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Interacting polymer-modification enzymes in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120191. [PMID: 36876765 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronyl 5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) into L-iduronic acid (IdoA) units, through a mechanism involving reversible abstraction of a proton at C5 of hexuronic acid residues. Incubations of a [4GlcAβ1-4GlcNSO3α1-]n precursor substrate with recombinant enzymes in a D2O/H2O medium enabled an isotope exchange approach to the assessment of functional interactions of Hsepi with hexuronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) and glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase (Hs6st), both involved in the final polymer-modification steps. Enzyme complexes were supported by computational modeling and homogeneous time resolved fluorescence. GlcA and IdoA D/H ratios related to product composition revealed kinetic isotope effects that were interpreted in terms of efficiency of the coupled epimerase and sulfotransferase reactions. Evidence for a functional Hsepi/Hs6st complex was provided by selective incorporation of D atoms into GlcA units adjacent to 6-O-sulfated glucosamine residues. The inability to achieve simultaneous 2-O- and 6-O-sulfation in vitro supported topologically separated reactions in the cell. These findings provide novel insight into the roles of enzyme interactions in heparan sulfate biosynthesis.
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2
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Not Just Anticoagulation—New and Old Applications of Heparin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206968. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, heparin, as the most important anticoagulant drug, has been widely used in clinical settings to prevent and treat thrombosis in a variety of diseases. However, with in-depth research, the therapeutic potential of heparin is being explored beyond anticoagulation. To date, heparin and its derivatives have been tested in the protection against and repair of inflammatory, antitumor, and cardiovascular diseases. It has also been explored as an antiangiogenic, preventive, and antiviral agent for atherosclerosis. This review focused on the new and old applications of heparin and discussed the potential mechanisms explaining the biological diversity of heparin.
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3
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Shi D, Sheng A, Bu C, An Z, Cui X, Sun X, Li H, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Zhang T, Jin L, Chi L. A Cluster Sequencing Strategy To Determine the Consensus Affinity Domains in Heparin for Its Binding to Specific Proteins. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13987-13994. [PMID: 36183273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have high negative charge and are biologically and pharmaceutically important because their high charge promotes a strong interaction with many proteins. Due to the inherent heterogeneity of GAGs, multiple oligosaccharides, containing certain common domains, often can interact with clusters of basic amino acid residues on a target protein. The specificity of many GAG-protein interactions remains undiscovered since there is insufficient structural information on the interacting GAGs. Herein, we establish a cluster sequencing strategy to simultaneously deduce all major sequences of the affinity GAG oligosaccharides, leading to a definition of the consensus sequence they share that corresponds to the specific binding domain for the target protein. As a proof of concept, antithrombin III-binding oligosaccharides were examined, resulting in a heptasaccharide domain containing the well-established anticoagulant pentasaccharide sequence. Repeating this approach, a new pentasaccharide domain was discovered corresponding to the heparin motif responsible for binding interferon-γ (IFNγ). Our strategy is fundamentally important for the discovery of saccharide sequences needed in the development of novel GAG-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deling Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Anran Sheng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Zizhe An
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Xueying Cui
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
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4
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Mourier P. Heparinase Digestion of 3-O-Sulfated Sequences: Selective Heparinase II Digestion for Separation and Identification of Binding Sequences Present in ATIII Affinity Fractions of Bovine Intestinal Heparins. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:841726. [PMID: 35433769 PMCID: PMC9009448 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.841726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to antithrombin-III (ATIII) determines the anticoagulant activity of heparin. The complexes formed between heparin and ATIII result from a specific pentasaccharide sequence containing a 3-O-sulfated glucosamine in medium position. Building block analysis of heparins, following heparinase digestion, is a critical method in quality control that provides a simple structural characterization of a complex product. Hence, in these applications, study of the digestion of 3-O-sulfated moieties merits special attention. With heparinase II, specific inhibition of cleavage of the non-reducing bond of 3-O-sulfated units is observed. This specificity was erroneously generalized to other heparinases when it was observed that in exhaustive digests of heparins with the heparinase mixture, resistant 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides were also obtained from the specific ATIII-binding pentasaccharides. In fact, the detection of unsaturated 3-O-sulfated disaccharides in digests of heparin by heparinases I+II+III, resulting from the cleavage of the 3-O sulfated unit by heparinase I in non-conventional sequences, shows that this inhibition has exceptions. Thus, in experiments where heparinase II is selectively applied, these sequences can only be digested into tetra- or hexasaccharides where the 3-O-sulfated glucosamine is shifted on the reducing end. Heparinase I+II+III and heparinase II digests with additional tagging by reductive amination with sulfanilic acid were used to study the structural neighborhood of 3-O-sulfated disaccharides in bovine mucosal heparin fractions with increasing affinity for ATIII. The 3-O-sulfated disaccharides detected in heparinase I+II+III digests turn into numerous specific 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides in heparinase II digests. Additionally, ATIII-binding pentasaccharides with an extra 3-O-sulfate at the reducing glucosamine are detected in fractions of highest affinity as heparinase II-resistant hexasaccharides with two consecutive 3-O-sulfated units.
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5
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Disease-specific glycosaminoglycan patterns in the extracellular matrix of human lung and brain. Carbohydr Res 2021; 511:108480. [PMID: 34837849 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of diseases throughout the mammalian organism is characterized by abnormal deposition of various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including the heterogeneous family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which contribute considerably to the ECM architecture as part of the so-called proteoglycans. The GAG's unique sulfation pattern, derived from highly dynamic and specific modification processes, has a massive impact on critical mediators such as cytokines and growth factors. Due to the strong connection between the specific sulfation pattern and GAG function, slight alterations of this pattern are often associated with enormous changes at the cell as well as at the organ level. This review aims to investigate the connection between modifications of GAG sulfation patterns and the wide range of pathological conditions, mainly focusing on a range of chronic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the respiratory tract.
