1
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Hasan MI, Wang J, Tajvidi M. Controlled shrinkage of cellulose nanofibril films to enhance mechanical and barrier properties. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 342:122390. [PMID: 39048230 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Standalone cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films have a natural tendency to shrink upon drying from wet conditions due to capillary drying stresses. This shrinkage happens in both the radial direction, and the vertical direction. In this study, we prepared two types of CNF films- one in a restrained condition that did not allow shrinkage in the radial direction but enabled it in the vertical direction and another with 11 % radial shrinkage but limited vertical shrinkage. The radial shrinkage led to a more porous structure than the vertical shrinkage, which brought about poorer oxygen/moisture barrier performance. However, the density and oxygen permeability of the films converged to a similar value upon a simple thermocompression process. Radial shrinkage resulted in 140 % and 90 % higher strain at break and toughness in films with a significant sacrifice in strength and modulus. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that radial shrinkage formed wavy layers in the core structure leaving more free space, whereas vertical shrinkage formed flatter layers. Radial shrinkage is likely to produce a thicker individual layer in the core structure of CNF films than vertical shrinkage. The insight from this study will help tune the mechanical and barrier performance of CNF films and their composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ikramul Hasan
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Jinwu Wang
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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2
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K S, K P S, C D MD, Mathew D, E K R. Microbial load reduction in stored raw beef meat using chitosan/starch-based active packaging films incorporated with cellulose nanofibers and cinnamon essential oil. Meat Sci 2024; 216:109552. [PMID: 38878411 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Food safety is a global concern due to the risk posed by microbial pathogens, toxins and food deterioration. Hence, materials with antibacterial and antioxidant properties have been widely studied for their packaging application to ensure food safety. The current study has been designed to fabricate the chitosan/starch-based film with cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and cellulose nanofibers for active packaging. The nanocomposite films developed in this study were characterized by using UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The biodegradability, hydrodynamic, mechanical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the films were also evaluated. From the results, the addition of CEO and cellulose nanofibers was found to enhance the antimicrobial and material properties of the film. FE-SEM analysis has also revealed a rough and porous surface morphology for the developed nanocomposite film. FT-IR analysis further demonstrated the molecular interactions among the various components used for the preparation of the film. The film has also been shown to have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the film was found to reduce the bacterial load of the stored beef meat when used as a packaging material. The study hence provides valuable insights into the development of chitosan/starch-based films incorporated with CEO and cellulose nanofibers for active food packaging applications. This is due to its excellent antimicrobial and physicochemical properties. Hence, the nanocomposite film developed in the study can be considered to have promising applications in the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth K
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala Pin: 686 560, India
| | - Sharath K P
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala Pin: 686 560, India
| | - Midhun Dominic C D
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Kochi Pin: 682013, India
| | - Divya Mathew
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala Pin: 686 560, India
| | - Radhakrishnan E K
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala Pin: 686 560, India.
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3
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Zhang J, Yin K, Zhuang Z, Zhou J, Tang Y, Xu J, Chen Y, Li Y, Sun Q. Wood waste-derived dual-mode materials paving the way for year-round energy saving in buildings. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3633-3642. [PMID: 38764412 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In the face of the challenges posed by global warming, traditional methods of building heating and cooling contribute significantly to electricity and coal consumption, thereby emitting considerable amounts of greenhouse gases. Here, a dual-mode thermal management structural material is created by processing sustainable cellulose and lignin derived from wood waste into gels, followed by lamination. The cellulose surface of the material exhibits the ability to scatter solar radiation backward while emitting strongly in the mid-infrared wavelengths, whereas the lignin surface absorbs visible and near-infrared light, primarily releasing energy through non-radiative transitions. Consequently, the material can achieve sub-ambient radiative cooling of 6 °C and solar heating of 27.5 °C during the daytime by simply flipping its orientation. This pioneering material showcases the potential to significantly reduce cooling energy consumption by an average of 18% and heating energy consumption by 42%. Moreover, the integration of a thermal-electric generator within the dual-layer structure optimally utilizes the temperature differential between the two layers, converting it into electrical power. Notably, the dual-mode thermal management structural material exhibits impressive mechanical strength, boasting a flexural strength of 102 MPa, surpassing that of natural wood by over 4.8 times. With its dual-mode functionality and embedded thermal-electric generator, this material represents a crucial step towards achieving both thermal comfort and energy autonomy in sustainable building practices, thereby contributing to a more environmentally friendly and efficient future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Kairen Yin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Zirui Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Jinghan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Yixi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Jingyong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Yipeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Qingfeng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P. R. China.
