the global sustainable development goal, active involvement of policy makers and public participation are prime. Governance and policy framing are essential in the transition of the world economy towards circularity since green circular bioeconomy is ill-understood among the public in general and within the administrative circles in particular. Concerted efforts by researchers, investors, innovators, and policy and decision makers to integrate biorefinery technologies as loops within loop of biological structures and bioprocesses is suggested. The review focusses on generation of the different nature of food wastes including fruits and vegetables with cauterization of their components. It discusses the innovative extraction and biotransformation approaches for these waste conversions into value-added products at cost-effective and eco-friendly way. This article compiles numerous effective and efficient and green way pectin extraction techniques with their advantages with varying success in an integrated manner.

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of Scutellaria baicalensis root polysaccharide and its hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities

Scutellaria baicalensis is a medicinal plant possessing abundant bioactive polysaccharides. This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of S. baicalensis root polysaccharide (SRP) and investigate its hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities. The optimal extraction conditions found in this study were as follows: cellulase concentration 165.6 U/mL, temperature 57.3 °C, liquid-solid ratio 44.8 mL/g, time 50 min, and ultrasonic power 225 W; with the yield reached up to 12.27 %. The ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographies were used to obtain a purified SRP. The carbohydrate content of SRP was 85.09 %, with a relatively high content of uronic acids (11.27 %). The SRP had a molecular weight of 89.7 kDa and was composed of eight monosaccharides. The inhibitory activity of SRP against α-amylase and α-glucosidase was determined. It was revealed that SRP could effectively inhibit these two enzymes with IC₅₀ values of 1.23 and 0.63 mg/mL, respectively. Finally, the immunomodulatory effect of SRP on the dendritic cell activation was investigated, and the expressions of MHC II, CD80, CD86, and CD40 increased by 1.56, 1.96, 1.75, and 1.70 times, respectively, by the SRP treatment. This work will provide a foundation for SRP's efficient extraction and utilization for diabetes and immune therapy.

Comparative study on the extraction efficiency, characterization, and bioactivities of Bletilla striata polysaccharides using response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm-artificial neural network (GA-ANN)

This research established the optimal conditions for alkali-assisted extraction (AAE) of bioactive polysaccharides from Bletilla striata integrated with response surface methodology (RSM) and the genetic algorithm-artificial neural networks (GA-ANN). In comparison with RSM, the ANN model showed a relatively higher determination coefficient in the global output values (RSM: ANN = 0.9270: 0.9742) performing more satisfactorily in the validation. Under the optimum conditions (52 °C; 167 min, and 0.01 mol/L NaOH), the extraction yields, IC₅₀ of ABTS, and FRAP value were 29.53 ± 0.97 %, 3.41 mg/mL, and 39.11 μmol Fe²⁺/g, respectively. The results indicated that BSPs-A was mainly composed of glucose and mannose with small amounts of arabinose, galactose, and galacturonic acid, while possessed a molecular weight of about 305.94 kDa (Mw). The structural characterization of BSPs-A was initially characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and Congo red tests, which indicated that BSPs-A possessed a triple helix conformation of typical Bletilla striata polysaccharides. In addition, BSPs-A exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, which was further confirmed by a series of in vitro antioxidant activity assays including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC. After incubation in the BSA-glucose system for 15 days, BSPs-A showed inhibition of the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation for the first time.

Characterization of Pectin from Grape Pomace: A Comparison of Conventional and Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Techniques

