1
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Hellmann MJ, Gillet D, Trombotto S, Raetz S, Moerschbacher BM, Cord-Landwehr S. Heterogeneously deacetylated chitosans possess an unexpected regular pattern favoring acetylation at every third position. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6695. [PMID: 39107282 PMCID: PMC11303684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosans are promising biopolymers for diverse applications, with material properties and bioactivities depending i.a. on their pattern of acetylation (PA). Commercial chitosans are typically produced by heterogeneous deacetylation of chitin, but whether this process yields chitosans with a random or block-wise PA has been debated for decades. Using a combination of recently developed in vitro assays and in silico modeling surprisingly revealed that both hypotheses are wrong; instead, we found a more regular PA in heterogeneously deacetylated chitosans, with acetylated units overrepresented at every third position in the polymer chain. Compared to random-PA chitosans produced by homogeneous deacetylation of chitin or chemical N-acetylation of polyglucosamine, this regular PA increases the elicitation activity in plants, and generates different product profiles and distributions after enzymatic and chemical cleavage. A regular PA may be beneficial for some applications but detrimental for others, stressing the relevance of the production process for product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta J Hellmann
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominique Gillet
- Gillet Chitosan SAS, La Ville Es Comte, 22350, Plumaudan, France
| | - Stéphane Trombotto
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), UMR 5223, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sonja Raetz
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany.
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
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2
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Hellmann MJ, Moerschbacher BM, Cord-Landwehr S. Fast insights into chitosan-cleaving enzymes by simultaneous analysis of polymers and oligomers through size exclusion chromatography. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3417. [PMID: 38341520 PMCID: PMC10858908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The thorough characterization of chitosan-cleaving enzymes is crucial to unveil structure-function relationships of this promising class of biomolecules for both, enzymatic fingerprinting analyses and to use the enzymes as biotechnological tools to produce tailor-made chitosans for diverse applications. Analyzing polymeric substrates as well as oligomeric products has been established as an effective way to understand the actions of enzymes, but it currently requires separate, rather laborious methods to obtain the full picture. Here, we present ultra high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled to refractive index and mass spectrometry detection (UHPSEC-RI-MS) as a straightforward method for the semi-quantitative analysis of chitosan oligomers of up to ten monomers in length. Additionally, the method allows to determine the average molecular weight of the remaining polymers and its distribution. By sampling live from an ongoing enzymatic reaction, UHPSEC-RI-MS offers the unique opportunity to analyze polymers and oligomers simultaneously-i.e., to monitor the molecular weight reduction of the polymeric substrate over the course of the digestion, while at the same time analyzing the emerging oligomeric products in a semi-quantitative manner. In this way, a single simple analysis yields detailed insights into an enzyme's action on a given substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta J Hellmann
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany.
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
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3
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Bonin M, Irion AL, Jürß A, Pascual S, Cord-Landwehr S, Planas A, Moerschbacher BM. Engineering of a chitin deacetylase to generate tailor-made chitosan polymers. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002459. [PMID: 38236907 PMCID: PMC10796014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) emerge as a valuable tool to produce chitosans with a nonrandom distribution of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) units. We hypothesized before that CDAs tend to bind certain sequences within the substrate matching their subsite preferences for either GlcNAc or GlcN units. Thus, they deacetylate or N-acetylate their substrates at nonrandom positions. To understand the molecular basis of these preferences, we analyzed the binding site of a CDA from Pestalotiopsis sp. (PesCDA) using a detailed activity screening of a site-saturation mutagenesis library. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to get an in-depth view of crucial interactions along the binding site. Besides elucidating the function of several amino acids, we were able to show that only 3 residues are responsible for the highly specific binding of PesCDA to oligomeric substrates. The preference to bind a GlcNAc unit at subsite -2 and -1 can mainly be attributed to N75 and H199, respectively. Whereas an exchange of N75 at subsite -2 eliminates enzyme activity, H199 can be substituted with tyrosine to increase the GlcN acceptance at subsite -1. This change in substrate preference not only increases enzyme activity on certain substrates and changes composition of oligomeric products but also significantly changes the pattern of acetylation (PA) when N-acetylating polyglucosamine. Consequently, we could clearly show how subsite preferences influence the PA of chitosans produced with CDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bonin
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia L. Irion
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anika Jürß
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sergi Pascual
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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4
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Hou F, Gong Z, Jia F, Cui W, Song S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang W. Insights into the relationships of modifying methods, structure, functional properties and applications of chitin: A review. Food Chem 2023; 409:135336. [PMID: 36586263 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitin as the second plentiful polysaccharide has arouse widely attention due to its remarkable availability and biocompatibility. While the strong inter/intra molecular hydrogen bonds and crystallinity severely restrict its applications. Recently, multiple emerging technologies are increasingly used to modify chitin structure for the sake of obtaining excellent functional properties, as well as broadening the corresponding applications. Firstly, this review systematically outlines the features of single and combined methods for chitin modification. Then, the impacts of various modifying methods on the structural characteristics of chitin, including molecular weight, degree of acetylation and functional groups, are further summarized. In addition, the effects of these structural characteristics on the functional properties as well as its potential related applications are illustrated. The conclusion of this review provides better understanding of the relationships among the modifying methods, structure, properties and applications, contributing to chitin modification for the targeted purpose in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhiqing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fengjuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenjia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shasha Song