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Ekrem Parlak M, Irmak Sahin O, Neslihan Dundar A, Türker Saricaoglu F, Smaoui S, Goksen G, Koirala P, Al-Asmari F, Prakash Nirmal N. Natural colorant incorporated biopolymers-based pH-sensing films for indicating the food product quality and safety. Food Chem 2024; 439:138160. [PMID: 38086233 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The current synthetic plastic-based packaging creates environmental hazards that impact climate change. Hence, the topic of the current research in food packaging is biodegradable packaging and its development. In addition, new smart packaging solutions are being developed to monitor the quality of packaged foods, with dual functions as food preservation and quality indicators. In the creation of intelligent and active food packaging, many natural colorants have been employed effectively as pH indicators and active substances, respectively. This review provides an overview of biodegradable polymers and natural colorants that are being extensively studied for pH-indicating packaging. A comprehensive discussion has been provided on the current status of the development of intelligent packaging systems for food, different incorporation techniques, and technical challenges in the development of such green packaging. Finally, the food industry and environmental protection might be revolutionized by pH-sensing biodegradable packaging enabling real-time detection of food product quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Ekrem Parlak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Yıldırım/BURSA, Turkey
| | - Oya Irmak Sahin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, 76200 Yalova, Turkey
| | - Ayse Neslihan Dundar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Yıldırım/BURSA, Turkey
| | - Furkan Türker Saricaoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Yıldırım/BURSA, Turkey
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Gulden Goksen
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Pankaj Koirala
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Fahad Al-Asmari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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Ahn K, Park K, Sadeghi K, Seo J. New Surface Modification of Hydrophilic Polyvinyl Alcohol via Predrying and Electrospinning of Hydrophobic Polycaprolactone Nanofibers. Foods 2024; 13:1385. [PMID: 38731754 PMCID: PMC11083550 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the excellent oxygen barrier and biodegradability of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), its poor physical properties owing to its inherent hydrophilicity limit its application. In this paper, we report a novel surface modification technique for PVA films, involving the control of the predrying conditions (i.e., amount of residual solvent) of the coated PVA film and adjusting the electrospinning process of hydrophobic polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers onto the PVA films. The residual solvent of the coated PVA film was varied by changing the predrying time. A shorter predrying time increased the residual solvent content significantly (p < 0.05) and the flexibility of the coated PVA film. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy depicted the improved physical binding of hydrophobic PCL nanofibers to the hydrophilic PVA surface with increased penetration depth to the PVA film with shorter drying times. The PVA/PCL composite films with different predrying times and electrospun PCL nanofibers exhibited an apparent increase in the contact angle from 8.3° to 95.1°. The tensile strength of the pure PVA film increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 7.5 MPa to 77.4 MPa and its oxygen permeability decreased from 5.5 to 1.9 cc/m2·day. Therefore, our newly developed technique is cost-effective for modifying the surface and physical properties of hydrophilic polymers, broadening their industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyeon Ahn
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si 26493, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (K.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Kitae Park
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si 26493, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (K.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Jongchul Seo
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si 26493, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (K.A.); (K.P.)
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Linares-Castañeda A, Franco-Hernández MO, Gómez y Gómez YDLM, Corzo-Rios LJ. Physical properties of zein-alginate-glycerol edible films and their application in the preservation of chili peppers ( Capsicum annuum L.). Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:889-902. [PMID: 38371689 PMCID: PMC10866812 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Edible films elaborated from macromolecules, like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, must protect and maintain the integrity of foods during their handling, storage, and transportation. In this work, the effect of the concentration of zein (1-2% w/v), sodium alginate (1.5-2% w/v), and glycerol (2-4% w/v) on edible films physicochemical properties was evaluated. The Zein-Alginate-Glycerol interaction was evidenced by the FTIR analysis, the high permeability to water vapor and contact angles less than 90° of the polymer matrices formed. The film made with 2% zein, 1.5% sodium alginate and 4% glycerol preserved the quality of the chili pepper during 15 days of storage at 20 °C, the edible films allowed 3 more days of shelf life for weight loss and 10 more days for firmness. Edible films could be used in chili peppers that are destined for industrial processing, and before use, remove the film with a simple wash. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01393-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Linares-Castañeda
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto S/N, Barrio La Laguna, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marina Olivia Franco-Hernández
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto S/N, Barrio La Laguna, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda de las Mercedes Gómez y Gómez
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto S/N, Barrio La Laguna, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Jorge Corzo-Rios
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto S/N, Barrio La Laguna, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico
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Janik W, Jakubski Ł, Kudła S, Dudek G. Modified polysaccharides for food packaging applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128916. [PMID: 38134991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of new food packaging materials is crucial to reduce the use of single-use plastics and to limit their destructive impact on the environment. Polysaccharides provide an alternative solution to this problem. This paper summarizes and discusses recent research results on the potential of modifying polysaccharides as materials for film and coating applications. Modifications of polysaccharides significantly affect their properties, as well as their application usability. Although modifications of biopolymers for packaging applications have been widely studied, polysaccharides have attracted little attention despite being a prospective, environmentally friendly, and economically viable packaging alternative. Therefore, this paper discusses approaches to the development of biodegradable, polysaccharide-based food packaging materials and focuses on modifications of four polysaccharides, such as starch, chitosan, sodium alginate and cellulose. In addition, these modifications are presented not only in terms of the selected polysaccharide, but also in terms of specific properties, i.e. hydrophilic, barrier and mechanical properties, of polysaccharides. Such a presentation of results makes it much easier to select the modification method to improve the unsatisfactory properties of the material. Moreover, very often it happens that the applied modification improves one and worsens another property, which is also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Jakubski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Kudła
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Dudek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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8
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Qi W, Tong X, Wang M, Liu S, Cheng J, Wang H. Impact of soybean protein isolate concentration on chitosan-cellulose nanofiber edible films: Focus on structure and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128185. [PMID: 37977456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan and cellulose nanofiber films are frequently employed as biodegradable materials for food packaging. However, many exhibit suboptimal hydrophobicity and antioxidant properties. To address these shortcomings, we enhanced the performance by adding different concentrations of soybean protein isolate (SPI) to chitosan-cellulose nanofiber (CS-CNF) films. As SPI concentration varied, the turbidity, particle size, and ζ-potential of the film-forming solutions initially decreased and subsequently increased. This suggests that 1 % SPI augments the electrostatic attraction and compatibility. Rheological analysis confirmed a pronounced apparent viscosity at this concentration. Analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectra, Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction, and Scanning electron microscope revealed the presence of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between SPI and CS-CNF, indicative of superior compatibility. When SPI concentration was set at 1 %, notable enhancements in film attributes were observed: improvements in tensile strength and elongation at break, a reduction in water vapor permeability by 8.23 %, and an elevation in the contact angle by 18.85 %. Furthermore, at this concentration, the ABTS+ and DPPH scavenging capacities of the film surged by 61.53 % and 46.18 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the films we prepare are not toxic. This research offers valuable insights for the advancement and application of protein-polysaccharide-based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Qi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shi Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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9
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He S, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Luo X, Gibson CT, Gao J, Jellicoe M, Wang H, Young DJ, Raston CL. Enhanced mechanical strength of vortex fluidic mediated biomass-based biodegradable films composed from agar, alginate and kombucha cellulose hydrolysates. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127076. [PMID: 37769780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable, biomass derived kombucha cellulose films with increased mechanical strength from 9.98 MPa to 18.18 MPa were prepared by vortex fluidic device (VFD) processing. VFD processing not only reduced the particle size of kombucha cellulose from approximate 2 μm to 1 μm, but also reshaped its structure from irregular to round. The increased mechanical strength of these polysaccharide-derived films is the result of intensive micromixing and high shear stress of a liquid thin film in a VFD. This arises from the incorporation at the micro-structural level of uniform, unidirectional strings of kombucha cellulose hydrolysates, which resulted from the topological fluid flow in the VFD. The biodegradability of the VFD generated polymer films was not compromised relative to traditionally generated films. Both films were biodegraded within 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, China; College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia; Flinders Institute for Nanoscale and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yixiao Wu
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jingrong Gao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, China; Flinders Institute for Nanoscale and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matt Jellicoe
- Institute of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.