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Techniques for Detection of Clinical Used Heparins. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:5543460. [PMID: 34040644 PMCID: PMC8121598 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5543460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparins and sulfated polysaccharides have been recognized as effective clinical anticoagulants for several decades. Heparins exhibit heterogeneity depending on the sources. Meanwhile, the adverse effect in the clinical uses and the adulteration of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparins develop additional attention to analyze the purity of heparins. This review starts with the description of the classification, anticoagulant mechanism, clinical application of heparins and focuses on the existing methods of heparin analysis and detection including traditional detection methods, as well as new methods using fluorescence or gold nanomaterials as probes. The in-depth understanding of these techniques for the analysis of heparins will lay a foundation for the further development of novel methods for the detection of heparins.
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Cui H, Wang Z, Zhang T, Li JP, Fang J. Re-expression of glucuronyl C5-epimerase in the mutant MEF cells increases heparan sulfate epimerization but has no influence on the Golgi localization and enzymatic activity of 2-O-sulfotransferase. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1018-1025. [PMID: 33755115 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear and complex polysaccharide that modulates the biological activities through protein recognition and interaction. Evidence indicates that protein-binding properties of HS are largely dependent on distinctive sulfation and epimerization patterns that are modified by a series of Golgi-localized enzymes. In particular, the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid residues to L-iduronic acid, and 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) catalyzes sulfation at C2 position of IdoA and rarely GlcA residues. Mice lacking both Hsepi and 2OST display multiple development defects, indicating the importance of IdoA in HS. Here, to gain greater insights of HS structure-function relationships, as well as a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of Hsepi and 2OST, the fine structure and cellular signaling functions of HS were investigated after restoration of Hsepi in the mutant mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Introduction of Hsepi into the Hsepi mutant MEF cells led to robustly increased proportion of IdoA residues, which rescued the cell signaling in responding to FGF2. However, we found that Hsepi knockout had no influence on either cellular transportation or enzymatic activity of 2OST in the MEF cells, which is not in accord with the findings reported, suggesting that the enzymatic activity and cellular transportation of 2OST and Hsepi might be differently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhaoguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Jianping Fang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,GlycoNovo Technologies Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
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8
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Song Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Analysis of the Glycosaminoglycan Chains of Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:121-135. [PMID: 32623943 PMCID: PMC7841699 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous, negatively charged, macromolecules that are found in animal tissues. Based on the form of component sugar, GAGs have been categorized into four different families: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronan. GAGs engage in biological pathway regulation through their interaction with protein ligands. Detailed structural information on GAG chains is required to further understanding of GAG-ligand interactions. However, polysaccharide sequencing has lagged behind protein and DNA sequencing due to the non-template-driven biosynthesis of glycans. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the analysis of GAG chains, specifically focusing on techniques related to mass spectroscopy (MS), including separation techniques coupled to MS, tandem MS, and bioinformatics software for MS spectrum interpretation. Progress in the use of other structural analysis tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hyphenated techniques, is included to provide a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Song
- National R & D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, P.R. China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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Shi C, Tingting W, Li JP, Sullivan MA, Wang C, Wang H, Deng B, Zhang Y. Comprehensive Landscape of Heparin Therapy for COVID-19. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117232. [PMID: 33357843 PMCID: PMC7581413 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is rapidly spreading globally. Clinical observations found that systemic symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are attenuated when using the anticoagulant agent heparin, indicating that heparin may play other roles in managing COVID-19, in addition to prevention of pulmonary thrombosis. Several biochemical studies show strong binding of heparin and heparin-like molecules to the Spike protein, which resulted in inhibition of viral infection to cells. The clinical observations and in vitro studies argue for a potential multiple-targeting effects of heparin. However, adverse effects of heparin administration and some of the challenges using heparin therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection need to be considered. This review discusses the pharmacological mechanisms of heparin regarding its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and direct antiviral activities, providing current evidence concerning the effectiveness and safety of heparin therapy for this major public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wu Tingting
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hanxiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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10
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Liu D, Zhang J, Zhu H, Wang M, Polizzi SJ, Jones MT, Li L, Gadi MR, Wang PG, Ma C, Huang W. Enzymatic depolymerization of streptococcus pneumoniae type 8 polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2020; 495:108024. [PMID: 32688016 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been decades of research on streptococcus pneumoniae, it is still among the leading cause of infectious disease in the world. As a type of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal polysaccharides are essential components for colonization and virulence in mammalian hosts. This study aimed to characterize the CPS structure of type 8 streptococcus pneumoniae, which is one of the most fatal serotypes. In this work, heparinase I&III was used to successfully digest pneumococcal type 8 polysaccharide (Pn8P). We characterized the oligosaccharide generated from the enzymatic depolymerization of Pn8P by size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. This is the first study to enzymatically depolymerize and characterize Pn8P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Mingzhang Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States
| | - Samuel Justin Polizzi
- Georgia Highlands College, 5901 Stewart Pkwy, Douglasville, GA, 30135, United States
| | - Michael T Jones
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | | | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States.
| | - Wei Huang
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States.
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Oligosaccharides mapping of nitrous acid degraded heparin through UHPLC-HILIC/WAX-MS. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 231:115695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Glycosaminoglycans in biological samples – Towards identification of novel biomarkers. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Recent advances in glycosaminoglycan analysis by various mass spectrometry techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3731-3741. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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