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
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5
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Su H, Zhao H, Jia Z, Guo C, Sun J, Mao X. Biochemical Characterization of a GH46 Chitosanase Provides Insights into the Novel Digestion Specificity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2038-2048. [PMID: 36661321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Endo-chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) are generally considered to selectively release functional chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) with degrees of polymerization (DPs) ≥ 2. Although numerous endo-chitosanases have been characterized, the digestion specificity of endo-chitosanases needs to be further explored. In this study, a GH46 endo-chitosanase OUC-CsnPa was cloned, expressed, and characterized from Paenibacillus sp. 1-18. The digestion pattern analysis indicated that OUC-CsnPa could produce monosaccharides from chitotetraose [(GlcN)4], the smallest recognized substrate, in a random endo-acting manner. Especially, the enzyme specificities during chitosan digestion including the regulation of product abundance through a transglycosylation reaction were also evaluated. It was hypothesized that an insertion region in OUC-CsnPa may form a strong force to be involved in stabilizing (GlcN)4 at its negative subsite for efficient hydrolysis. This is the first comprehensive report to reveal the digestion specificity and subsite specificity of monosaccharide production by endo-chitosanases. Overall, OUC-CsnPa described here highlights the previously unknown digestion properties of the endo-acting chitosanases and provides a unique example of possible structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongjun Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenrong Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chaoran Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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6
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Aghbashlo M, Amiri H, Moosavi Basri SM, Rastegari H, Lam SS, Pan J, Gupta VK, Tabatabaei M. Tuning chitosan’s chemical structure for enhanced biological functions. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 41:785-797. [PMID: 36535818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, an amino polysaccharide mostly derived from crustaceans, has been recently highlighted for its biological activities that depend on its molecular weight (MW), degree of deacetylation (DD), and acetylation pattern (AP). More importantly, for some advanced biomaterials, the homogeneity of the chitosan structure is an important factor in determining its biological activity. Here we review emerging enzymes and cell factories, respectively, for in vitro and in vivo preparation of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), focusing on advances in the analysis of the AP and structural modification of chitosan to tune its functions. By 'mapping' current knowledge on chitosan's in vitro and in vivo activity with its MW and AP, this work could pave the way for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamid Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran; Environmental Research Institute, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | | | - Hajar Rastegari
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Junting Pan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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8
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Sreekumar S, Wattjes J, Niehues A, Mengoni T, Mendes AC, Morris ER, Goycoolea FM, Moerschbacher BM. Biotechnologically produced chitosans with nonrandom acetylation patterns differ from conventional chitosans in properties and activities. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7125. [PMID: 36418307 PMCID: PMC9684148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosans are versatile biopolymers with multiple biological activities and potential applications. They are linear copolymers of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine defined by their degree of polymerisation (DP), fraction of acetylation (FA), and pattern of acetylation (PA). Technical chitosans produced chemically from chitin possess defined DP and FA but random PA, while enzymatically produced natural chitosans probably have non-random PA. This natural process has not been replicated using biotechnology because chitin de-N-acetylases do not efficiently deacetylate crystalline chitin. Here, we show that such enzymes can partially N-acetylate fully deacetylated chitosan in the presence of excess acetate, yielding chitosans with FA up to 0.7 and an enzyme-dependent non-random PA. The biotech chitosans differ from technical chitosans both in terms of physicochemical and nanoscale solution properties and biological activities. As with synthetic block co-polymers, controlling the distribution of building blocks within the biopolymer chain will open a new dimension of chitosan research and exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Sreekumar
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany ,grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jasper Wattjes
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany ,grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Niehues
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Tamara Mengoni
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Ana C. Mendes
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Edwin R. Morris
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francisco M. Goycoolea
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
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9
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Recent Advances of Chitosan Formulations in Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810975. [PMID: 36142887 PMCID: PMC9504745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a naturally abundant cationic polymer, is chemically composed of cellulose-based biopolymers derived by deacetylating chitin. It offers several attractive characteristics such as renewability, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity towards gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi, etc., because of which it is receiving immense attention as a biopolymer for a plethora of applications including drug delivery, protective coating materials, food packaging films, wastewater treatment, and so on. Additionally, its structure carries reactive functional groups that enable several reactions and electrochemical interactions at the biomolecular level and improves the chitosan’s physicochemical properties and functionality. This review article highlights the extensive research about the properties, extraction techniques, and recent developments of chitosan-based composites for drug, gene, protein, and vaccine delivery applications. Its versatile applications in tissue engineering and wound healing are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for chitosan in biomedical applications are elucidated.