| | - David J Young
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
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10
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Lu S, Zhou Y, Hu X, Wang T, Xu B, Cui R, Ma T, Song Y. Tailoring the optical and mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystal film by sugar alcohols and its pH/humidity-responsive behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127316. [PMID: 37820913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have gained widespread attention in intelligent food packaging because of their iridescent optical properties. Here, we report a CNC composite film employing CNC, sugar alcohols (e.g., maltol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol) and natural pigment anthocyanins, which has a special iridescent color that can be used as a pH and humidity sensor. The effects of five sugar alcohols with different addition ratios on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of the CNC films were investigated. The results demonstrated that the addition of sugar alcohol made composite films exhibiting a red-shift of λmax, a more uniform color in visual observation, and a larger pitch. Among them, the CNC-mannitol composite film with a ratio of 10:1 exhibited the best mechanical properties, possessing a tensile stress strength of 57 MPa and toughness of 137 J/m3. Subsequently, anthocyanins were incorporated to this composite film, which showed a marked color change along with the pH from 2 to 12 and exhibited a reversible color change from red to transparent upon a relative humidity change from 35 % to 85 %. Overall, such multi-environment-responsive iridescent films with excellent mechanical properties have a great potential for use in intelligent food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxing Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinna Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ranran Cui
- Guangxi Qingqing Biotech Co., Ltd, Guangxi, Fangchenggang 538000, China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yi Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China.
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11
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Wang X, Wang Q, Wang P, Zhou M, Xu B, Liu Y, Yu Y. A soft multifunctional film from chitosan modified with disulfide bond cross-links and prepared by a simple method. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126774. [PMID: 37683753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan was modified with thioctic acid and used to prepare soft films. As confirmed by FTIR and XPS measurements, a condensation reaction occurred between the amino groups in the chitosan and the carboxyl groups in the lipoic acid to form amide bonds in the modified chitosan. Films were then prepared by casting at ambient conditions, and the effects of the chemical modification on the physical-mechanical, antibacterial, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. The results showed that the tensile strength, flexibility and recovery performance of the modified films were significantly different from those of the unmodified films. For example, the Young's modulus of a pure chitosan film was 2600 MPa, while the modified films were much more flexible with a Young's modulus as low as 32.5 MPa. Moreover, the modified chitosan films were not dissolved or damaged by common organic solvents or in highly acidic (pH 1) or highly basic (pH 13) conditions. The modified films also showed good antibacterial activity against both E coli and S aureus with inhibition rates of almost 100 %. These desirable properties suggest that the modified chitosan films prepared here have possible application prospects in flexible devices and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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12
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Manikandan NA, Lens PNL. Sustainable biorefining and bioprocessing of green seaweed (Ulva spp.) for the production of edible (ulvan) and non-edible (polyhydroxyalkanoate) biopolymeric films. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:140. [PMID: 37525181 PMCID: PMC10388562 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustainable biorefining and bioprocessing strategy was developed to produce edible-ulvan films and non-edible polyhydroxybutyrate films. The preparation of edible-ulvan films by crosslinking and plasticisation of ulvan with citric acid and xylitol was investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The edible ulvan film was tested for its gut-friendliness using Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. (yoghurt) and was shown to improve these gut-friendly microbiome's growth and simultaneously retarding the activity of pathogens like Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Green macroalgal biomass refused after the extraction of ulvan was biologically processed by dark fermentation to produce a maximum of 3.48 (± 0.14) g/L of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Aerobic processing of these VFAs using Cupriavidus necator cells produced 1.59 (± 0.12) g/L of biomass with 18.2 wt% polyhydroxybutyrate. The present study demonstrated the possibility of producing edible and non-edible packaging films using green macroalgal biomass as the sustainable feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arul Manikandan
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
- DCU Glasnevin Campus, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Piet N L Lens
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
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13
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Nechita P, Roman Iana Roman M, Năstac SM. Green Approaches on Modification of Xylan Hemicellulose to Enhance the Functional Properties for Food Packaging Materials-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092088. [PMID: 37177236 PMCID: PMC10180625 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the environmental concerns, the utilisation of hemicelluloses in food packaging has become a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers and an important method for the efficient utilisation of biomass resources. After cellulose, hemicellulose is a second component of agricultural and forestry biomass that is being taken advantage of given its abundant source, biodegradability, nontoxicity and good biocompatibility. However, due to its special molecular structure and physical and chemical characteristics, the mechanical and barrier properties of hemicellulose films and coatings are not sufficient for food packaging applications and modification for performance enhancement is needed. Even though there are many studies on improving the hydrophobic properties of hemicelluloses, most do not meet environmental requirements and the chemical modification of these biopolymers is still a challenge. The present review examines emerging and green alternatives to acetylation for xylan hemicellulose in order to improve its performance, especially when it is used as biopolymer in paper coatings or films for food packaging. Ionic liquids (ILs) and enzymatic modification are environmentally friendly methods used to obtain xylan derivatives with improved thermal and mechanical properties as well as hydrophobic performances that are very important for food packaging materials. Once these novel and green methodologies of hemicellulose modifications become well understood and with validated results, their production on an industrial scale could be implemented. This paper will extend the area of hemicellulose applications and lead to the implementation of a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based products that will decrease the environmental impact of packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronela Nechita
- Research and Consultancy Center for Agronomy and Environment, Engineering and Agronomy Faculty in Brăila, "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galați, 810017 Braila, Romania
| | - Mirela Roman Iana Roman
- Doctoral School of Fundamental and Engineering Sciences, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 817112 Braila, Romania
| | - Silviu Marian Năstac
- Research Center for Mechanics of Machines and Technological Equipments, Engineering and Agronomy Faculty in Brăila, "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galați, 810017 Braila, Romania
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500014 Brașov, Romania
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14
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Luo J, Gu Y, Yuan Y, Wu W, Jin Y, Jiang B. Lignin-induced sacrificial conjoined-network enabled strong and tough chitosan membrane for food preservation. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120876. [PMID: 37182966 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
As a natural green polymer, chitosan is a promising material for plastic replacement. However, the mutually exclusive strength and toughness severely limit its commercial application, and the improved strength of chitosan-based materials is typically achieved at the expense of elongation or toughness. Herein, inspired by the existed multiple non-covalent interactions in biosynthesized fibers, we successfully fabricated a high-performance lignin/chitosan composite film by constructing sacrificial conjoined-network (hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interaction, etc.), which results in an impressive enhancement in tensile strength (50.2 MPa), elongation (73.6 %), and toughness (2.7 MJ/m3) simultaneously, much superior to the pure chitosan film. In addition, the composite film also demonstrates excellent UV resistance, thermal stability, low oxygen permeability (3.9 cm3/(m2·24h‧0.1 MPa)) and food preservation (with no negligible change for grape, apple, and cherry tomato after 5-10 days). Such developed lignin/chitosan with both components from biomass represents a promising alternative for plastic replacement.
