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An Q, Ren J, Jia X, Qu S, Zhang N, Li X, Fan G, Pan S, Zhang Z, Wu K. Anisotropic materials based on carbohydrate polymers: A review of fabrication strategies, properties, and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121801. [PMID: 38368095 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Anisotropic structures exist in almost all living organisms to endow them with superior properties and physiological functionalities. However, conventional artificial materials possess unordered isotropic structures, resulting in limited functions and applications. The development of anisotropic structures on carbohydrates is reported to have an impact on their properties and applications. In this review, various alignment strategies for carbohydrates (i.e., cellulose, chitin and alginate) from bottom-up to top-down strategies are discussed, including the rapidly developed innovative technologies such as shear-induced orientation through extrusion-based 3D/4D printing, magnetic-assisted alignment, and electric-induced alignment. The unique properties and wide applications of anisotropic carbohydrate materials across different fields, from biomedical, biosensors, smart actuators, soft conductive materials, to thermal management are also summarized. Finally, recommendations on the selection of fabrication strategies are given. The major challenge lies in the construction of long-range hierarchical alignment with high orientation degree and precise control over complicated architectures. With the future development of hierarchical alignment strategies, alignment control techniques, and alignment mechanism elucidation, the potential of anisotropic carbohydrate materials for scalable manufacture and clinical applications will be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingnan Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shasha Qu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nawei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China; Ningxia Huaxinda Health Technology Co., Ltd., Lingwu 751400, China
| | - Kangning Wu
- Ningxia Huaxinda Health Technology Co., Ltd., Lingwu 751400, China
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Wu Y, Wang X, Yao L, Chang S, Wang X. Thermal Insulation Mechanism, Preparation, and Modification of Nanocellulose Aerogels: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5836. [PMID: 37570806 PMCID: PMC10421090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy problems have become increasingly prominent. The use of thermal insulation materials is an effective measure to save energy. As an efficient energy-saving material, nanocellulose aerogels have broad application prospects. However, nanocellulose aerogels have problems such as poor mechanical properties, high flammability, and they easily absorbs water from the environment. These defects restrict their thermal insulation performance and severely limit their application. This review analyzes the thermal insulation mechanism of nanocellulose aerogels and summarizes the methods of preparing them from biomass raw materials. In addition, aiming at the inherent defects of nanocellulose aerogels, this review focuses on the methods used to improve their mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and hydrophobicity in order to prepare high-performance thermal insulation materials in line with the concept of sustainable development, thereby promoting energy conservation, rational use, and expanding the application of nanocellulose aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihong Yao
- College of Materials Science and Art Design, Wood Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Y.W.); (X.W.); (S.C.); (X.W.)
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3
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Wu H, Liu G, Wei Y, Liao S. Directional freezing in natural rubber foams to construct reinforced networks. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Gui‐Xiang Liu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Yan‐Chan Wei
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education Beijing China
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Scalable Continuous Manufacturing Process of Stereocomplex PLA by Twin-Screw Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040922. [PMID: 36850205 PMCID: PMC9965968 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A scalable continuous manufacturing method to produce stereocomplex PLA was developed and optimized by melt-blending a 1:1 blend of high molecular weight poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and high molecular weight poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Thermal characteristics of stereocomplex formation were characterized via DSC to identify the optimal temperature profile and time for processing stereocomplex PLA. At the proper temperature window, high stereocomplex formation is achieved as the twin-screw extruder allows for alignment of the chains; this is due to stretching of the polymer chains in the extruder. The extruder processing conditions were optimized and used to produce >95% of stereocomplex PLA conversion (melting peak temperature Tpm = 240 °C). ATR-FTIR depicts the formation of stereocomplex crystallites based on the absorption band at 908 cm-1 (β helix). The only peaks observed for stereocomplex PLA's WAXD profile were at 2θ values of 12, 21, and 24°, verifying >99% of stereocomplex formation. The total crystallinity of stereocomplex PLA ranges from 56 to 64%. A significant improvement in the tensile behavior was observed in comparison to the homopolymers, resulting in a polymer of high strength and toughness. These results lead us to propose stereocomplex PLA as a potential additive/fiber that can reinforce the material properties of neat PLA.
