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Chatterjee S, Mahmood S, Hilles AR, Thomas S, Roy S, Provaznik V, Romero EL, Ghosal K. Cationic starch: A functionalized polysaccharide based polymer for advancement of drug delivery and health care system - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125757. [PMID: 37429342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Research and development in health care industry is in persistence progression. To make it more patient-friendly or to get maximum benefits from it, special attention to different advanced drug delivery system (ADDS) is employed that delivers the drug at the target site and will be able to sustain/control release of drugs. ADDS should be non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible along with desirable showing physicochemical and functional properties. These drug delivery systems can be totally based on polymers, either with natural or synthetic polymers. The molecular weight of polymer can be tuned and different groups of polymers can be modified or substituted with other functional groups. Degree of substitution is also tailored. Cationic starch in recent years is exploited in drug delivery, tissue engineering and biomedicine. Due to their abundant availability, low cost, easy chemical modification, low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility, extensive research is now being carried out. Our present discussion will shed light on the usage of cationic starch in health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ayah Rebhi Hilles
- INHART, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- IIUCNN, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Sudeep Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology Technická 12, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Valentine Provaznik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology Technická 12, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Department of Science and Technology, Nanomedicines Research and Development Center, Quilmes National University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kajal Ghosal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Lee YR, Lee HB, Kim Y, Shin KS, Park HY. Prebiotic and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Radish Green Polysaccharide. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1862. [PMID: 37513035 PMCID: PMC10385334 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) greens are consumed as a source of nutrition, and their polysaccharides such as rhamnogalacturonan-I possess certain beneficial properties. This study investigated the prebiotic effects of a radish green polysaccharide (RGP) on gut health and obesity. The prebiotic activity of RGP was evaluated based on the pH changes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration. The results showed that 0.5% RGP had a higher prebiotic activity score than inulin and increased SCFAs production in all five prebiotic strains. Moreover, RGP inhibited fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, indicating its potential to reduce obesity. Overall, these findings suggested that the polysaccharide of radish greens has prebiotic effects and may serve as a beneficial prebiotic for gut health and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ra Lee
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Lee
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsook Kim
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Song Z, Xiong X, Huang G. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characteristics of maize polysaccharides from different sites. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106416. [PMID: 37094477 PMCID: PMC10160789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties are all exhibited by maize polysaccharides. With the increasing sophistication of maize polysaccharide extraction methods, enzymatic method is no longer limited to a single enzyme to extract polysaccharides, and is more often used in combination with ultrasound or microwave, or combination with different enzymes. Ultrasound has a good cell wall-breaking effect, making it easier to dislodge lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose surface of the maize husk. The "water extraction and alcohol precipitation" method is the simplest but most resource- and time-consuming process. However, the "ultrasound-assisted extraction" and "microwave-assisted extraction" methods not only compensate for the shortcoming, but also increase the extraction rate. Herein, the preparation, structural analysis, and activities of maize polysaccharides were analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyan Song
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Science and Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Science and Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Science and Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Suh MG, Shin HY, Jeong EJ, Kim G, Jeong SB, Ha EJ, Choi SY, Moon SK, Shin KS, Yu KW, Suh HJ, Kim H. Identification of galacturonic acid-rich polysaccharide with intestinal immune system modulating activity via Peyer's patch from postbiotics of Phellinus linteus mycelial submerged culture. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123685. [PMID: 36796554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Interests in the development and exploration of industrial applications of medicinal mushrooms as postbiotics have lately increased. We recently reported the potential use of Phellinus linteus mycelial-containing whole culture extract (PLME) prepared by submerged cultivation as a postbiotic that promotes immune system activation. Here, we aimed to isolate and structurally elucidate the active ingredients in PLME by activity-guided fractionation. The intestinal immunostimulatory activity was evaluated by bone marrow (BM) cell proliferation activity and related cytokine production in C3H-HeN mouse-derived Peyer's patch (PP) cells treated with polysaccharide fractions. The initially crude polysaccharide (PLME-CP) of PLME prepared using ethanol precipitation was further fractionated into four fractions (PLME-CP-0 to -III) by anion-exchange column chromatography. BM cell proliferation and cytokine production of PLME-CP-III were significantly improved compared to those of PLME-CP. PLME-CP-III was then fractionated into PLME-CP-III-1 and PLME-CP-III-2 by gel filtration chromatography. Based on the molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide, and glycosyl linkage analyses, PLME-CP-III-1 was revealed as a novel galacturonic acid-rich acidic polysaccharide and further shown to play an important role in facilitating PP-mediated intestinal immunostimulatory activity. This is the first study demonstrating the structural characteristics of a novel intestinal immune system modulating acidic polysaccharide from P. linteus mycelium-containing whole culture broth postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Geun Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea; R&D Center Neo Cremar Cooperation Limited, 211 Jungdae-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05702, South Korea
| | - Hyun Young Shin
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea; BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Jeong
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea; BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Gaeuleh Kim
- Major in Food & Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, 61 Daehak-ro, Jeungpyeong 27909, South Korea
| | - Se Bin Jeong
- Major in Food & Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, 61 Daehak-ro, Jeungpyeong 27909, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Ha
- Major in Food & Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, 61 Daehak-ro, Jeungpyeong 27909, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Choi
- R&D Center Neo Cremar Cooperation Limited, 211 Jungdae-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05702, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong 17546, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Yu
- Major in Food & Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, 61 Daehak-ro, Jeungpyeong 27909, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea; BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong 17546, South Korea.