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15
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Kim S, Kim BS, Bai J, Chang Y. Antibacterial κ-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan-based edible hydrogel film containing Salmonella phage PBSE191 and its application in chicken meat. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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16
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Hemicellulose: Structure, Chemical Modification, and Application. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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17
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Kusuma HS, Yugiani P, Himana AI, Aziz A, Putra DAW. Reflections on food security and smart packaging. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023; 81:1-47. [PMID: 36852383 PMCID: PMC9947446 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Estimating the number of COVID-19 cases in 2020 exacerbated the food contamination and food supply issues. These problems make consumers more concerned about food and the need to access accurate information on food quality. One of the main methods for preserving the quality of food commodities for export, storage, and finished products is food packaging itself. In the food industry, food packaging has a significant role in the food supply which acts as a barrier against unwanted substances and preserves the quality of the food. Meanwhile, packaging waste can also harm the environment; namely, it can become waste in waterways or become garbage that accumulates because it is nonrenewable and nonbiodegradable. The problem of contaminated food caused by product packaging is also severe. Therefore, to overcome these challenges of safety, environmental impact, and sustainability, the role of food packaging becomes very important and urgent. In this review, the authors will discuss in more detail about new technologies applied in the food industry related to packaging issues to advance the utilization of Smart Packaging and Active Packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heri Septya Kusuma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Sleman, Indonesia
| | - Puput Yugiani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Sleman, Indonesia
| | - Ayu Iftah Himana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Sleman, Indonesia
| | - Amri Aziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Sleman, Indonesia
| | - Deva Afriga Wardana Putra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Sleman, Indonesia
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18
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Research Progress in Hemicellulose-Based Nanocomposite Film as Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040979. [PMID: 36850261 PMCID: PMC9964622 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main component of agricultural and forestry biomass, hemicellulose has the advantages of having an abundant source, biodegradability, nontoxicity and good biocompatibility. Its application in food packaging has thus become the focus of efficient utilization of biomass resources. However, due to its special molecular structure and physical and chemical characteristics, the mechanical properties and barrier properties of hemicellulose films are not sufficient, and modification for performance enhancement is still a challenge. In the field of food packaging materials preparation, modification of hemicellulose through blending with nanofibers or nanoparticles, both inorganic and organic, has attracted research attention because this approach offers the advantages of efficient improvement in the expected properties and better cost efficiency. In this paper, the composition of hemicellulose, the classification of nanofillers and the research status of hemicellulose-based nanocomposite films are reviewed. The research progress in modification of hemicellulose by using layered silicate, inorganic nanoparticles and organic nanoparticles in food packaging is described. Challenges and outlook of research in hemicellulose-based nanocomposite film in food packaging is discussed.
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19
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Development of psyllium seed husk-based colorimetric indicator by different homogenization methods. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Edible oleofilms with high vegetable oil content obtained from novel soy protein isolate/gelatin/chitosan nanofiber emulgels. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Tran TT, Jung J, Garcia L, DeShields JB, Cerrato DC, Penner MH, Tomasino E, Levin AD, Zhao Y. Impact of functional spray coatings on smoke volatile phenol compounds and Pinot noir grape growth. J Food Sci 2023; 88:367-380. [PMID: 36533941 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of wildfires have been increasing over the last 50 years and negatively impacted the wine industry. Previous methods of smoke mitigation during grape processing have shown little impact in reducing smoke taint in wines. Therefore, a novel method of using edible spray coatings for vineyard application was developed to help prevent volatile smoke phenol uptake in wine grapes. Four cellulose nanofiber-based coating suspensions incorporated with chitosan and/or β-cyclodextrin were evaluated. Films derived from the coating suspensions were exposed to volatile phenols found in wildfire smoke (guaiacol, 4-methyl guaiacol, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, syringol, and 4-methyl syringol) and evaluated with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the results indicated that the coatings could uptake smoke phenols in varying degrees. The coatings were also applied in a vineyard at three different application times during grape growth: pea-sized, pre-bunch closure, and both at pea-sized and pre-bunch closure. The results showed that the application time did not have a significant (p < 0.05) effect on berry size, weight, °Brix, pH, or titratable acidity. The type of coating, time of application and washing were found to impact the number of volatile phenols in the grapes after a smoke event. Results from this study indicated that edible coatings could help mitigate smoke uptake in wine grapes without sacrificing the growth and key composition parameters of wine grapes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provides a novel spray coating that can be applied to wine grapes in the vineyard to potentially mitigate volatile smoke compounds in wine grapes without impacting fruit growth and key compositional parameters of wine grapes, thus maintaining high quality of wines for consumers. Results from this study can also be potentially applied to other agricultural commodities to solve the issues caused by the wildfire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung T Tran
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jooyeoun Jung
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Lindsay Garcia
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph B DeShields
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, Oregon, USA
| | - D Cole Cerrato
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael H Penner
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tomasino
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexander D Levin
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, Oregon, USA
| | - Yanyun Zhao
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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22
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Effect of Loblolly Pine ( Pinus taeda L.) Hemicellulose Structure on the Properties of Hemicellulose-Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Film. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010046. [PMID: 36615241 PMCID: PMC9822227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemicellulose is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide and a promising feedstock for biomaterial synthesis. In the present study, the hemicellulose of loblolly pine was obtained by the alkali extraction-graded ethanol precipitation technique, and the hemicellulose-polyvinyl alcohol (hemicellulose-PVA) composite film was prepared by film casting from water. Results showed that hemicellulose with a low degree of substitution is prone to self-aggregation during film formation, while hemicellulose with high branching has better compatibility with PVA and is easier to form a homogeneous composite film. In addition, the higher molecular weight of hemicellulose facilitates the preparation of hemicellulose-PVA composite film with better mechanical properties. More residual lignin in hemicellulose results in the better UV shielding ability of the composite film. This study provides essential support for the efficient and rational utilization of hemicellulose.
