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Wang Y, Perepelov AV, Senchenkova SN, Lu G, Wang X, Ma G, Yang Q, Yuan J, Wang Y, Xie L, Jiang X, Qin J, Liu D, Liu M, Huang D, Liu B. Glycoengineering directs de novo biomanufacturing of UPEC O21 O-antigen polysaccharide based glycoprotein. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126993. [PMID: 37739281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins, in which polysaccharides are usually attached to proteins, are an important class of biomolecules that are widely used as therapeutic agents in clinical treatments for decades. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) O21 has been identified as a serogroup that induces urinary tract infections, with a global increasing number among women and young children. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish protective vaccines against UPEC infection. Herein, we engineered non-pathogenic E. coli MG1655 to achieve robust, cost-effective de novo biosynthesis of O21 O-antigen polysaccharide-based glycoprotein against UPEC O21. Specifically, this glycoengineered E. coli MG1655 was manipulated for high-efficient glucose-glycerol co-utilization and for the gene cluster installation and O-glycosylation machinery assembly. The key pathways of UDP-sugar precursors were also strengthened to enforce more carbon flux towards the glycosyl donors, which enhanced the glycoprotein titer by 5.6-fold. Further optimization of culture conditions yielded glycoproteins of up to 35.34 mg/L. Glycopeptide MS confirmed the preciset biosynthesis of glycoprotein. This glycoprotein elicited antigen-specific IgG immune responses and significantly reduced kidney and bladder colonization. This bacterial cell-based glyco-platform and optimized strategies can provide a guideline for the biosynthesis of other value-added glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sof'ya N Senchenkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gege Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guozhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingliang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Mba IE, Sharndama HC, Anyaegbunam ZKG, Anekpo CC, Amadi BC, Morumda D, Doowuese Y, Ihezuo UJ, Chukwukelu JU, Okeke OP. Vaccine development for bacterial pathogens: Advances, challenges and prospects. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:275-299. [PMID: 36861882 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The advent and use of antimicrobials have played a key role in treating potentially life-threatening infectious diseases, improving health, and saving the lives of millions of people worldwide. However, the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens has been a significant health challenge that has compromised the ability to prevent and treat a wide range of infectious diseases that were once treatable. Vaccines offer potential as a promising alternative to fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) infectious diseases. Vaccine technologies include reverse vaccinology, structural biology methods, nucleic acid (DNA and mRNA) vaccines, generalised modules for membrane antigens, bioconjugates/glycoconjugates, nanomaterials and several other emerging technological advances that are offering a potential breakthrough in the development of efficient vaccines against pathogens. This review covers the opportunities and advancements in vaccine discovery and development targeting bacterial pathogens. We reflect on the impact of the already-developed vaccines targeting bacterial pathogens and the potential of those currently under different stages of preclinical and clinical trials. More importantly, we critically and comprehensively analyse the challenges while highlighting the key indices for future vaccine prospects. Finally, the issues and concerns of AMR for low-income countries (sub-Saharan Africa) and the challenges with vaccine integration, discovery and development in this region are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi Elibe Mba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Zikora Kizito Glory Anyaegbunam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Institute for Drug-Herbal Medicine-Excipient Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Chinedu Anekpo
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ben Chibuzo Amadi
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daji Morumda
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Taraba, Nigeria
| | - Yandev Doowuese
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Nigeria
| | - Uchechi Justina Ihezuo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Institute for Drug-Herbal Medicine-Excipient Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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3
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Cross reacting material (CRM197) as a carrier protein for carbohydrate conjugate vaccines targeted at bacterial and fungal pathogens. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:775-798. [PMID: 35872318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of conjugate glycovaccines which contain recombinant diphtheria toxoid CRM197 as a carrier protein. A special focus is given to synthetic methods used for preparation of neoglycoconjugates of CRM197 with oligosaccharide epitopes of cell surface carbohydrates of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Syntheses of commercial vaccines and laboratory specimen on the basis of CRM197 are outlined briefly.