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Zhang B, Zhong Y, Dong D, Zheng Z, Hu J. Gut microbial utilization of xylan and its implication in gut homeostasis and metabolic response. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lee J, Lee SJ, Kim S, Lee JU, Shin KS, Hur HG. Layers of Uranium Phosphate Nanorods and Nanoplates Encrusted on Fungus Cladosporium sp. Strain F1 Hyphae. Microbes Environ 2021; 36. [PMID: 34776461 PMCID: PMC8674443 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me21036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyphae of Cladosporium sp. strain F1 (CFGR 2020-301-00084) were heavily encrusted with pre-synthesized uranium phosphate minerals under a wide range of pH conditions. SEM and TEM images showed that nanorods and nanoplates of uranium phosphate minerals at pH 4 and 5 and at pH 6, 7, and 8, respectively, were tightly adsorbed along the hyphae of Cladosporium sp. strain F1, while only a few uranium phosphate minerals were observed on the hyphae of Aspergillus niger VKMF 1119. Based on the physical mobility and chemical stability of uranium phosphate minerals under in situ oxidizing environmental conditions, the application of Cladosporium sp. strain F1 has potential as a novel strategy for the remediation of uranium contamination in sediments and aquifers under a wide range of pH conditions where larger amounts of phosphate are present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Sue Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University
| | - Sungho Kim
- GIST Central Research Facilities, Gwanju Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Jong-Un Lee
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Chonnam National University
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University
| | - Hor-Gil Hur
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
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Chen C, Xie X, Li X. Immunomodulatory effects of four polysaccharides purified from Erythronium sibiricum bulb on macrophages. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:517-525. [PMID: 34117963 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Four neutral polysaccharides (ESBP1-1, ESBP1-2, ESBP2-1 and ESBP3-1) were successfully purified from the water extracted crude polysaccharides of Erythronium sibiricum bulbs through the combination of DEAE Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-100 chromatography; their average molecular weights were 1.3 × 104, 1.7 × 104, 9.4 × 105 and 4.1 × 105 Da, respectively. Monosaccharide component analysis indicated that ESBP1-1 and ESBP1-2 were mainly composed of glucose (Glc). ESBP2-1 was composed of Glc, galactose (Gal) and arabinose, with a molar ratio of 24.3:1.1:1, whereas ESBP3-1 comprised Glc and Gal at a molar ratio of 14.8:1. In-vitro study showed that all of the four polysaccharides were able to considerably promote the proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell. They could also stimulate the production of the cell lines' secretory molecules [nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] in a dose-dependent manner. However, ESBP1-2 was not included in IL-1β. Overall, these results suggested that polysaccharides from E. sibiricum bulbs can be developed as immunomodulatory ingredients for complementary medicines or functional foods. However, further animal or clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Chen
- Pharmacy College, Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Xiangyun Xie
- Pharmacy College, Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Xue Li
- Supervision and Testing Center for Quality and Safety of Agri-products of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 157 Shengli Road, Urumqi, 830049, China
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Zhu J, Li J, Guo Y, Quaisie J, Hong C, Ma H. Antihypertensive and Immunomodulatory Effects of Defatted Corn Germ Hydrolysates: An in vivo Study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:679583. [PMID: 34109205 PMCID: PMC8180860 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.679583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the antihypertensive and immunomodulatory effects of defatted corn germ hydrolysates (DCGHs) in vivo and their potential regulatory mechanisms. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) was significantly reduced (10.30%) by the long-term intragastric administration of DCGHs (high doses). Also, there was drastic inhibition of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the lung, kidney, and heart tissues by 24.53, 22.28, and 12.93%, respectively. It could regulate the blood pressure by adjusting the balance between endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factors and endothelium-derived relaxing factors. Meanwhile, DCGHs enhanced the phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophages, cellular immunity, and humoral immunity of ICR mice by increasing the phagocytic index of mononuclear macrophages (23.71%), ear swelling degree (44.82%), and antibody levels (52.32%). Moreover, it stimulated the release of immunoactive substances (e.g., lysozyme, interferon-γ, immunoglobulin G, and complement 3). Consequently, DCGHs could suitably be used in the formulation of novel functional foods with antihypertensive and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiting Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Janet Quaisie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Hong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Do MH, Lee HB, Oh MJ, Jhun H, Choi SY, Park HY. Polysaccharide fraction from greens of Raphanus sativus alleviates high fat diet-induced obesity. Food Chem 2020; 343:128395. [PMID: 33268179 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) greens are commonly used as a vegetable in Korea; however, their anti-obesity effect has not been reported yet. We prepared the polysaccharide fraction of radish greens (PRG) and assessed its anti-obesity