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23
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Kasim R, Bintoro N, Rahayoe S, Pranoto Y. Optimization of the Formulation of Sago Starch Edible Coatings Incorporated with Nano Cellulose Fiber (CNF). PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.47836/pjst.31.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to produce new edible coatings based on the mixture of sago starch, cellulose nanofiber (CNF), glycerol, and tween-80.The effect of sago starch (5–10 g of starch/100 ml of distilled water), CNF (0.5–20% w/w), glycerol (10–30% w/w), and tween-80 (0.5–10% w/w) based on sago starch concentration on contact angle (CA), water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (PO2) and tensile strength (TS) properties of the edible coatings were optimized using factorial experimental design (2k).The result showed that the linear model for all independent variables was significant (<i>P</i><0.05) on all responses (dependent variable).The sago starch concentration depicted a significant (p < 0.001) positive effect on contact angle; CNF showed a statistically significant effect on WVP, PO2, and TS; tween-80 showed a significant effect on all dependent variables, whereas glycerol only affected WVP. The optimum concentrations of sago starch, CNF, glycerol, and tween-80 were predicted to be 5 g/100 ml distilled water, 20% w/w, 10% w/w, and 0.5% w/w based on sago starch, respectively to obtain the minimum contact angle, WVP, PO2, and the maximum TS. The predicted data for the optimized coating formulation were in good agreement with the experimental value. This work revealed that the potential of sago starch/CNF based coating formulation could be effectively produced and successfully applied for coating of food.
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24
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Value-added utilization of fruit and vegetable processing by-products for the manufacture of biodegradable food packaging films. Food Chem 2022; 405:134964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Wang T, Jung J, Zhao Y. Isolation, characterization, and applications of holocellulose nanofibers from apple and rhubarb pomace using eco-friendly approach. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Chitosan-based films with alternative eco-friendly plasticizers: Preparation, physicochemical properties and stability. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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A Green Film-Forming Investigation of the Edible Film Based on Funoran: Preparation, Characterization, and the Investigation of the Plasticizer Effects. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192971. [PMID: 36230047 PMCID: PMC9563599 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an edible film based on funoran was developed. Moreover, the effects of plasticizers (glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol) on the physicochemical properties of the funoran films were also investigated. The interactions between plasticizers and funoran molecules of the film-forming system were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of plasticizers altered and broke the initial complex entangled structures of funoran molecular chains. Funoran films containing plasticizers were compatible, homogeneous, and dense, exhibiting good thermal stability below 100 °C. With the addition of plasticizers, the elongation at break, oxygen permeability, light transmittance, and water vapor permeability increased, but the tensile strength decreased. It was found that a glycerol addition of 40% was most suitable for commercial applications. All the results revealed the excellent film-forming properties of funoran, indicating that the prepared funoran films have tremendous potential for packaging applications.
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28
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Kumari SVG, Pakshirajan K, Pugazhenthi G. Recent advances and future prospects of cellulose, starch, chitosan, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates for sustainable food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:163-182. [PMID: 36067847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose, starch, chitosan, polylactic acid, and polyhydroxyalkanoates are seen as promising alternatives to conventional plastics in food packaging. However, the application of these biopolymers in the food packaging industry on a commercial scale is limited due to their poor performance and processing characteristics and high production cost. This review aims to provide an insight into the recent advances in research that address these limitations. Loading of nanofillers into polymer matrix could improve thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of biopolymers. Blending of biopolymers also offers the possibility of acquiring newer materials with desired characteristics. However, nanofillers tend to agglomerate when loaded above an optimum level in the polymer matrix. This article throws light on different methods adopted by researchers to achieve uniform dispersion of nanofillers in bionanocomposites. Furthermore, different processing methods available for converting biopolymers into different packaging forms are discussed. In addition, the potential utilization of agricultural, brewery, and industrial wastes as feedstock for the production of biopolymers, and integrated biorefinery concept that not only keep the total production cost of biopolymers low but are also environment-friendly, are discussed. Finally, future research prospects in this field and the possible contribution of biopolymers to sustainable development are presented. This review will certainly be helpful to researchers working on sustainable food packaging, and companies exploring pilot projects to scale up biopolymer production for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satti Venu Gopala Kumari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - G Pugazhenthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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29
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Xylan-starch-based bioplastic formulation and xylan influence on the physicochemical and biodegradability properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Ponnusamy PG, Sundaram J, Mani S. Preparation and characterization of citric acid crosslinked chitosan‐cellulose nanofibrils composite films for packaging applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudhagar Mani
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
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31
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Zheng L, Liu L, Yu J, Shao P. Novel trends and applications of natural pH-responsive indicator film in food packaging for improved quality monitoring. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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Chen J, Huang W, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Liu H, Zhang W, Huang J. Facile Preparation of Chitosan-Based Composite Film with Good Mechanical Strength and Flame Retardancy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071337. [PMID: 35406210 PMCID: PMC9002840 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve on the poor strength and flame retardancy of a chitosan (CS)-based functional film, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was taken as the reinforced material and both ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) as the flame-retardant additives in the CS matrix to prepare the CS/CNF/APP/BPEI composite film by simple drying. The resulting composite film showed good mechanical strength, with a tensile strength reaching 71.84 Mpa due to the high flexibility of CNF and the combination of CS, CNF and BPEI through strong hydrogen bonding interactions. The flame retardant-performance of the composite film greatly enhanced the limit oxygen index (LOI), up to 32.7% from 27.6% for the pure film, and the PHRR intensity decreased to 28.87 W/g from 39.38% in the micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) test due to the ability of BPEI to stimulate the decomposition of APP, releasing non-flammable gases such as CO2, N2, NH3, etc., and forming a protective phosphating layer to block the entry of O2. Based on the good flame retardancy, mechanical strength and transparency, the CS/CNF/APP/BPEI composite film has a great potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
- China Bamboo Charcoal Museum, Lishui 323300, China
| | - Wentao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Zenan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingda Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (J.H.)