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Ren Q, Wu M, Wang L, Zheng W, Hikima Y, Semba T, Ohshima M. Cellulose nanofiber reinforced poly (lactic acid) with enhanced rheology, crystallization and foaming ability. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Ren Q, Wu M, Weng Z, Zhu X, Li W, Huang P, Wang L, Zheng W, Ohshima M. Promoted formation of stereocomplex in enantiomeric poly(lactic acid)s induced by cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118800. [PMID: 34823806 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stereocomplex (SC) crystallization between enantiomeric poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) is believed to yield poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with superior physiochemical properties. However, homocrystallization (HC) crystallites are inevitably generated in the PLLA/PDLA blends. Herein, we report a simple approach to fabricate PLLA/PDLA racemic blends with high contents of SC crystallites by introducing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The isothermal crystallization results revealed that the half-crystallization time of the PLLA/PDLA blend was significantly decreased by adding CNFs. Additionally, with the incorporation of 3 wt% modified CNFs, the PLLA/PDLA blend was overwhelmingly crystallized into SC crystallites with no HC crystallite formation. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy findings, it was speculated that the preferred SC crystallization of PLLA/PDLA/CNF was caused by enhanced interchain molecular interactions between CNFs and PLA. This work presents a feasible and efficient method to fabricate PLA with exclusively SC crystallites, which possesses great potential for producing high-performance PLA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Advanced Materials and Composites Department, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Zhengsheng Weng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiuyu Zhu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Wanwan Li
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Long Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 6158510, Japan.
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7
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Li K, Clarkson CM, Wang L, Liu Y, Lamm M, Pang Z, Zhou Y, Qian J, Tajvidi M, Gardner DJ, Tekinalp H, Hu L, Li T, Ragauskas AJ, Youngblood JP, Ozcan S. Alignment of Cellulose Nanofibers: Harnessing Nanoscale Properties to Macroscale Benefits. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3646-3673. [PMID: 33599500 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nature, cellulose nanofibers form hierarchical structures across multiple length scales to achieve high-performance properties and different functionalities. Cellulose nanofibers, which are separated from plants or synthesized biologically, are being extensively investigated and processed into different materials owing to their good properties. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers is reported to significantly influence the performance of cellulose nanofiber-based materials. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers can bridge the nanoscale and macroscale, bringing enhanced nanoscale properties to high-performance macroscale materials. However, compared with extensive reviews on the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals, reviews focusing on cellulose nanofibers are seldom reported, possibly because of the challenge of aligning cellulose nanofibers. In this review, the alignment of cellulose nanofibers, including cellulose nanofibrils and bacterial cellulose, is extensively discussed from different aspects of the driving force, evaluation, strategies, properties, and applications. Future perspectives on challenges and opportunities in cellulose nanofiber alignment are also briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Caitlyn M Clarkson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Meghan Lamm
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yubing Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ji Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Douglas J Gardner
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Halil Tekinalp
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- UTK-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
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Mariano M, Souza SF, Borges AC, do Nascimento DM, Bernardes JS. Tailoring strength of nanocellulose foams by electrostatic complexation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 256:117547. [PMID: 33483055 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular assembly of biobased components in water is a promising strategy to construct advanced materials. Herein, electrostatic complexation was used to prepare wet-resilient foams with improved mechanical property. Small-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy experiments showed that suspensions with oppositely charged cellulose nanofibers are a mixture of clusters and networks of entangled fibers. The balance between these structures governs the colloidal stability and the rheological behavior of CNFs in water. Foams prepared from suspensions exhibited maximum compressive modulus at the mass composition of 1:1 (ca 0.12 MPa), suggesting that meaningful attractive interactions happen at this point and act as stiffening structure in the material. Besides the electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts may also occur within the clustering, improving the water stability of cationic foams. These results may provide a basis for the development of robust all- cellulose materials prepared in water, with nontoxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mariano
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Sivoney F Souza
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio C Borges
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Diego M do Nascimento
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Bernardes
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil.
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Synergistic enhancement of nanocellulose foam with dual in situ mineralization and crosslinking reaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:3198-3205. [PMID: 33736295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) foams have recently gained research interests because they are renewable, abundant, biodegradable and exhibit high surface area. However, the application of CNCs-based foams is still challenging, which is attributed to its lack of effective entanglements between the CNCs particles, thus lowering foam properties. In this study, a synergistic enhancement strategy was proposed, based on the in situ mineralization with hydroxyapatite (HAP) layer onto the CNCs surface, followed by a chemical crosslinking reaction. The physical and chemical structures of the composites were analyzed with SEM, STEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA. By controlling the amount of coated HAP and the crosslinker, it is possible to manufacture a series of CNCs-based foams that are lightweight (50-75 mg/cm3), highly porous (~90%) with high water absorption (>1300%) and outstanding mechanical strength properties (as high as 1.37 MPa). Moreover, our study further indicated that these CNCs/HAP materials could increase the proliferation of rat osteoblast cells. The method developed in this study presents a novel approach to design improved networked CNCs foam, which has the potential to be used in thermal-retardant material, wastewater treatment, tissue engineering, and personal care applications.