The yield, physicochemical and rheological parameters of grape pomace pectin (Fetească Neagră and Rară Neagră) obtained by conventional extraction (CE) were compared to those acquired by pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE). Extraction temperature (70–90 °C), pH (1–3) and time (1–3 h) were considered as independent variables for CE, while amplitude (20–100%), pH (1–3) and time (20–60 min) for PUAE. The optimal conditions for maximum yield and physicochemical parameters of pectin samples extracted by CE were temperature of 90 °C, pH 1.9 for 164 min (9.96% yield, 79.91 g/100 g of galacturonic acid (GalA) content, 81.28% of degree of esterification (DE) and 5.52 × 10⁴ g/mol of molecular weight (M_w) for Fetească Neagră (FN) pectin; 11.08% yield, 80.05 g/100 g of GalA content, 80.86% of DE and 5.59 × 10⁴ g/mol of M_w for Rară Neagră (RN) pectin), while for PUAE they were amplitude of 100%, pH 1.8 for 60 min (8.83% yield, 80.24 g/100 g of GalA content, 81.07% of DE and 4.19 × 10⁴ g/mol of M_w for FN pectin; 8.94% yield, 78.64 g/100 g of GalA content, 80.04% of DE and 4.23 × 10⁴ g/mol of M_w for RN pectin). The yield and physicochemical parameters of CE pectin were higher than PUAE pectin. The FT-IR spectra of pectin samples revealed the occurrence of polysaccharide compound, while rheology characteristics confirming its application in different food products.

New valorization approach of Algerian dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by ultrasound pectin extraction: Physicochemical, techno-functional, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties

To exploit the great fortune of date fruits, the current study aimed to valorize an Algerian common variety by extracting pectins. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied as process optimization tool to achieve the highest yield using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) as compared to conventional acid extraction (CAE). The experimental yield value (6.7%) was well matched with the predicted one (6.6%) at the optimum conditions (60 °C, 90 min, pH 1.5), confirming the validity of the model. The evaluation of the monomeric composition showed higher content of galacturonic acid and lower of neutral sugars in UAE pectin, as compared to CAE pectin. Conventional treatments decreased the molecular weight (Mw) of the extracted pectins (539 kDa) in a higher extent than ultrasound treatment (800 kDa). Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectral analysis showed that both samples were low-methoxyl pectins. CAE gave rise to pectins with slightly upper technological samples in terms of water and oil holding capacity (5.2 and 3.8 g/g, respectively), and emulsifying activity (38.5 m²/g). Moreover, date pectins obtained by UAE presented enhanced antioxidant activity (24.3 and 61.0 mg/g DW for DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively), and in vitro antidiabetic properties, showing higher glucose adsorption capacity (4 mmol g^-1 at 200 min), as well as α-amylase inhibition (73.7%) and potential capacity to decrease glucose diffusion (1.4 mmol mM g^-1 at 150 min), which could improve the ability to retard starch digestion (0.1 mmol mM g-1 at 150 min), providing potential health-promoting properties.

Extraction, isolation, purification, derivatization, bioactivity, structure-activity relationship and application of polysaccharides from white jellyfungus

White jellyfungus is one of the most popular nutritional supplements. The polysaccharide (WJP) is an important active component of white jellyfungus, it not only has a variety of biological activities but also is non-toxic to humans. So, many scholars have carried out different researches on WJP. However, the lack of a detailed summary of WJP limits the scale of industrial development of WJP. Herein, the research progress of WJP in extraction, isolation, structure, derivatization and structure-activity relationship was reviewed. Different extraction methods were compared, the activity and application of WJP were summarized, and the structure-activity relationship of WJP was emphasized in order to provide effective theoretical support for improving the utilization of WJP and promoting the application of related industries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Effect of Extraction Procedures with Ultrasound and Cellulolytic Enzymes on the Structural and Functional Properties of Citrus grandis Osbeck Seed Mucilage

The structural and functional properties of Citrus grandis Osbeck (CGO) seed mucilage by different extraction practices, including conventional citrate buffer, ultrasonic-assisted (UAE), enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) with cellulase or Celluclast® 1.5 L and various ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) procedures were investigated. It was found that CGO seed from agricultural and processing byproducts is an excellent new source of high methoxyl pectin with quite high intrinsic viscosity (about 108.64 dL/g) and molecular weight (about 1.9 × 106) as compared with other pectin sources. UAEE with Celluclast® 1.5 L enhanced the extraction yield most pronouncedly (about 2.3 times). Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of CGO seed mucilage is least affected by EAE with Celluclast® 1.5 L. In contrast, EAE with cellulase dramatically reduces the galacturonic acid (GalA) content to less than 60 molar%, and increases the glucose (Glc) content pronouncedly (to about 40 molar%), which may be considered as an adverse effect in terms of pectin purity. Though extraction procedures involved with ultrasound and cellulolytic enzymes generally show a decrease in GalA contents, weight average molar mass and intrinsic viscosity, EAE with Celluclast® 1.5 L is least affected, followed by UAE and UAEE with Celluclast® 1.5 L. These features can be leveraged in favor of diversified applications.