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33
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Antibacterial chitosan-Dioscorea alata starch film enriched with essential oils optimally prepared by following response surface methodology. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dai X, Li S, Li S, Ke K, Pang J, Wu C, Yan Z. High antibacterial activity of chitosan films with covalent organic frameworks immobilized silver nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:407-417. [PMID: 34999048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chitosan (CS) film containing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) immobilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were developed for food packaging with improved antibacterial activities and film properties. COFs-AgNPs were fabricated via in-situ synthesis of immobilizing AgNPs on COFs. Transmission electron microscope, Zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, element mapping and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful fabrication of COFs-AgNPs, and COFs-AgNPs showed superior antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Furthermore, the as-prepared COFs-AgNPs composite was further used to fabricate CS composite films (CS/COFs-AgNPs) by a solution casting method. The findings showed that the tensile strength of the nanocomposite films enhanced dramatically with the increase of the COFs-AgNPs content, while the UV-visible light barrier property, water swelling and solubility properties, and water vapor permeability (WVP) decreased significantly. Not only that, the CS/COFs-AgNPs nanocomposite films also showed outstanding antibacterial activity and effectively prolonged the storage time of white crucian carp (Carassius auratus). As a result, CS/COFs-AgNPs nanocomposite films show great potential in active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxian Dai
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Si Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuhan Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Keqin Ke
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiming Yan
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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35
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Ambaye TG, Vaccari M, Prasad S, van Hullebusch ED, Rtimi S. Preparation and applications of chitosan and cellulose composite materials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113850. [PMID: 34619590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural fiber, chemically cellulose-like biopolymer, which is processed from chitin. Its use as a natural polymer is getting more attention because it is non-toxic, renewable, and biocompatible. However, its poor mechanical and thermal strength, particle size, and surface area restrict its industrial use. Consequently, to improve these properties, cellulose and/or inorganic nanoparticles have been used. This review discusses the recent progress of chitosan and cellulose composite materials, their preparation, and their applications in different industrial sectors. It also discusses the modification of chitosan and cellulose composite materials to allow their use on a large scale. Finally, the recent development of chitosan composite materials for drug delivery, food packaging, protective coatings, and wastewater treatment are discussed. The challenges and perspectives for future research are also considered. This review suggests that chitosan and cellulose nano-composite are promising, low-cost products for environmental remediation involving a simple production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Mentore Vaccari
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Eric D van Hullebusch
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7154, F-75238, Paris, France
| | - Sami Rtimi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Zhang L, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Li F, Jiao X, Li Q. The effects of cellulose nanocrystal and cellulose nanofiber on the properties of pumpkin starch-based composite films. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:444-451. [PMID: 34606791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pumpkin starch (PS) was extracted from Cucurbita maxima and utilized to prepare films in combination with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF), using a solvent casting strategy. The PS was characterized to contain 26.6% of amylose, exhibiting a "B"-type crystalline structure and high stability against thermal degradation. PS/CNF films showed better thermal stability than PS/CNC films, whereas the CNC was more effective than CNF for enhancing the tensile strength (TS) of the films. The nanocomposite films containing 1% CNC showed the highest TS of 30.32 MPa. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed stronger hydrogen bonding in the PS/CNC films, likely contributing to the observed high mechanical strength. CNC and CNF both decreased the transparency of PS films, by 5.2% and 13.1%, respectively. Overall, the properties of PS composite films can be effectively modified by incorporating CNC and CNF, as PS/CNC films with high mechanical strength and PS/CNF films with good thermal stability. Our results indicate that PS is a suitable material for CNC/CNF composite film fabrication. These films are expected to be especially useful in food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Jiao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Quanhong Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100083, China.