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Zhao M, Zhang S, Fang G, Huang C, Wu T. Directionally-Grown Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel with Excellent Structure Stability and Adsorption Capacity. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102219. [PMID: 32992626 PMCID: PMC7601747 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite aerogel crosslinked by poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid)/poly (ethylene glycol) system via a directional freezing technique exhibits high structure stability while simultaneously maintaining its excellent adsorption capacity to remove organic dyes from liquid. A series of crosslinked aerogels with different amounts of GO were investigated for their adsorption capacity of methylene blue (MB), which were found to be superb adsorbents, and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 520.67 mg/g with the incorporation of rGO. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies revealed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir adsorption model, and the adsorption was a spontaneous process. Furthermore, the crosslinked aerogel can be easily recycled after washing with dilute HCl solution, which could retain over 97% of the adsorption capacity after recycling five times. These excellent properties endow the crosslinked CMC/rGO aerogel’s potential in wastewater treatment and environment protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Zhao
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian 710021, China;
| | - Sufeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian 710021, China;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Guigan Fang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (C.H.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Chen Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (C.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (C.H.); (T.W.)
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11
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Liang L, Zhang S, Goenaga GA, Meng X, Zawodzinski TA, Ragauskas AJ. Chemically Cross-Linked Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogels for Effective Removal of Cation Dye. Front Chem 2020; 8:570. [PMID: 32733852 PMCID: PMC7359072 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, porous aerogels were prepared by directional freeze-drying via cross-linking cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The thermal properties and physical adsorption performance toward cation methylene blue dye of the obtained CNC aerogels were investigated. The maximum degradation temperature was increased from 324°C of CNCs to 355°C of cross-linked CNC aerogels. The dye adsorption isotherm results showed that the maximum methylene blue adsorption capacity of CNC aerogels was 116.2 mg g−1, according to the Langmuir model, which was mainly due to the electrostatic attractions between negatively charged carboxyl groups or sulfonate groups on the CNC aerogles and cation MB molecules. The reusability test showed that the CNC aerogels contained the same dye adsorption performance in five adsorption/desorption cycles. Overall, this study described an ideal alternative for water purification with high dye adsorption capacity and enhanced physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Gabriel A Goenaga
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Thomas A Zawodzinski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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12
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Fabrication of branching poly (butylene succinate)/cellulose nanocrystal foams with exceptional thermal insulation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116708. [PMID: 32829836 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Branching poly (butylene succinate) (BPBS) nanocomposite foams incorporated with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared by supercritical CO2. Surface modification of CNCs by acetylation was achieved through replacing hydrophilic hydroxyl groups with hydrophobic acetyl groups, which improved the dispersibility of CNCs significantly. The crystallite sizes of CNCs and acetylated CNCs were calculated by Scherrer's formula as 25 and 19 nm, respectively. The initial crystallization temperature of diverse poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) specimens, a crucial factor for regulating cell nucleation type, increased remarkably by 11.8 °C as well as their storage modulus increased by 2 orders of magnitudes, due to branching reaction and bio-filler addition. BPBS/CNCs foam possessed a high volume expansion ratio as 37.1 times and displayed an exceptional thermal conductivity as 0.021 W(m K)-1. This study provided a promising potential strategy to develop exceptional thermal-insulation polymer foams for composite structures, energy conservation and environment protection.
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13
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Liang L, Bhagia S, Li M, Huang C, Ragauskas AJ. Cross-Linked Nanocellulosic Materials and Their Applications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:78-87. [PMID: 31452315 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (NCs) have remarkable mechanical properties and contain abundant surface functional groups that can be modified or cross-linked with other materials. They have been widely used as an environment-friendly reinforcing agent in polymer composites. However, for applications that are carried out in humid environments or aqueous suspensions, hydrophilicity of NCs lower their mechanical integrity. Hence, cross-linking techniques have been investigated in recent years for preparing NC-based materials that are dimensionally stable under humid or aqueous environments and have better physicochemical properties. This Minireview examines the quickly growing field of cross-linked NC-based materials, which have many benefits including improved aqueous, structural, mechanical, and thermal stability. In addition, the potential application of cross-linked NC-based materials in adsorption of heavy metal is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Liang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Samarthya Bhagia
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- UTK-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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