Pectic polysaccharides extracted from sesame seed hull: Physicochemical and functional properties

The objective of the present investigation was to extract pectic polysaccharides from sesame seed hull and to determine their physicochemical and functional characteristics. The pectic polysaccharides in the seed hull were extracted with HCl and then collected at three ethanol concentrations of 30% (SSP30), 50% (SSP50), and 90% (SSP90). We found that SSP30 represented 75.6% of the total polysaccharides, and that it contained 76.39% galacturonic acid, with many HG domains and few short side chains in the RG-I domains. SSP30 exhibited the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity among the three fractions, and was better able to stabilize the emulsions. Higher Mw pectic polysaccharides were firstly precipitated at lower ethanol concentrations, and the Mw of the precipitated pectic polysaccharides decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. These results provide important information on the structure and functional characteristics of sesame hull polysaccharides. This information can contribute to the future development of sesame hull polysaccharides for industrial purposes.

Ecofriendly biopolymers and composites: Preparation and their applications in water-treatment

Over the past few decades, the term polymer has been repeatedly used in several industries for their immense characteristics in different applications. Polymers and their composites which were prepared from chemical monomer sources turned out to be potentially harmful to the environment due to their tedious degradation process. Biopolymers are natural substitutes for synthetic polymers which can be efficiently extricated from natural sources. They are predominantly available as polymeric units as well as monomeric units that are linked covalently. These environment-friendly biopolymers and their composites can be categorized based on their numerous sources, different methods of preparation and their potential form of usage. They were found to be biocompatible and biodegradable which make them exceptionally useful in environment based applications, mainly in the process of water treatment, both potable and wastewater. Further, the biopolymer and biopolymer composites easily fit into different parts of the treatment process by acting as filtration media, adsorbents, coagulants and as flocculants. The primary focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive information of biopolymers and biopolymer composites from synthesis to their usefulness for their productive application in water treatment processes. On the whole, it can be substantiated that the biopolymers were identified to play a notable adversary to the synthetic polymers in treating waters with an indispensable need for an elaborative study in the production of the biopolymers.

Apple pomaces derived from mono-varietal Asturian ciders production are potential source of pectins with appealing functional properties

Comprehensive chemical characterization of nine mono-varietal apple pomaces obtained from the production of ciders with PDO is described. They were rich in essential minerals, fibers (35-52.9 %), and polyphenols. High levels in GalA (11.8-21.6 %), revealed the suitability of these apple pomaces as efficient sources of pectins. Extracted pectins showed high variability in monomer composition, with degrees of methylesterification, strongly associated with pectins functional properties, ranging from 58 to 88 %. For a subset of apple pomace varieties, pectin extraction was accomplished by conventional acid heat treatment or ultrasound. Despite ultrasound-assisted extraction did not improve pectin yield, it minimized levels of "non-pectin" components as revealed by the low content of Glc/Man, leading to the obtainment of high-purity pectin. Our work highlights the key role played by the selection of the apple variety to streamline the potential food applications (gelling/thickening agents or prebiotics) of the extracted pectins that largely depend on their structural features.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from perilla seed meal by response surface methodology: Characterization and in vitro antioxidant activities