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37
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Rincón E, Espinosa E, García-Domínguez MT, Balu AM, Vilaplana F, Serrano L, Jiménez-Quero A. Bioactive pectic polysaccharides from bay tree pruning waste: Sequential subcritical water extraction and application in active food packaging. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118477. [PMID: 34420736 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential isolation of bio-active polysaccharides from bay tree pruning waste was studied using sequential subcritical water extraction using different time-temperature combinations. The extracted polysaccharides were highly enriched in pectins while preserving their high molecular mass (10-100 kDa), presenting ideal properties for its application as additive in food packaging. Pectin-enriched chitosan films were prepared, improving the optical properties (≥95% UV-light barrier capacity), antioxidant capacity (˃95% radical scavenging activity) and water vapor permeability (≤14 g·Pa-1·s-1·m-1·10-7) in comparison with neat chitosan-based films. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of chitosan was maintained in the hybrid films. Addition of 10% of pectins improved mechanical properties, increasing the Young's modulus 12%, and the stress resistance in 51%. The application of pectin-rich fractions from bay tree pruning waste as an additive in active food packaging applications, with triple action as antioxidant, barrier, and antimicrobial has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rincón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie-Curie (C-3), CTRA. IV-A, Km 396, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie-Curie (C-3), CTRA. IV-A, Km 396, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Espinosa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie-Curie (C-3), CTRA. IV-A, Km 396, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M T García-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Química Física y Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad de Huelva, Campus "El Carmen", Av. De las Fuerzas Armadas. S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - A M Balu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie-Curie (C-3), CTRA. IV-A, Km 396, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Serrano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie-Curie (C-3), CTRA. IV-A, Km 396, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Jiménez-Quero
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 21, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dehghani S, Rezaei K, Hamishehkar H, Oromiehie A. The effect of electrospun polylactic acid/chitosan nanofibers on the low density polyethylene/ploy lactic acid film as bilayer antibacterial active packaging films. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Dehghani
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology University of Tehran Karaj Iran
| | - Karamatollah Rezaei
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology University of Tehran Karaj Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
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39
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Amin U, Khan MU, Majeed Y, Rebezov M, Khayrullin M, Bobkova E, Shariati MA, Chung IM, Thiruvengadam M. Potentials of polysaccharides, lipids and proteins in biodegradable food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:2184-2198. [PMID: 34062159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based packaging materials are gaining importance due to their biodegradability, sustainability and environmental friendliness. To control the food quality and improve the food safety standards, proteins polysaccharide and lipid-based packaging films are enriched with bioactive and functional substances. However, poor permeability and mechanical characteristics are the challenging areas in their commercialization. Scientists and researchers are using a combination of techniques i.e. hydrogels, crosslinking, etc. to improve the intermolecular forces between different components of the film formulation to counter these challenges More recently, biodegradable packaging materials, sometimes edible, are also used for the delivery of functional ingredients which reveals their potential for drug delivery to counter the nutrient deficiency problems. This study highlights the potentials of bio-based materials i.e. proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc. to develop biodegradable packaging materials. It also explores the additives used to improve the physicochemical and mechanical properties of biodegradable packaging materials. Furthermore, it highlights the novel trends in biodegradable packaging from a food safety and quality point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Amin
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Khan
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Yaqoob Majeed
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- V M Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Talalikhina St., Moscow 109316, Russian Federation; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, 38 Vavilova str., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mars Khayrullin
- Department of Technology of Food Products, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73, Zemlyanoy Val St., Moscow 109004, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Bobkova
- Department of Technology of Food Products, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73, Zemlyanoy Val St., Moscow 109004, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Department of Technology of Food Products, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73, Zemlyanoy Val St., Moscow 109004, Russian Federation
| | - Ill Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Lisitsyn A, Semenova A, Nasonova V, Polishchuk E, Revutskaya N, Kozyrev I, Kotenkova E. Approaches in Animal Proteins and Natural Polysaccharides Application for Food Packaging: Edible Film Production and Quality Estimation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1592. [PMID: 34063360 PMCID: PMC8156411 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural biopolymers are an interesting resource for edible films production, as they are environmentally friendly packaging materials. The possibilities of the application of main animal proteins and natural polysaccharides are considered in the review, including the sources, structure, and limitations of usage. The main ways for overcoming the limitations caused by the physico-chemical properties of biopolymers are also discussed, including composites approaches, plasticizers, and the addition of crosslinking agents. Approaches for the production of biopolymer-based films and coatings are classified according to wet and dried processes and considered depending on biopolymer types. The methods for mechanical, physico-chemical, hydration, and uniformity estimation of edible films are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Lisitsyn
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Anastasia Semenova
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Viktoria Nasonova
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Polishchuk
- Experimental Clinic and Research Laboratory for Bioactive Substances of Animal Origin, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia Revutskaya
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Ivan Kozyrev
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Elena Kotenkova
- Experimental Clinic and Research Laboratory for Bioactive Substances of Animal Origin, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia;
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41
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Yavari Maroufi L, Ghorbani M, Tabibiazar M, Mohammadi M, Pezeshki A. Advanced properties of gelatin film by incorporating modified kappa-carrageenan and zein nanoparticles for active food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:753-759. [PMID: 33932425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the improvement of gelatin-based films for usage in food packaging has attracted more attention owing to their non-toxicity, biodegradability, availability, and renewability. In the current study, the improved gelatin-based films were produced using covalent interaction through dialdehyde kappa-carrageenan (DAK-car) and thymol-loaded zein nanoparticle content. The influences of DAK-car into the matrix of gelatin films (GEL) on the structural, total soluble matter (TSM), moisture content (MC), and water vapor permeability (WVP), and mechanical properties were investigated. After the formation of covalent crosslinking amongst the amino groups of GEL and the dialdehyde groups of DAK-car with the blending ratio of 1:2 (GEL 4% w/v): (DAK-car 1% w/v), a remarkably (p < 0.05) reduction was saw in TSM, MC, and WVP of film. The tensile strength of this film (72.26 ± 0.3 MPa) was ~20-fold higher compared with pure GEL film. It should also be noted that the presence of zein nanoparticles (ZNPs) did not have a notably effect on improving the attributes of gelatin-based film. However, the presence of thymol in concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL showed acceptable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. As a result, GEL/DAK-car with blending ratio of 1:2 containing thymol-loaded ZNPs films demonstrated the valuable potential for application in active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Yavari Maroufi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marjan Ghorbani