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10
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Sun H, Gao L, Xue C, Mao X. Marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes: Status and prospects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2767-2796. [PMID: 33337030 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes have recently been studied extensively. They are particularly interesting as they catalyze the cleavage of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharide macromolecules and produce oligosaccharides with low degrees of polymerization. Numerous findings have demonstrated that marine polysaccharides and their biotransformed products possess beneficial properties including antitumor, antiviral, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and they have great value in healthcare, cosmetics, the food industry, and agriculture. Exploitation of enzymes that can degrade marine polysaccharides is in the ascendant, and is important for high-value use of marine biomass resources. In this review, we describe research and prospects regarding the classification, biochemical properties, and catalytic mechanisms of the main types of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes, focusing on chitinase, chitosanase, alginate lyase, agarase, and carrageenase, and their product oligosaccharides. The state-of-the-art discussion of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes and their properties offers information that might enable more efficient production of marine oligosaccharides. We also highlight current problems in the field of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes and trends in their development. Understanding the properties, catalytic mechanisms, and modification of known enzymes will aid the identification of novel enzymes to degrade marine polysaccharides and facilitation of their use in various biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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11
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12
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Cord-Landwehr S, Richter C, Wattjes J, Sreekumar S, Singh R, Basa S, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM. Patterns matter part 2: Chitosan oligomers with defined patterns of acetylation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Robust enzymatic-mass spectrometric fingerprinting analysis of the fraction of acetylation of chitosans. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 231:115684. [PMID: 31888826 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a rapid and precise method to determine the fraction of acetylation (FA) of unknown chitosan samples using a combination of enzymatic sample hydrolysis, isotopic labeling, and HILIC-ESI-MS analysis. Chitosans are β-(1,4)-linked, partially N-acetylated and linear polyglucosamines representing an interesting group of functional biopolymers with a broad range of applications. For a better understanding of their structure-function relationships, it is key to have sensitive, accurate structural analysis tools available to determine parameters like the degree of polymerization (DP), fraction of acetylation (FA), or pattern of acetylation (PA). Here, we describe an improved enzymatic/mass spectrometric method for FA analysis of chitosan polymers. In contrast to the original chitinosanase-based mass spectrometric fingerprinting analysis of FA, the new method is independent of the PA and the intermolecular variation in FA (ĐFA) of the chitosan sample. This allows accurate analysis of heterogeneously de-N-acetylated samples representing the majority of commercially available chitosans.