In this study, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) process of perilla seed meal polysaccharides (PSMP). The optimal conditions for UAE of PSMP were: liquid-solid ratio of 26.00 mL/g, ultrasonic temperature of 43.00 °C, ultrasonic time of 52.00 min, and ultrasonic power of 229.00 W, the optimal conditions lead to an yield of 6.137 ± 0.062%. The structural characteristics of molecular weight, compositional monosaccharides, and glycosidic linkages were determined by size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance detections. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that many holes were formed on the surface of PSM after UAE. The antioxidant activities of PSMP were investigated using various assays in vitro. The results suggested that PSMP is potential natural resource of antioxidants for medicine and functional foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The selection of raw material perilla seed meal is conducive to the comprehensive utilization of edible resources. With consumer demands for newly developed foods with natural, wholesome ingredients are increasing nowadays. This study provides effective reference for in-depth research on other medicine-food dual-use resources. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is a promising alternative method for hot water reflux extraction (HWRE) of polysaccharides for advantages of high efficiency and energy saving. In this work, the UAE process optimized by response surface methodology is more suitable for industrial application that can effectively decrease total cost of production by reducing the extraction temperature, shortening extraction time, and increasing raw material utilization.

Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review

Growing fruit and vegetable processing industries generates a huge amount of by-products in the form of seed, skin, pomace, and rind containing a substantial quantity of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, and dietary fiber. These processing wastes are considered to be of negligible value compared to the processed fruit or vegetable due to lack of sustainable extraction technique. Conventional extraction has certain limitations in terms of time, energy, and solvent requirements. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) can extract bioactive components in very less time, at low temperature, with lesser energy and solvent requirement. UAE as a non-thermal extraction technique is better equipped to retain the functionality of the bioactive compounds. However, the variables associated with UAE such as frequency, power, duty cycle, temperature, time, solvent type, liquid-solid ratio needs to be understood and optimized for each by-product. This article provides a review of mechanism, concept, factor affecting extraction of bioactive compounds with particular focus on fruit and vegetable by-products.

Microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction of pectin from various fruits peel

Pectin, found in the cell walls of fruits and vegetables, is a complex colloidal polysaccharide. In this study, pectin was extracted using ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction methods from waste lemon, mandarin, and kiwi peel to investigate their use as alternative source of pectin. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO₃) were used as the extracting agents. The effects of microwave power (360-600 W) and irradiation time (1, 2, 3 min) for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and of temperature (60 and 75 °C) and sonication time (15, 30, 45 min) on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on the yield of extracted pectin from the peels were investigated. Optimum conditions were determined for the extraction of pectin from all of the peel samples with the two extraction methods. The produced pectin yield and the degree of esterification were determined and, FT-IR and SEM analyses were performed. Kiwi peel gave the highest yield of extracted pectin using HCl as the solvent with 17.30% yield via UAE at 75 °C for 45 min and 17.97% yield via MAE at 360 W for, 3 min. It was concluded that lemon, mandarin, and kiwi peels all contained pectin and that MAE gave a better yield than UAE and could thus be used as an efficient and rapid technique for the extraction of pectin from the peels. The chemical structures of the pectin obtained using the two different extraction methods were similar and showed a high degree of methoxylation.

Synchronous role of coupled adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation on the hybrid nanomaterials of pectin and nickel ferrite leads to the excellent removal of toxic dye effluents

Ecofriendly and robust hybrid nanomaterials of pectin and nickel ferrite were succesfully employed for the adsorptive degradation of toxic dye molecules in waste water treatment.

Study on the extraction, purification, partial chemical characterization and anti-alcohol liver injury activity of Mori Fructus polysaccharides

Mori Fructus (MF) is a fruit rich in many nutrients.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Pectin from Malus domestica ‘Fălticeni’ Apple Pomace

