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Ge Z, Long L, Zhang F, Dong R, Chen Z, Tang S, Yang L, Wang Y. Development of an injectable oxidized dextran/gelatin hydrogel capable of promoting the healing of alkali burn-associated corneal wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132740. [PMID: 38825267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The cornea serves as an essential shield that protects the underlying eye from external conditions, yet it remains highly vulnerable to injuries that could lead to blindness and scarring if not promptly and effectively treated. Excessive inflammatory response constitute the primary cause of pathological corneal injury. This study aimed to develop effective approaches for enabling the functional repair of corneal injuries by combining nanoparticles loaded with anti-inflammatory agents and an injectable oxidized dextran/gelatin/borax hydrogel. The injectability and self-healing properties of developed hydrogels based on borate ester bonds and dynamic Schiff base bonds were excellent, improving the retention of administered drugs on the ocular surface. In vitro cellular assays and in vivo animal studies collectively substantiated the proficiency of probucol nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels to readily suppress proinflammatory marker expression and to induce the upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators, thereby supporting rapid repair of rat corneal tissue following alkali burn-induced injury. As such, probucol nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels represent a prospective avenue to developing long-acting and efficacious therapies for ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ge
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510071, China; Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province 410000, China
| | - Linyu Long
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410009, China; Aier Eye Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan Province 410035, China; National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Chuanda-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China; Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Fanjun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Chuanda-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Ruiqi Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Chuanda-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510071, China; Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province 410000, China; Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410009, China; School of Stomatology and Ophthalmology, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Shibo Tang
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province 410000, China; Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410009, China; Aier Eye Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan Province 410035, China.
| | - Li Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Chuanda-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Chuanda-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Deng B, Liu S, Wang Y, Ali B, Kong N, Xie T, Koo S, Ouyang J, Tao W. Oral Nanomedicine: Challenges and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306081. [PMID: 37724825 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Compared to injection administration, oral administration is free of discomfort, wound infection, and complications and has a higher compliance rate for patients with diverse diseases. However, oral administration reduces the bioavailability of medicines, especially biologics (e.g., peptides, proteins, and antibodies), due to harsh gastrointestinal biological barriers. In this context, the development and prosperity of nanotechnology have helped improve the bioactivity and oral availability of oral medicines. On this basis, first, the biological barriers to oral administration are discussed, and then oral nanomedicine based on organic and inorganic nanomaterials and their biomedical applications in diverse diseases are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities in the future development of oral nanomedicine, which may provide a vital reference for the eventual clinical transformation and standardized production of oral nanomedicine, are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shaomin Liu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jiang Ouyang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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3
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Wu J, Zhu Z, Liu W, Zhang Y, Kang Y, Liu J, Hu C, Wang R, Zhang M, Chen L, Shao L. How Nanoparticles Open the Paracellular Route of Biological Barriers: Mechanisms, Applications, and Prospects. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15627-15652. [PMID: 36121682 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological barriers are essential physiological protective systems and obstacles to drug delivery. Nanoparticles (NPs) can access the paracellular route of biological barriers, either causing adverse health impacts on humans or producing therapeutic opportunities. This Review introduces the structural and functional influences of NPs on the key components that govern the paracellular route, mainly tight junctions, adherens junctions, and cytoskeletons. Furthermore, we evaluate their interaction mechanisms and address the influencing factors that determine the ability of NPs to open the paracellular route, which provides a better knowledge of how NPs can open the paracellular route in a safer and more controllable way. Finally, we summarize limitations in the research models and methodologies of the existing research in the field and provide future research direction. This Review demonstrates the in-depth causes for the reversible opening or destruction of the integrity of barriers generated by NPs; more importantly, it contributes insights into the design of NP-based medications to boost paracellular drug delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenjun Zhu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ruolan Wang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Manjin Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Kong J, Park SS, Ha CS. pH-Sensitive Polyacrylic Acid-Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanocarrier Incorporated with Calcium Ions for Controlled Drug Release. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5926. [PMID: 36079309 PMCID: PMC9457024 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, polyacrylic acid-functionalized MCM-41 was synthesized, which was made to interact with calcium ions, in order to realize enhanced pH-responsive nanocarriers for sustained drug release. First, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared by the sol-gel method. Afterward, a (3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPM) modified surface was prepared by using the post-grafting method, and then the polymerization of the acrylic acid was performed. After adding a calcium chloride solution, polyacrylic acid-functionalized MSNs with calcium-carboxyl ionic bonds in the polymeric layer, which can prevent the cargo from leaking out of the mesopore, were prepared. The structure and morphology of the modified nanoparticles (PAA-MSNs) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, etc. The controlled release of guest molecules was studied by using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The drug molecule-incorporated nanoparticles showed different releasing rates under different pH conditions. It is considered that our current materials have the potential as pH-responsive nanocarriers in the field of medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Kong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Park
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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5
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Tian Z, Zhao Y, Mai Y, Qiao F, Guo J, Dong L, Niu Y, Gou G, Yang J. Nanocrystals with different stabilizers overcome the mucus and epithelial barriers for oral delivery of multicomponent Bufadienolides. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Ma B, Chen Y, Hu G, Zeng Q, Lv X, Oh DH, Fu X, Jin Y. Ovotransferrin Antibacterial Peptide Coupling Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle as an Effective Antibiotic Delivery System for Treating Bacterial Infection In Vivo. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 8:109-118. [PMID: 34936344 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a serious threat to global public health. The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens is due to the improper use of antibiotics, making the treatment of bacterial infections very challenging. Here, we reported an efficient antibiotic delivery nanoparticle to minimize antibiotic resistance. The nanoparticle was designed to target the bacterial membrane using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) modified with an ovotransferrin-derived antimicrobial peptide (OVTp12), enabling the antibiotic to be delivered to the vicinity of the pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, we observed that OVTp12-modified nanoparticles effectively inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli in vitro and in vivo. The nanoparticle with high biosafety could significantly downregulate the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in infected tissues. Thus, this novel bacterial targeted nanoparticle provides advantages in minimizing bacterial drug resistance and treating bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Gan Hu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zeng
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Lv
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- Department of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, South Korea
| | - Xing Fu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yongguo Jin
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
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7
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Hao W, Cha R, Wang M, Zhang P, Jiang X. Impact of nanomaterials on the intestinal mucosal barrier and its application in treating intestinal diseases. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 7:6-30. [PMID: 34889349 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB) is one of the important barriers to prevent harmful substances and pathogens from entering the body environment and to maintain intestinal homeostasis. The dysfunction of the IMB is associated with intestinal diseases and disorders. Nanomaterials have been widely used in medicine and as drug carriers due to their large specific surface area, strong adsorbability, and good biocompatibility. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the impact of typical nanomaterials on the IMB and summarize the treatment of intestinal diseases by using nanomaterials. The effects of nanomaterials on the IMB are mainly influenced by factors such as the dosage, size, morphology, and surface functional groups of nanomaterials. There is huge potential and a broad prospect for the application of nanomaterials in regulating the IMB for achieving an optimal therapeutic effect for antibiotics, oral vaccines, drug carriers, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ruitao Cha
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Mingzheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Pai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China.