activity in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Supplementation with 4 mg/kg PRG reduced weight gain and body fat percentage, and regulated serum biomarkers against HFD-induced obesity. Moreover, PRG treatment improved gut permeability by increasing tight junction protein expression and colon length shortening. HFD intake increased the proportion of Firmicutes and decreased the proportion of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia; however, PRG supplementation maintained gut microbial composition to normal diet condition. Moreover, PRG reduced HFD-induced increase of lipid metabolism-related protein expression, along with adipocyte size in white adipose tissue. These results indicated that PRG as a potential prebiotic, has anti-obesity properties by improving gut barrier function, modulating gut microbiota and regulating lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Ho Do
- Research Group of Functional Food Materials, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Bin Lee
- Research Group of Functional Food Materials, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Jin Oh
- Technical Assistance Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjhung Jhun
- Technical Assistance Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yoon Choi
- Research Group of Functional Food Materials, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Research Group of Functional Food Materials, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Lee HB, Oh MJ, Do MH, Kim YS, Park HY. Molokhia leaf extract prevents gut inflammation and obesity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112866. [PMID: 32302714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Molokhia is highly consumed in Egypt as edible and medicinal plants, and its leaves are used for the treatment of pain, fever, and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY High-fat diet (HFD) induces gut dysbiosis, which is closely linked to metabolic diseases including obesity and leaky gut. The effects of molokhia (Corchorus olitorius L.) on anti-obesity and gut health were investigated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of a water-soluble extract from molokhia leaves (WM) on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and on body weight, gut permeability, hormone levels, fecal enzyme activity of the intestinal microflora, and gut microbiota in HFD-induced C57BL/6J mice were examined. RESULTS WM treatment significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mice treated with 100 mg/kg WM had 13.1, 52.4, and 17.4% significantly lower body weights, gut permeability, and hepatic lipid accumulation than those in the HFD group, respectively. In addition, WM influenced gut health by inhibiting metabolic endotoxemia and colonic inflammation. It also altered the composition of the gut microbiota; in particular, it increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased that of Desulfovibrio. CONCLUSION Our results extend our understanding of the beneficial effects of WM consumption, including the prevention of gut dysbiosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Bin Lee
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Jin Oh
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Ho Do
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Lee DY, Park CW, Lee SJ, Park HR, Kim SH, Son SU, Park J, Shin KS. Anti-Cancer Effects of Panax ginseng Berry Polysaccharides via Activation of Immune-Related Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1411. [PMID: 32038228 PMCID: PMC6988799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng has long been used as natural medicine and health food all over the world. Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and its prognosis likely depends on the immune system during tumor treatment. In this study, ginseng berry polysaccharides were evaluated for their immunostimulant and anti-cancer effects. Ginseng berry polysaccharide portion (GBPP) was used to investigate its effects on anti-complementary activity, peritoneal macrophage activation, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, both intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of GBPP prior to B16-BL6 melanoma implantation in mice was evaluated. GBPP significantly increased the anti-complementary activity and cytokine production including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, dose-dependently. Splenocytes obtained after i.v. administration of GBPP showed cytolytic activity in Yac-1 cells in proportion to the E/T ratio. In addition, GBPP enhanced the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and granzyme B of NK cells. For the experimental lung cancer, compared with control mice, GBPP delivered by i.v. suppressed cancer by 48% at 100 μg/mouse, while a 37% reduction was achieved by oral administration. Deficient of NK cells in animal model demonstrated that the anti-cancer effect of GBPP was through NK cell activation. Results of this study suggest that ginseng berry polysaccharides, owing to their modulation of the immune response, can be a potential curative applicant for the prevention and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chan Woong Park
- R&D Center, Vital Beautie Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sue Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- R&D Center, Vital Beautie Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seung-U Son
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