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14
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Basa S, Nampally M, Honorato T, Das SN, Podile AR, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM. The Pattern of Acetylation Defines the Priming Activity of Chitosan Tetramers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1975-1986. [PMID: 31895979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of chitosans depends on their degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of acetylation (DA). However, information could also be carried by the pattern of acetylation (PA): the sequence of β-1,4-linked glucosamine (deacetylated/D) and N-acetylglucosamine (acetylated/A) units. To address this hypothesis, we prepared partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides from a chitosan polymer (DA = 35%, DPw = 905) using recombinant chitosan hydrolases with distinct substrate and cleavage specificities. The mixtures were separated into fractions DP4-DP12, which were tested for elicitor and priming activities in rice cells. We confirmed that both activities were influenced by DP, but also observed apparent DA-dependent priming activity, with the ADDD+DADD fraction proving remarkably effective. We then compared all four monoacetylated tetramers prepared using different chitin deacetylases and observed significant differences in priming activity. This demonstrates for the first time that PA influences the biological activity of chitosans, which can now be recognized as bona fide information-carrying molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Basa
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Malathi Nampally
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Talita Honorato
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Subha N Das
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany.,University of Hyderabad , Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Hyderabad , India
| | - Appa R Podile
- University of Hyderabad , Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Hyderabad , India
| | - Nour E El Gueddari
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
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15
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Kaczmarek MB, Struszczyk-Swita K, Li X, Szczęsna-Antczak M, Daroch M. Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:243. [PMID: 31612131 PMCID: PMC6776590 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan are two biological polymers that have found numerous applications in recent years, but their further deployment suffers from limitations in obtaining a defined structure of the polymers using traditional conversion methods. The disadvantages of the currently used industrial methods of chitosan manufacturing and the increasing demand for a broad range of novel chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) with a fully defined architecture increase interest in chitin and chitosan-modifying enzymes. Enzymes such as chitinases, chitosanases, chitin deacetylases, and recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases had attracted considerable interest in recent years. These proteins are already useful tools toward the biotechnological transformation of chitin into chitosan and chitooligosaccharides, especially when a controlled non-degradative and well-defined process is required. This review describes traditional and novel enzymatic methods of modification of chitin and its derivatives. Recent advances in chitin processing, discovery of increasing number of new, well-characterized enzymes and development of genetic engineering methods result in rapid expansion of the field. Enzymatic modification of chitin and chitosan may soon become competitive to conventional conversion methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benedykt Kaczmarek
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland.,School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xingkang Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Schmitz C, Auza LG, Koberidze D, Rasche S, Fischer R, Bortesi L. Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E452. [PMID: 31374920 PMCID: PMC6723438 DOI: 10.3390/md17080452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an abundant polysaccharide primarily produced as an industrial waste stream during the processing of crustaceans. Despite the limited applications of chitin, there is interest from the medical, agrochemical, food and cosmetic industries because it can be converted into chitosan and partially acetylated chitosan oligomers (COS). These molecules have various useful properties, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The chemical production of COS is environmentally hazardous and it is difficult to control the degree of polymerization and acetylation. These issues can be addressed by using specific enzymes, particularly chitinases, chitosanases and chitin deacetylases, which yield better-defined chitosan and COS mixtures. In this review, we summarize recent chemical and enzymatic approaches for the production of chitosan and COS. We also discuss a design-of-experiments approach for process optimization that could help to enhance enzymatic processes in terms of product yield and product characteristics. This may allow the production of novel COS structures with unique functional properties to further expand the applications of these diverse bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmitz
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lilian González Auza
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - David Koberidze
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Rasche
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
- Department Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
- Indiana Bioscience Research Institute, 1345 W 16th St #300, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Luisa Bortesi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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17
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Singh R, Weikert T, Basa S, Moerschbacher BM. Structural and biochemical insight into mode of action and subsite specificity of a chitosan degrading enzyme from Bacillus spec. MN. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1132. [PMID: 30718524 PMCID: PMC6362164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosans, partially de-N-acetylated derivatives of chitin, are multifunctional biopolymers. In nature, biological activities of partially acetylated chitosan polymers are mediated in part by their oligomeric breakdown products, which are generated in situ by the action of chitosanolytic enzymes. Understanding chitosanolytic enzymes, therefore, can lead to the production of chitosan oligomers with fully defined structures that may confer specific bioactivities. To address whether defined oligomer products can be produced via chitosanolytic enzymes, we here characterized a GH8 family chitosanase from Bacillus spec. MN, determining its mode of action and product profiles. We found that the enzyme has higher activity towards polymers with lower degree of acetylation. Oligomeric products were dominated by GlcN3, GlcN3GlcNAc1, and GlcN4GlcNAc1. The product distribution from oligomers were GlcN3 > GlcN2. Modeling and simulations show that the binding site comprises subsites ranging from (-3) to (+3), and a putative (+4) subsite, with defined preferences for GlcN or GlcNAc at each subsite. Flexible loops at the binding site facilitate enzyme-substrate interactions and form a cleft at the active site which can open and close. The detailed insight gained here will help to engineer enzyme variants to produce tailored chitosan oligomers with defined structures that can then be used to probe their specific biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Basa
