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Yuan H, Hao R, Sun H, Zeng W, Lin J, Lu S, Yu M, Lin S, Li J, Chen L. Engineered Janus cellulose membrane with the asymmetric-pore structure for the superhigh-water flux desalination. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) on Biopolymers and Hydrogels for Biotechnological Applications-Possibilities and Limits. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061267. [PMID: 35335597 PMCID: PMC8949482 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the microscopic techniques with the highest lateral resolution. It can usually be applied in air or even in liquids, enabling the investigation of a broader range of samples than scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is mostly performed in vacuum. Since it works by following the sample surface based on the force between the scanning tip and the sample, interactions have to be taken into account, making the AFM of irregular samples complicated, but on the other hand it allows measurements of more physical parameters than pure topography. This is especially important for biopolymers and hydrogels used in tissue engineering and other biotechnological applications, where elastic properties, surface charges and other parameters influence mammalian cell adhesion and growth as well as many other effects. This review gives an overview of AFM modes relevant for the investigations of biopolymers and hydrogels and shows several examples of recent applications, focusing on the polysaccharides chitosan, alginate, carrageenan and different hydrogels, but depicting also a broader spectrum of materials on which different AFM measurements are reported in the literature.
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3
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Cao DQ, Sun XZ, Zhang WY, Ji YT, Yang XX, Hao XD. News on alginate recovery by forward osmosis: Reverse solute diffusion is useful. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131483. [PMID: 34329149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The water content in the recycled alginate solutions from aerobic granular sludge was nearly 100%. Forward osmosis (FO) has become an innovative dewatering technology. In this study, the FO concentration of sodium alginate (SA) was investigated using calcium chloride as a draw solute. The reverse solute flux (RSF) of calcium ions in FO had a beneficial effect, contrary to the findings of previous literature. The properties of the concentrated substances formed on the FO membrane on the feed side were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, verifying that calcium alginate (Ca-Alg), which can be used as a recycled material, was formed on the FO membrane on the feed side owing to the interaction between SA and permeable calcium ions. Water flux increased significantly with the increase in calcium chloride concentration, while the concentration of SA had little influence on the water flux in FO. Based on this discovery, we propose a novel method for the concentration and recovery of alginate, in which the RSF of calcium ions is utilized for recovering Ca-Alg by FO, with calcium chloride as a draw solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Qi Cao
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Xiu-Zhen Sun
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu-Ting Ji
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Yang
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Di Hao
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing, 100044, China.
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4
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Lin X, He Y, Zhang Y, Yu W, Lian T. Sulfonated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) incorporated cellulose triacetate/cellulose acetate (CTA/CA)-based mixed matrix membranes for forward osmosis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Liu C, Wang W, Yang B, Xiao K, Zhao H. Separation, anti-fouling, and chlorine resistance of the polyamide reverse osmosis membrane: From mechanisms to mitigation strategies. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 195:116976. [PMID: 33706215 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technology has been widely used in the wastewater treatment and seawater desalination. In recent years, the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane represented by polyamide (PA) has made great progress because of its excellent properties. However, the conventional PA RO membranes still have some scientific problems, such as membrane fouling, easy degradation after chlorination, and unclear mechanisms of salt retention and water flux, which seriously impede the widespread use of RO membrane technology. This paper reviews the progress in the research and development of the RO membrane, with key focus on the mechanisms and strategies of the contemporary separation, anti-fouling and chlorine resistance of the PA RO membrane. This review seeks to provide state-of-the-art insights into the mitigation strategies and basic mechanisms for some of the key challenges. Under the guidance of the fundamental understanding of each mechanism, operation and modification strategies are discussed, and reasonable analysis is carried out, which can address some key technical challenges. The last section of the review focuses on the technical issues, challenges, and future perspective of these mechanisms and strategies. Advances in synergistic mechanisms and strategies of the PA RO membranes have been rarely reviewed; thus, this review can serve as a guide for new entrants to the field of membrane water treatment and established researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Institute of Ecology & Environment Governance, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Huazhang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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Jazini F, Karimi M, Azari S. Tuning the pore features of cellulose acetate/cellulose triacetate membranes via post-casting solvent treatment for forward osmosis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117348. [PMID: 33436190 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, solvent exchange method was applied as a post-casting solvent treatment to tune the porosity and improve the performance of cellulose acetate/cellulose triacetate forward osmosis (CA/CTA FO) membrane. Ethanol and n-hexane were both used for this treatment as the first and second solvent, respectively. Pristine and treated CA/CTA FO membranes with different thicknesses were characterized using FESEM and adsorption/desorption analysis and also evaluated in terms of the intrinsic transport properties and structural parameter, and performance. The results showed that the treated membranes contained more micropores and mesopores than the pristine membranes. Moreover, the treatment was able to increase reverse salt flux and pure water flux by 65 and 20 %, respectively. These improvements were due to the increase in selectivity (55 %) and the reduction in structural parameter (40 %). Hence, the proposed post-casting solvent treatment has been introduced as a method for improvement of the CA/CTA FO membranes performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahhame Jazini
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hefez Avenue, 15914, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hefez Avenue, 15914, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sara Azari
- SA Water Centre for Water Management and Reuse, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5095, SA, Australia.