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Sun Q, Hu X, Zheng H, An Y, Qu J, Zhang Z, Khan S. Permanganate release from silica-based hollow mesoporous coagulant combined with UV for spatiotemporal enrichment and degradation of diclofenac sodium. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131306. [PMID: 34225128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the novel hollow mesoporous coagulant was prepared by chitosan-polydopamine coating and permanganate loading into silica nanoparticles for investigating the simultaneous enrichment and degradation of diclofenac sodium (DCFS) combined with ultraviolet irradiation. The enrichment kinetic of DCFS was explained well with pseudo-second-order model, indicating the exist of hydrogen bonding. Based on the correlation coefficients, the enriched isotherms were fitted by models which accorded with the BET > Freundlich > Langmuir sequence. The result showed that, in addition to the coagulant and DCFS, there were aromatic stackings among DCFS molecules. Due to both effects of which, the DCFS enrichment could be realized significantly in the range of pH 4.0-9.0. It was degraded at the copresence of ultraviolet and permanganate released from coagulant in acidic aqueous medium. The release mechanism was simulated through Korsmayer-Peppas model, implying case-II transport and Fickian diffusion. Additionally, Mn (V) and •OH radicals were vital in the DCFS degradation process. The coagulant could be reloaded at least ten times and that from each cycle was used directly for DCFS removal for six times without rinse process, which provided a potential application in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xuebin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Huaili Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Yanyan An
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jinyao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Zhanmei Zhang
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, PR China
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
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Mamai M, Giasafaki D, Salvanou EA, Charalambopoulou G, Steriotis T, Bouziotis P. Biodistribution of Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles via Technetium-99m Radiolabelling after Oral Administration to Mice. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3260. [PMID: 34947611 PMCID: PMC8703805 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of ordered mesoporous matrices, and in particular carbon-based mesoporous nanoparticles has shown great potential towards enhancing the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. Nevertheless, elucidation of the in vivo absorption, distribution, and excretion of such carriers is essential for understanding their behaviour, and radiolabelling provides a very useful way to track their occurrence inside the body. In this work, uniform spherical CMK-1-type ordered mesoporous carbon nanoparticles have been radiolabelled with Technetium-99m (99mTc) and traced after oral administration to mice. Ex vivo biodistribution studies showed that the radiolabelled nanoparticles accumulated almost exclusively in the gastrointestinal tract; complete elimination of the radiotracer was observed within 24 h after administration, with practically no uptake into other main organs. These findings along with the results from in vitro stability studies indicate that the spherical carbon nanoparticles examined could be safely used as drug carriers with minimal side effects, but also support the great value of radiolabelling methods for monitoring the particles' behaviour in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mamai
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (E.-A.S.)
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Dimitra Giasafaki
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Evangelia-Alexandra Salvanou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (E.-A.S.)
| | - Georgia Charalambopoulou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (E.-A.S.)
| | - Theodore Steriotis
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Penelope Bouziotis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (E.-A.S.)
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Attia MS, Hassaballah MY, Abdelqawy MA, Emad-Eldin M, Farag AK, Negida A, Ghaith H, Emam SE. An updated review of mesoporous carbon as a novel drug delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1029-1037. [PMID: 34590548 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1988097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nanotechnology approach has been recently adopted to provide more reliable, effective, controlled, and safe drug delivery systems. Nanostructured materials have gained great interest, including siliceous and carbonaceous nanoparticles. The effectiveness of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNs) in tumor imaging, targeting, and treatment is urging for more future studies. MCNs possess superior properties such as their biocompatibility, large surface area, large pore volume, tunability, and more responsive behavior to internal and external release triggers. These outstanding features make MCNs more applicable for stimuli-responsive drug delivery than the conventional forms of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and other carbon nanoparticles. In this review, we outlined the latest updates regarding the safety, benefits, and potential applications of MCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mahmoud Emad-Eldin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Aya K Farag
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Negida
- Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ghaith
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif E Emam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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11
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Xia W, Tao Z, Zhu B, Zhang W, Liu C, Chen S, Song M. Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Genes Using Polymer Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9118. [PMID: 34502028 PMCID: PMC8431379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the primary causes of worldwide human deaths. Most cancer patients receive chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but these treatments are usually only partially efficacious and lead to a variety of serious side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies. The emergence of nanotechnology has had a profound impact on general clinical treatment. The application of nanotechnology has facilitated the development of nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs) that are highly tumor selective and allow for the slow release of active anticancer drugs. In recent years, vehicles such as liposomes, dendrimers and polymer nanomaterials have been considered promising carriers for tumor-specific drug delivery, reducing toxicity and improving biocompatibility. Among them, polymer nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most innovative methods of non-invasive drug delivery. Here, we review the application of polymer NPs in drug delivery, gene therapy, and early diagnostics for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Siyu Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (W.X.); (Z.T.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Mingming Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (W.X.); (Z.T.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.); (C.L.)