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahnaz Tabibiazar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akram Pezeshki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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42
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Haghighi H, Gullo M, La China S, Pfeifer F, Siesler HW, Licciardello F, Pulvirenti A. Characterization of bio-nanocomposite films based on gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol blend reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers for food packaging applications. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Zhao Y, Sun H, Yang B, Fan B, Zhang H, Weng Y. Enhancement of Mechanical and Barrier Property of Hemicellulose Film via Crosslinking with Sodium Trimetaphosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:927. [PMID: 33802938 PMCID: PMC8002615 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicellulose is a kind of biopolymer with abundant resources and excellent biodegradability. Owing to its large number of polar hydroxyls, hemicellulose has a good barrier performance to nonpolar oxygen, making this biopolymer promising as food packaging material. Hydrophilic hydroxyls also make the polymer prone to water absorption, resulting in less satisfied strength especially under humid conditions. Thus, preparation of hemicellulose film with enhanced oxygen and water vapor barrier ability, as well as mechanical strength is still sought after. Herein, sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) was used as esterification agent to form a crosslinked structure with hemicellulose through esterification reaction to render improved barrier performance by reducing the distance between molecular chains. The thus modified hemicellulose film achieved an oxygen permeability and water vapor permeability of 3.72 cm3 × μm × m-2 × d-1 × kPa-1 and 2.85 × 10-10 × g × m-1 × s-1 × Pa-1, respectively, at the lowest esterification agent addition of 10%. The crosslinked structure also brought good mechanical and thermal properties, with the tensile strength reaching 30 MPa, which is 118% higher than that of the hemicellulose film. Preliminary test of its application in apple preservation showed that the barrier film obtained can effectively slow down the oxidation and dehydration of apples, showing the prospect of application in the field of food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
| | - Baomin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Riccio BVF, Klosowski AB, Prestes E, Sousa TB, Assunção Morais LC, Lemes BM, Beltrame FL, Campos PM, Ferrari PC. Chitosan/nanocellulose‐based bionanocomposite films for controlled betamethasone and silver sulfadiazine delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vincenzo Fiod Riccio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of São Paulo – UNESP Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of Ponta Grossa – UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Klosowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of Ponta Grossa – UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
| | - Eduardo Prestes
- Department of Materials Engineering State University of Ponta Grossa – UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
| | - Taynara Barbosa Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of Ponta Grossa – UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Mikulis Lemes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of Ponta Grossa – UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
| | - Flávio Luís Beltrame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of Ponta Grossa – UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
| | - Patrícia Mazureki Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of Ponta Grossa – UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
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Yuan Y, Zhang X, Pan Z, Xue Q, Wu Y, Li Y, Li B, Li L. Improving the properties of chitosan films by incorporating shellac nanoparticles. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Wu Y, Guan Y, Gao H, Zhou L, Peng F. Novel high‐strength montmorillonite/polyvinyl alcohol composite film enhanced by chitin nanowhiskers. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yule Wu
- Forestry and Landscape Architecture Anhui Agricultural University Hefei China
| | - Ying Guan
- Forestry and Landscape Architecture Anhui Agricultural University Hefei China
| | - Hui Gao
- Forestry and Landscape Architecture Anhui Agricultural University Hefei China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Forestry and Landscape Architecture Anhui Agricultural University Hefei China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
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Haghighi H, Licciardello F, Fava P, Siesler HW, Pulvirenti A. Recent advances on chitosan-based films for sustainable food packaging applications. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Machado BR, Facchi SP, de Oliveira AC, Nunes CS, Souza PR, Vilsinski BH, Popat KC, Kipper MJ, Muniz EC, Martins AF. Bactericidal Pectin/Chitosan/Glycerol Films for Food Pack Coatings: A Critical Viewpoint. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228663. [PMID: 33212884 PMCID: PMC7698469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin and chitosan films containing glycerol (Gly) at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 wt % were prepared in an aqueous HCl solution (0.10 M) by the solvent evaporation method. The unwashed film (UF) containing 40 wt % Gly (UF40) had elongation at break (ε, %) of 19%. Washed films (WFs) had high tensile strength (σ > 46 MPa) and low elongation at break (ε, <5.0%), enabling their use in food packaging applications. The polymers’ self-assembling occurred during the washing, increasing the stiffness. The XPS analysis suggests that some HCl is lost during the drying process, resulting in a low acid content on the UF surfaces. The UF40 (at 5.0 mg/mL) exhibits cytocompatibility toward mammalian cells and antimicrobial and anti-adhesive properties against Escherichia coli. The remaining HCl in the UF40 can be a disadvantage for food packaging applications; the UF40 (∅ = 8.5 mm; 55 μm thickness) releases H3O+/HCl, reducing the pH to approximately 3.0 when kept in 200 mL distilled water for approximately 30 min. Therefore, we propose the use of UF40 to coat commercial food packaging. The UF40 has low permeability to water vapor and oxygen and works as a barrier against ultraviolet light. The UF40 is also colorless and completely transparent. The UF40 maintained tomatoes’ structural integrity for 18 days at room temperature with no oxidation or microorganism contamination. This paper presents a critical viewpoint concerning chitosan-based films with antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. Machado
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
| | - Suelen P. Facchi
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
| | - Ariel C. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
| | - Cátia S. Nunes
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
| | - Paulo R. Souza
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
| | - Bruno H. Vilsinski
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
| | - Ketul C. Popat
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.C.P.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mathew J. Kipper
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.C.P.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Edvani C. Muniz
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina PI 64049-550, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.C.M.); (A.F.M.)
| | - Alessandro F. Martins
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence: (E.C.M.); (A.F.M.)
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Zhang W, Zhang Y, Cao J, Jiang W. Improving the performance of edible food packaging films by using nanocellulose as an additive. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:288-296. [PMID: 33129905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the environmental pollution problems caused by plastic-based packaging, the development of edible food packaging films is imminent. However, the performance of most edible packaging films is insufficient to meet practical applications, so recent studies have focused on the research of various fillers to improve film properties. This article reviews recent applications of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) in edible food packaging films including the effect on thickness, optical properties, barrier properties, water sensitivity, mechanical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The main conclusion of this review is that the incorporation of CNC and CNF could significantly improve the performance of edible food packaging films. Particular finding is that although CNC and CNF can be used as excellent addition to improve the performance of edible food packaging films, there is a key "optimum" concentration. In addition, we also found that CNC and CNF as excellent controlled release agents and stabilizers significantly increased the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of edible food packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yiqin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jiankang Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Development of functional chitosan-based composite films incorporated with hemicelluloses: Effect on physicochemical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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