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Maalige R N, Aruchamy K, Polishetti V, Halakarni M, Mahto A, Mondal D, Sanna Kotrappanavar N. Restructuring thin film composite membrane interfaces using biopolymer as a sustainable alternative to prevent organic fouling. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117297. [PMID: 33357865 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing polyamide (PA) layer in commercially successful thin film composite (TFC) membranes prepared via interfacial polymerization has been challenging task. Lately, PA is under scrutiny due to its increasing fouling propensity for highly contaminated waters. To mitigate the bio and organic fouling on PA layer in nanofiltration (NF) membranes in a long run, present study attempts to create a new interfacial thin film asymmetric structure using biopolymer chitosan as sustainable alternative. Herein, the effect of chitosan-silver on porous support structure and filtration performance were systematically investigated. Further, the membranes were characterized for their functionality and surface characteristics using ATR-IR, FESEM, AFM, UV-vis spectroscopy and contact angle measurements, respectively. New asymmetric membrane performances in cross flow process were evaluated in terms of pure water flux, NaCl (∼40 %), red brown/organic dye (>98 %) and tannery wastewater flux and rejection (>98 %). With a higher pure water flux (>100 L m-2 h-1) compared to control (40 L m-2 h-1) at 4 bar, membrane showed exceptional antifouling behaviors in comparison to commercial PA membrane. Further, surface characteristics of the membranes before and after rigorous testing were evaluated using AFM micrographs and SEM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Maalige R
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Kanakaraj Aruchamy
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Veerababu Polishetti
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), B.G. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
| | - Mahaveer Halakarni
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Ashesh Mahto
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India.
| | - Nataraj Sanna Kotrappanavar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India; IMDEA Water Institute, Avenida Punto Com, 2, Parque Cientıfco Tecnoĺogico de la Universidad de Alcala, Alcal ́a de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain.