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5
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Ma S, Chen F, Zhang M, Yuan H, Ouyang G, Zhao W, Zhang S, Zhao Y. Carboxyl-Based CPMP Tag for Ultrasensitive Analysis of Disaccharides by Negative Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9557-9563. [PMID: 35759693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we develop a sensitive method for glucose-containing disaccharide analysis by 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (CPMP) derivatization using mass spectrometry. The intense anion of [M - H]- (m/z 759) was observed for CPMP-labeled disaccharides in a negative mode. After derivatization, its sensitivity was significantly increased with the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 3.90 to 8.67 ng L-1 and 12.99 to 28.92 ng L-1, respectively. During CID-MS/MS analysis, the fragment patterns of CPMP derivatized disaccharides in the negative mode were simpler and clearer than their counterparts in a positive mode, which further could be applied to distinct and relatively quantitative isomeric disaccharides with ultrahigh sensitivity and good reproducibility. The great linear relationships could be achieved under wider concentration ratios from 0.01 to 20 compared to the previous report. Eventually, the developed methodology was applicable to identify isomeric disaccharides in beers. No sucrose was discovered. All beers contain 1,4- and 1,6-linked disaccharides. Some of them also have a mixture of 1,2- and 1,3-linked disaccharides. Through the integration of statistical analysis, beers with different production processes were finally discriminated, and the relative quantification of isomaltose and maltose was realized. In general, this method is sensitive, fast, and reliable for the discrimination and relative quantification of isomeric disaccharides in complex matrices. This study provides a new idea for the structural analysis of oligosaccharides in food, plants, and animals and an important theoretical basis for the exploration of new functions of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Ma
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fangya Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China.,KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Li J, Xiang H, Zhang Q, Miao X. Polysaccharide-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050602. [PMID: 35631428 PMCID: PMC9146969 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials derived from natural plants and animals have great potential for transdermal drug delivery. Polysaccharides are widely derived from marine, herbal, and microbial sources. Compared with synthetic polymers, polysaccharides have the advantages of non-toxicity and biodegradability, ease of modification, biocompatibility, targeting, and antibacterial properties. Currently, polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery vehicles, such as hydrogel, film, microneedle (MN), and tissue scaffolds are being developed. The addition of polysaccharides allows these vehicles to exhibit better-swelling properties, mechanical strength, tensile strength, etc. Due to the stratum corneum’s resistance, the transdermal drug delivery system cannot deliver drugs as efficiently as desired. The charge and hydration of polysaccharides allow them to react with the skin and promote drug penetration. In addition, polysaccharide-based nanotechnology enhances drug utilization efficiency. Various diseases are currently treated by polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery devices and exhibit promising futures. The most current knowledge on these excellent materials will be thoroughly discussed by reviewing polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.)
- SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqing Miao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.)
- Weihai Changqing Ocean Science Technology Co., Ltd., Weihai 264209, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-19806301068
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7
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Couto MR, Rodrigues JL, Rodrigues LR. Heterologous production of chondroitin. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 33:e00710. [PMID: 35242620 PMCID: PMC8858990 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with a growing variety of applications. CS can be produced from microbial fermentation of native or engineered strains. Synthetic biology tools are being used to improve CS yields in different hosts. Integrated polymerization and sulfation can generate cost-effective CS.