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12
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de Souza ML, de Albuquerque Wanderley Sales V, Alves L, Santos WM, Ferraz LR, Lima G, Mendes L, Rolim LA, Neto PJR. A systematic review of functionalized polymeric nanoparticles to improve intestinal permeability of drugs and biological products. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:410-426. [PMID: 34348618 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210804104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral route is the most frequently used and the most convenient route of drug administration, since it has several advantages, such as ease of use, patient compliance and better cost-effectiveness. However, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical limitations of various active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) hinder suitability for this route, including degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, low intestinal permeability and low bioavailability. To overcome these problems, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy, polymeric nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention for their ability to increase drug solubility, promote controlled release, and improve stability. In addition, the functionalization of nanocarriers can increase uptake and accumulation at the target site of action, and intestinal absorption, making it possible to obtain more viable, safe and efficient treatments for oral administration. <P> Objective: This systematic review aimed to seek recent advances in the literature on the use of polymeric nanoparticles functionalization to increase intestinal permeability of APIs that are intended for oral administration. <P> Method: Two bibliographic databases were consulted (PubMed and ScienceDirect). The selected publications and the writing of this systematic review were based on the guidelines mentioned in the PRISMA statement. <P> Results: Out of a total of 3036 studies, 22 studies were included in this article based on our eligibility criteria. The results were consistent for the application of nanoparticle functionalization to increase intestinal permeability. <P> Conclusion: The functionalized polymeric nanoparticles can be considered as carrier systems that improve the intestinal permeability and bioavailability of APIs, with the potential to result, in the future, in the development of oral medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myla Lôbo de Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco. Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Alves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco. Brazil
| | - Widson Michael Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco. Brazil
| | - Leslie Raphael Ferraz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco. Brazil
| | - Gustavo Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco. Brazil
| | - Larissa Mendes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco. Brazil
| | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Central de Análise de Fármacos, Medicamentos e Alimentos. Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina-PE. Brazil
| | - Pedro José Rolim Neto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco. Brazil
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13
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Qian G, Zhang L, Li X, Shuai C, Wang X. Construction of Fe 3O 4-Loaded Mesoporous Carbon Systems for Controlled Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5304-5311. [PMID: 35007011 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles as drug carriers can achieve precise drug target due to their magnetic property. However, they are easy to aggregate in the physiological environment, which obviously limits their application in drug delivery. The development of the Fe-MIL-88B-derived method to construct the Fe3O4-loaded mesoporous carbon (Fe3O4/carbon) system is a feasible strategy to solve the issue. First, iron atoms evenly distribute in the organic links through coordination bonds in Fe-MIL-88B. After the carbonization of Fe-MIL-88B, mesoporous carbon acts as a barrier to prevent the aggregation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Herein, Fe-MIL-88B particles were fabricated by the hydrothermal method and then pyrolyzed to construct Fe3O4/carbon systems. Results showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles uniformly in situ grew on mesoporous carbon generated by the carbonization of organic components. More encouragingly, the Fe3O4/carbon system loaded with DOX demonstrated pH-responsive DOX release, efficient delivery of DOX into cancer cells, and significant cancer cell killing ability. Therefore, the Fe3O4/carbon systems prepared by the Fe-MIL-88B-derived method might open up a way for targeted and controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Qian
- Institute of Bioadditive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Lemin Zhang
- Institute of Bioadditive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xia Li
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Cijun Shuai
- Institute of Bioadditive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.,State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xiupeng Wang
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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14