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Park HR, Lee SJ, Im SB, Shin MS, Choi HJ, Park HY, Shin KS. Signaling pathway and structural features of macrophage-activating pectic polysaccharide from Korean citrus, Cheongkyool peels. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:657-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Hu C, Zou X, Lin Y, Xia Y, You L. Chemistry and immunostimulatory activity of a polysaccharide from Undaria pinnatifida. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:119-128. [PMID: 30926436 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An immunologically active polysaccharide named as UPP-2 (1035.52 kDa) was isolated from Undaria pinnatifida using traditional water extraction followed by DEAE Sepharose fast flow chromatography. UPP-2 was proven to be a low sulfated polysaccharide with relatively abundant uronic acid (13.08 ± 0.67%). UPP-2 mainly consisted of xylose (64.55%), glucose (23.81%), arabinose (5.90%) and mannose (4.26%), and its main glycosidic linkage types included →2)-α-D-Xylp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, α-D-Xylp-(1→ and →2,4)-β-D-Xylp-(1 → . Results indicated that UPP-2 significantly promoted the proliferation and pinocytic capacity of RAW264.7 cells, and upregulated the mRNA expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β at 100-600 μg/mL with a maximum of 195, 42, 768 and 539 times of those of the negative control, respectively. Moreover, UPP-2 significantly increased the secretions of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-6 at 100-600 μg/mL (8.0, 73.1 and 188.7 times compared to those of the negative control, respectively), as well as promoted the production of IL-1β obviously at 600 μg/mL. Overall, UPP-2 could be served as a potential dietary supplement or functional food based on its immunostimulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Cebin Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Zou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyuan Xia
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun You
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Lee SJ, In G, Han ST, Lee MH, Lee JW, Shin KS. Structural characteristics of a red ginseng acidic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I with immunostimulating activity from red ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:570-579. [PMID: 32617037 PMCID: PMC7322754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many researchers reported that the various immune activities of red ginseng are due to acid polysaccharides. But, the exact structural characteristics of the acidic polysaccharide in red ginseng have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we isolated the acidic polysaccharide from red ginseng and characterized the structural property of the active moiety of this polysaccharide, which contributes to the immunostimulatory activity of red ginseng. Methods A polysaccharide (RGP-AP-I) was purified from red ginseng via size-exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-100. Immunostimulatary activity of RGP-AP-I was investigated via anti-complementory and macrophage stimulatory activity. The structure of RGP-AP-I was characterized by HPLC, sugar composition, β-glucosyl Yariv reagent and methylation analysis. Results Peritoneal macrophages stimulated using RGP-AP-I significantly augmented the production of various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The primary structure of RGP-AP-I was elucidated by assessing its sugar composition and methylation analysis. RGP-AP-I is a 96 kDa acidic polysaccharide, and comprises nine different monosaccharides, which mainly include sugars such as rhamnose (Rha, 9.5%), galacturonic acid (GalA, 18.4%), galactose (Gal, 30.4%), and arabinose (Ara, 35.0%). RGP-AP-I exhibited an considerable reaction with the β-glucosyl Yariv reagent, revealing the presence of arabino-β-3,6-galactan. Methylation analysis indicated that RGP-AP-I comprises 21 different glycosyl linkages, such as 3-, 4-, 6- and 3,6-linked Galp; 5-linked Araf; 2,4-linked Rhap; and 4-linked GalAp, which are characteristics of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). Conclusion we assumed that the immunostimulatory activity of RGP-AP-I may be due to the RG-I structure, which comprises a main chain with a repeating linkage unit, [→2)-Rhap-(1→4)-GalAp-(1→] and three groups of side chains such as (1→5)-linked arabinan, (1→4)-linked galactan, and arabino-β-3,6-galactan, which branch at the C(O)4 positions of Rha residues in the main chain of RGP-AP-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tai Han
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Lee
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Lee
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Characterization of polysaccharide from Scutellaria barbata and its antagonistic effect on the migration and invasion of HT-29 colorectal cancer cells induced by TGF-β1. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:886-895. [PMID: 30857966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we purified a water-soluble polysaccharide, SBPW3, from the whole plant of Scutellaria barbata D. Don through ethanol precipitation, deproteinization, lyophilization, dialysis and separation using a DEAE cellulose column and a Superdex 200 gel filtration chromatography column. SBPW3 is a homogeneous polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 10.2 kDa and is composed of rhamnose (2.51%), arabinose (25.68%), xylose (10.94%), mannose (12.56%), glucose (20.59%) and galactose (27.72%). FT-IR spectrum analysis of the polysaccharide showed that SBPW3 contained a pyranose ring. The effects of SBPW3 on TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were tested in colon cancer cells. These results suggested that SBPW3 significantly suppressed TGF-β1-induced migration and invasion. Additionally, SBPW3 reduced EMT by increasing the expression of epithelial markers and by decreasing the expression of mesenchymal markers by blocking the Smad2/3 signalling pathway in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, to explore the anti-metastatic effect of SBPW3, we established a mouse model of colon cancer metastasis and found that SBPW3 significantly inhibited the metastatic dissemination of the primary tumour to the liver. These findings provide us with a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of human colorectal cancer.
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