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Wenten I, Khoiruddin K, Reynard R, Lugito G, Julian H. Advancement of forward osmosis (FO) membrane for fruit juice concentration. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Yan X, Tao W, Cheng S, Ma C, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Kong X. Layer-by-layer assembly of bio-inspired borate/graphene oxide membranes for dye removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127118. [PMID: 32460162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dye wastewater is harmful to the ecological environment because of its potential biological toxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. We fabricated a layered graphene oxide (GO) membrane through layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly. We used borate to crosslink with GO on a polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (hPAN) support. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, Raman spectra, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of a crosslinking reaction. The dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA) results indicated that the introduction of borate can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the membrane. The Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and proportional limit of borate that was assembled twice as the outermost layer were increased by 110.81%, 62.37%, and 53.72%, respectively, as compared to those of a single-layered GO membrane. Moreover, the pure water fluxes of the layered GO membrane did not obviously decrease with an increase in the number of layers. The flux of the membrane with an outermost layer of borate was greater than that of the previous GO layer. The salt and dye rejection of the membranes was augmented with an increase in the number of layers. For the GO membrane assembled three times, rejection to methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), NaCl, MgCl2, and MgSO4 reached 74.02%, 88.56%, 14.55%, 27.50%, and 41.95%, respectively. The use of borate as an inorganic crosslinker can avoid the environmental pollution caused by organic agents, and improve the mechanical properties as well as the filter capability of the layered GO membrane. Therefore, this study presents a novel method of membrane preparation for dye removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Yan
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Wen Tao
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Shirong Cheng
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Xiangji Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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Razavi SR, Shakeri A, Mirahmadi Babaheydari SM, Salehi H, G.H. Lammertink R. High-Performance thin film composite forward osmosis membrane on tannic Acid/Fe3+ coated microfiltration substrate. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Jiang S, Xiao S, Chu H, Zhao F, Yu Z, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Intelligent mitigation of fouling by means of membrane vibration for algae separation: Dynamics model, comprehensive evaluation, and critical vibration frequency. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:115972. [PMID: 32650150 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vibration membrane filtration has been confirmed as an effective method to improve algae separation from water. However, the fouling evolution process and the antifouling mechanism are not well understood. In this study, a novel hybrid method based on a dynamics model was proposed, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted, and the critical vibration frequency for accurate analysis and prediction of membrane fouling was developed. The dynamics model was studied with an improved collision-attachment model by considering all the concurrent and synergistic effects of the hydrodynamic interactions acting on algae. From the perspective of potential energy, the improved model systematically elucidated the reason why the antifouling performance was enhanced when the vibration frequency varied from 1 Hz to 5 Hz. In addition, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution-grey relational analysis (TOPSIS-GRA) method with combined weights was incorporated for the first time to provide direct comprehensive evaluation evidence to determine the effect of the vibration frequency on membrane fouling. It was found that increasing the vibration frequency could not alleviate membrane fouling caused by extracellular organic matter. Moreover, the concept of a critical vibration frequency was proposed using genetic algorithm optimized back propagation neural network, and the energy consumption was analyzed. This combination could provide an effective means to choose the most appropriate vibration frequency, thereby improving the efficiency of the vibration membrane system in the algae separation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shaoze Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huaqiang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Fangchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhenjiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Mousavi SR, Asghari M, Mahmoodi NM. Chitosan-wrapped multiwalled carbon nanotube as filler within PEBA thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane to improve dye removal. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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The Recent Progress in Modification of Polymeric Membranes Using Organic Macromolecules for Water Treatment. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the water deficit has been a severe global issue. A reliable supply of water is needed to ensure sustainable economic development in population growth, industrialization and urbanization. To solve this major challenge, membrane-based water treatment technology has attracted a great deal of attention to produce clean drinking water from groundwater, seawater and brackish water. The emergence of nanotechnology in membrane science has opened new frontiers in the development of advanced polymeric membranes to enhance filtration performance. Nevertheless, some obstacles such as fouling and trade-off of membrane selectivity and permeability of water have hindered the development of traditional polymeric membranes for real applications. To overcome these issues, the modification of membranes has been pursued. The use of macromolecules for membrane modification has attracted wide interests in recent years owing to their interesting chemical and structural properties. Membranes modified with macromolecules have exhibited improved anti-fouling properties due to the alteration of their physiochemical properties in terms of the membrane morphology, porosity, surface charge, wettability, and durability. This review provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in the development of macromolecule modified polymeric membranes. The role of macromolecules in polymeric membranes and the advancement of these membrane materials for water solution are presented. The challenges and future directions for this subject are highlighted.
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Bagherzadeh M, Bayrami A, Amini M. Thin‐film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes modified with Zr‐based metal–organic framework to improve desalination performance. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arshad Bayrami
- Chemistry DepartmentSharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mojtaba Amini
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Maragheh Maragheh Iran
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15
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Alhwaige AA, Ishida H, Qutubuddin S. Poly(benzoxazine-f-chitosan) films: The role of aldehyde neighboring groups on chemical interaction of benzoxazine precursors with chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 209:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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