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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18
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Wattjes J, Niehues A, Cord-Landwehr S, Hoßbach J, David L, Delair T, Moerschbacher BM. Enzymatic Production and Enzymatic-Mass Spectrometric Fingerprinting Analysis of Chitosan Polymers with Different Nonrandom Patterns of Acetylation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3137-3145. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Wattjes
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Janina Hoßbach
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Laurent David
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR 5223, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 15 bd A Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Delair
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR 5223, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 15 bd A Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
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19
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Bußwinkel F, Goñi O, Cord-Landwehr S, O'Connell S, Moerschbacher BM. Endochitinase 1 (Tv-ECH1) from Trichoderma virens has high subsite specificities for acetylated units when acting on chitosans. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:453-461. [PMID: 29551512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitosans with defined characteristics have been shown to possess reproducible bioactivities for numerous applications. A promising approach for producing chitosans with defined degrees of polymerization (DP), degrees of acetylation (DA), and patterns of acetylation (PA) involves using chitin-modifying enzymes. One such enzyme, the chitinase Tv-ECH1 belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 18, seems to have an important role in the biocontrol properties of the fungus Trichoderma virens, suggesting its potential in generating novel chitosans for plant health applications. In this study, the Tv-ECH1 enzyme was overexpressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, yielding large amounts (up to 2mgmL-1) of purified recombinant enzyme of high activity, high purity, and high stability, making the system promising for industrial production of Tv-ECH1. The purified Tv-ECH1 chitinase displayed a wide optimal pH range from 4.5 to 6 and an optimal temperature of 37°C. Detailed subsite specificity analyses revealed high preference for acetylated residues at all four subsites analyzed (-2, -1, +1, +2), making Tv-ECH1 a promising candidate for the biotechnological production of specific chitosan oligomers and for the characterization of chitosan polymers via enzymatic fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bußwinkel
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Oscar Goñi
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Technology Tralee, Clash, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Shane O'Connell
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Technology Tralee, Clash, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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20
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Sun H, Mao X, Guo N, Zhao L, Cao R, Liu Q. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Chitosanase from Paenibacillus dendritiformis by Phylogeny-Based Enzymatic Product Specificity Prediction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4645-4651. [PMID: 29687713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the process of genome mining for novel chitosanases by phylogeny-based enzymatic product specificity prediction, a gene named Csn-PD from Paenibacillus dendritiformis was discovered. The enzyme was classified as a member of the GH46 family of glycoside hydrolase based on sequence alignment, and it was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant chitosanase was purified, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Csn-PD displayed maximal activity toward colloidal chitosan at pH 7.0 and 45 °C, respectively. A combination of thin-layer chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry results showed that Csn-PD exhibited an endotype cleavage pattern and hydrolyzed chitosan to yield (GlcN)2 as the major product. The unique enzymatic properties of this chitosanase may make it a good candidate for (GlcN)2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
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21
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Niehues A, Wattjes J, Bénéteau J, Rivera-Rodriguez GR, Moerschbacher BM. Chitosan Analysis by Enzymatic/Mass Spectrometric Fingerprinting and in Silico Predictive Modeling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12602-12608. [PMID: 29087687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitosans, β-1,4-linked partially N-acetylated linear polyglucosamines, are very versatile and promising functional biopolymers. Understanding their structure-function relationships requires sensitive and accurate structural analyses to determine parameters like degree of polymerization (DP), fraction of acetylation (FA), or pattern of acetylation (PA). NMR, the gold standard for FA analysis, requires large amounts of sample. Here, we describe an enzymatic/mass spectrometric fingerprinting method to analyze the FA of chitosan polymers. The method combines the use of chitinosanase, a sequence-specific hydrolase that cleaves chitosan polymers into oligomeric fingerprints, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS), and partial least-squares regression (PLSR). We also developed a technique to simulate enzymatic fingerprints in silico that were used to build the PLS models for FA determination. Overall, we found our method to be as accurate as NMR while at the same time requiring only microgram amounts of sample. Thus, the method represents a powerful technique for chitosan analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jasper Wattjes
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Julie Bénéteau
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Gustavo R Rivera-Rodriguez
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
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