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Salapa J, Bushman A, Lowe K, Irudayaraj J. Nano drug delivery systems in upper gastrointestinal cancer therapy. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:38. [PMID: 33301056 PMCID: PMC7728832 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas are characterized as one of the deadliest cancer types with the highest recurrence rates. Their treatment is challenging due to late diagnosis, early metastasis formation, resistance to systemic therapy and complicated surgeries performed in poorly accessible locations. Current cancer medication face deficiencies such as high toxicity and systemic side-effects due to the non-specific distribution of the drug agent. Nanomedicine has the potential to offer sophisticated therapeutic possibilities through adjusted delivery systems. This review aims to provide an overview of novel approaches and perspectives on nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems for gastrointestinal carcinomas. Present regimen for the treatment of upper GI carcinomas are described prior to detailing various NP drug delivery formulations and their current and potential role in GI cancer theranostics with a specific emphasis on targeted nanodelivery systems. To date, only a handful of NP systems have met the standard of care requirements for GI carcinoma patients. However, an increasing number of studies provide evidence supporting NP-based diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Future development and strategic use of NP-based drug formulations will be a hallmark in the treatment of various cancers. This article seeks to highlight the exciting potential of novel NPs for targeted cancer therapy in GI carcinomas and thus provide motivation for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Salapa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Vienna, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Allison Bushman
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Kevin Lowe
- Carle Foundation Hospital South, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Biomedical Research Facility, 3rd Floor Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital South, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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15
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Boffito M, Laurano R, Giasafaki D, Steriotis T, Papadopoulos A, Tonda-Turo C, Cassino C, Charalambopoulou G, Ciardelli G. Embedding Ordered Mesoporous Carbons into Thermosensitive Hydrogels: A Cutting-Edge Strategy to Vehiculate a Cargo and Control Its Release Profile. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112165. [PMID: 33138290 PMCID: PMC7692333 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The high drug loading capacity, cytocompatibility and easy functionalization of ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) make them attractive nanocarriers to treat several pathologies. OMCs’ efficiency could be further increased by embedding them into a hydrogel phase for an in loco prolonged drug release. In this work, OMCs were embedded into injectable thermosensitive hydrogels. In detail, rod-like (diameter ca. 250 nm, length ca. 700 nm) and spherical (diameter approximately 120 nm) OMCs were synthesized by nanocasting selected templates and loaded with ibuprofen through a melt infiltration method to achieve complete filling of their pores (100% loading yield). In parallel, an amphiphilic Poloxamer® 407-based poly(ether urethane) was synthesized (Mn¯ 72 kDa) and solubilized at 15 and 20% w/v concentration in saline solution to design thermosensitive hydrogels. OMC incorporation into the hydrogels (10 mg/mL concentration) did not negatively affect their gelation potential. Hybrid systems successfully released ibuprofen at a slower rate compared to control gels (gels embedding ibuprofen as such), but with no significant differences between rod-like and spherical OMC-loaded gels. OMCs can thus work as effective drug reservoirs that progressively release their payload over time and also upon encapsulation in a hydrogel phase, thus opening the way to their application to treat many different pathological states (e.g., as topical medications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Boffito
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (R.L.); (C.T.-T.); (G.C.)
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (G.C.); Tel.: +39-0131-229-347 (M.B.); +30-650-3404 (G.C.)
| | - Rossella Laurano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (R.L.); (C.T.-T.); (G.C.)
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Dimitra Giasafaki
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (T.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Theodore Steriotis
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (T.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Athanasios Papadopoulos
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (T.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Chiara Tonda-Turo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (R.L.); (C.T.-T.); (G.C.)
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Cassino
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Georgia Charalambopoulou
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (T.S.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (G.C.); Tel.: +39-0131-229-347 (M.B.); +30-650-3404 (G.C.)
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (R.L.); (C.T.-T.); (G.C.)