The use of an ultrasonic treatment for the extraction of pectin from Malus domestica ‘Fălticeni’ apple pomace, its effects on extraction yield and galacturonic acid content, and degree of esterification of the extracted pectin were investigated. The optimization of the extraction process showed that the highest yield of 9.183% pectin, with a 98.127 g/100 g galacturonic acid content and 83.202% degree of esterification, was obtained at 100% amplitude, pH of 1.8, SLR of 1:10 g/mL, and 30 min. The pectin obtained in optimal extraction conditions was compared to commercial citrus and apple pectin in terms of chemical composition (determined by FT-IR), thermal behaviour (analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry), rheological properties, and morphological structure (analyzed by scanning electron microscopy). By comparison to commercial citrus and apple pectin samples, the FT-IR analysis of pectin extracted by ultrasound treatment confirmed the high degree of esterification and showed similarity to that of apple pectin (88.526%). It was found that the thermal behaviour of the pectin obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was influenced by the narrower distribution of molecular weights and the orderly molecular arrangement, while the rheological properties (high viscosity, G0, and G1) of this sample were influenced by the morphological structure and the galacturonic acid content. The correlation coefficient showed a strong positive relationship between viscosity and galacturonic acid content (r = 0.992**).

Beneficial Effects on Cosmetic Activity by Optimizing the Calamondin Orange Extraction Process

This study expands the usage of Citrus madurensis ( Citrofortunella microcarpa), which is a good source of skin whitening and antioxidants activation in cosmetics. The goal of this study is to provide cosmeceutical activity data about the extraction yield and total polyphenol of calamondin orange by optimizing the focused high ultrasound (INEFU), ultrasound extraction (UE), and water extraction (WE) conditions. Under optimal extraction conditions, which consisted of 1800 W for 45 minutes (INEFU) and 500 W for 45 minutes (UE), 21.55% (w/w) and 13.27% (w/w) of the highest extractions yield and total polyphenol content was obtained. For the skin whitening activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity was observed at 69.28% in the INEFU extracts, which was 69.24% higher than that of the UE extracts (58.82%). To reduce melanin production in Clone M-3 cells, 86.9% melanin production was observed following the addition of control, WE relative to the control without a sample, and 81.2% and 78.9% were found in the UE and INEFU conditions, respectively. The highest total phenol secretion was conclusively obtained under the optimal conditions and resulted in a significant improvement of the cosmetic activities of C. madurensis ( C. microcarpa)-based cosmeceutical ingredient.

Effects of Ultrasound Treatment on Extraction and Rheological Properties of Polysaccharides from Auricularia Cornea var. Li

Auricularia cornea var. Li. is an edible fungi and polysaccharides in Auricularia cornea var. Li. may have bioactive activities. Polysaccharides from Auricularia cornea var. Li. (ACP) was extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method and compared with hot water extraction (HWE) for extraction yield, extraction rate, purity of polysaccharides, microstructure of residues after extraction, preliminary structure and rheological properties of polysaccharides. Optimum conditions for UAE (particle size of 150⁻200 mesh, water to raw material ratio of 70:1, extraction temperature at 70 °C for 40 min, ultrasonic amplitude of 40%) and HWE (particle size of 150⁻200 mesh, water to raw material ratio of 60:1, extraction temperature at 90 °C for 3.0 h) were obtained via single-factor experiment. Under optimum conditions, extraction yield of polysaccharides by UAE was 30.99 ± 1.93% which showed no significant difference with that by HWE (30.35 ± 1.67%) (P > 0.05). Extraction rate (29.29 ± 1.41%) and purity (88.62 ± 2.80%) of polysaccharides by UAE were higher than those by HWE (extraction rate of 24.95 ± 2.78% and purity of 75.33 ± 6.15%) (P < 0.05). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of residues by UAE showed more broken cells than those by HWE. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that the dialyzed ACP extracted by HWE and UAE (DACP-HWE and DACP-UAE) had similar characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. Both DACP-HWE and DACP-UAE solutions showed typical shear thinning and temperature-independent behaviors (25⁻90 °C) and UAE resulted in polysaccharides with remarkably lower viscosity in comparison with HWE. DACP-UAE solutions exhibited more liquid-like state while DACP-HWE solutions solid-like system. Data indicated that ultrasound treatment may be a useful means for extraction of polysaccharides from Auricularia cornea var. Li.