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
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16
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Adapted nano-carriers for gastrointestinal defense components: surface strategies and challenges. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Hybrid nanofilms as topical anesthetics for pain-free procedures in dentistry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11341. [PMID: 32647250 PMCID: PMC7347607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical anesthetics are widely applied in order to relieve the discomfort and anxiety caused by needle insertion and other painful superficial interventions at the oral cavity. So far, there are no commercially available effective topical anesthetic formulations for that purpose, and the most of developments are related to hydrophilic and low mucoadhesive forms. Therefore, we have prepared different hybrid nanofilms composed of biopolymer matrices (chitosan, pectin, and chitosan-pectin) blended with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loading the eutectic mixture of 5% lidocaine-prilocaine (LDC-PLC), in order to fulfill this gap in the market. These dual systems were processed as hybrid nanofilms by the solvent/casting method, and its mucoadhesive, structural and mechanical properties were detailed. The most appropriate hybrid nanofilm combined the advantages of both pectin (PCT) and NLC components. The resultant material presented sustained LDC-PLC release profile for more than 8 h; permeation across porcine buccal mucosa almost twice higher than control and non-cytotoxicity against 3T3 and HACAT cell lines. Then, the in vivo efficacy of PCT/NLC formulation was compared to biopolymer film and commercial drug, exhibiting the longest-lasting anesthetic effect (> 7 h), assessed by tail flick test in mice. These pectin-based hybrid nanofilms open perspectives for clinical trials and applications beyond Dentistry.
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18
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Cai D, Han C, Liu C, Ma X, Qian J, Zhou J, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhang C, Zhu W. Chitosan-capped enzyme-responsive hollow mesoporous silica nanoplatforms for colon-specific drug delivery. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:123. [PMID: 32488526 PMCID: PMC7266918 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-responsive colon-specific delivery system was developed based on hollow mesoporous silica spheres (HMSS) to which biodegradable chitosan (CS) was attached via cleavable azo bonds (HMSS-N=N-CS). Doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated in a noncrystalline state in the hollow cavity and mesopores of HMSS with the high loading amount of 35.2%. In vitro drug release proved that HMSS-N=N-CS/DOX performed enzyme-responsive drug release. The grafted CS could increase the biocompatibility and stability and reduce the protein adsorption on HMSS. Gastrointestinal mucosa irritation and cell cytotoxicity results indicated the good biocompatibility of HMSS and HMSS-N=N-CS. Cellular uptake results indicated that the uptake of DOX was obviously increased after HMSS-N=N-CS/DOX was preincubated with a colonic enzyme mixture. HMSS-N=N-CS/DOX incubated with colon enzymes showed increased cytotoxicity, and its IC50 value was three times lower than that of HMSS-N=N-CS/DOX group without colon enzymes. The present work lays the foundation for subsequent research on mesoporous carriers for oral colon-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Cai
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Cuiyan Han
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Xiaoxing Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Jiayi Qian
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Jianwen Zhou
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Andrology, HeiLongJiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Yiming Sun
- Department of Andrology, HeiLongJiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Changting Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Wenquan Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China.
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19
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Yin M, Song Y, Guo S, Zhang X, Sun K, Li Y, Shi Y. Intelligent Escape System for the Oral Delivery of Liraglutide: A Perfect Match for Gastrointestinal Barriers. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1899-1909. [PMID: 32267705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are known to impede the oral delivery of polypeptides, and the accumulation of mucus and regular dynamic renewal also significantly impede drug absorption. In this work, we prepared a core-shell (COS) nanosystem using poly-N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (pHPMA)/chitosan (CTS). Liraglutide (NN2211) was isolated from the gastrointestinal environment and smoothly passes through the mucous layer. CSKSSDYQC (CSK) peptide and hemagglutinin-2 (HA2) were introduced into the COS nanosystem to establish a complete path from the oral cavity to the epithelial basal side. The fate of nanocapsules in vivo was studied by fluorescence detection. The results showed that the nanocapsules escaped smoothly from the mucus. Taking into account the characteristics of CSK targeting goblet cells, we conducted cell-level studies, and the results showed that after the modification of CSK and pHPMA, more nanocapsules entered the cells. In vitro and in vivo evaluation results showed that the system successfully established a complete path from mucus to epithelial cells by responding to the gastrointestinal environment multiple times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Yina Song
- State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Youxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Shi
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
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