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with a broad range of applications being a popular dietary supplement for osteoarthritis. Usually, CS is extracted from animal sources. However, the known risks of animal products use have been driving the search for alternative methods and sources to obtain this compound. Several pathogenic bacteria naturally produce chondroitin-like polysaccharides through well-known pathways and, therefore, have been the basis for numerous studies that aim to produce chondroitin using non-pathogenic hosts. However, the yields obtained are not enough to meet the high demand for this glycosaminoglycan. Metabolic engineering strategies have been used to construct improved heterologous hosts. The identification of metabolic bottlenecks and regulation points, and the screening for efficient enzymes are key points for constructing microbial cell factories with improved chondroitin yields to achieve industrial CS production. The recent advances on enzymatic and microbial strategies to produce non-animal chondroitin are herein reviewed. Challenges and prospects for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia R. Couto
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana L. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Jiang X, Bai J, Zhang H, Yuan J, Lu G, Wang Y, Jiang L, Liu B, Huang D, Feng L. Development of an O-polysaccharide based recombinant glycoconjugate vaccine in engineered E. coli against ExPEC O1. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118796. [PMID: 34893224 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli O1 is a frequently identified serotype that causes serious infections and is often refractory to antimicrobial therapy. Glycoconjugate vaccine represents a promising measure to reduce ExPEC infections. Herein, we designed an O1-specific glyco-optimized chassis strain for manufacture of O-polysaccharide (OPS) antigen and OPS-based bioconjugate. Specifically, OPS and OPS-based glycoprotein were synthesized in glyco-optimized chassis strain, when compared to the unmeasurable level of the parent strain. The optimal expression of oligosaccharyltransferase and carrier protein further improved the titer. MS analysis elucidated the correct structure of resulting bioconjugate at routine and unreported glycosylation sequons of carrier protein, with a higher glycosylation efficiency. Finally, purified bioconjugate stimulated mouse to generate specific IgG antibodies and protected them against virulent ExPEC O1 challenge. The plug-and-play glyco-optimized platform is suitable for bioconjugate synthesis, thus providing a potential platform for future medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Huijing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Gege Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Lu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
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Zhu H, Rollier CS, Pollard AJ. Recent advances in lipopolysaccharide-based glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1515-1538. [PMID: 34550840 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1984889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The public health burden caused by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria is increasingly prominent due to antimicrobial resistance. The surface carbohydrates are potential antigens for vaccines against Gram-negative bacteria. The enhanced immunogenicity of the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) moiety of LPS when coupled to a carrier protein may protect against bacterial pathogens. However, because of the toxic lipid A moiety and relatively high costs of O-SP isolation, LPS has not been a popular vaccine antigen until recently. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the rationales for developing LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines, principles of glycoconjugate-induced immunity, and highlight the recent developments and challenges faced by LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Advances in LPS harvesting, LPS chemical synthesis, and newer carrier proteins in the past decade have propelled LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines toward further development, through to clinical evaluation. The development of LPS-based glycoconjugates offers a new horizon for vaccine prevention of Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henderson Zhu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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Khalid A, Asim-Ur-Rehman, Ahmed N, Chaudhery I, Al-Jafary MA, Al-Suhaimi EA, Tarhini M, Lebaz N, Elaissari A. Polysaccharide Chemistry in Drug Delivery, Endocrinology, and Vaccines. Chemistry 2021; 27:8437-8451. [PMID: 33856737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides, due to their outstanding properties, have attracted the attention of researchers, working in the biomedical field and especially of those working in drug delivery. Modified/functionalized polysaccharides further increase the importance for various applications. Delivery of therapeutics for diverse ailments in different endocrine glands and hormones safely, is a focal point of researchers working in the field. Among the routes followed, the transdermal route is preferred due to non-exposure of active moieties to the harsh gastric environment and first-pass metabolism. This review starts with the overview of polysaccharides used for the delivery of various therapeutic agents. Advantages of polysaccharides used in the transdermal route are addressed in detail. Types of polysaccharides will be elaborated through examples, and in this context, special emphasis will be on the polysaccharides being used for synthesis of the membranes/films. Techniques employed for their modification to design novel carriers for therapeutics delivery will also be discussed. The review will end with a brief discussion on recent developments and future perspectives for delivery of therapeutic agents, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Khalid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asim-Ur-Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Chaudhery
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Meneerah A Al-Jafary
- Biology Department, College of Science, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam Abdullah Al-Suhaimi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Tarhini
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Noureddine Lebaz
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEPP-UMR 5007, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Gurbanov R. Synthetic Polysaccharide‐Based Vaccines: Progress and Achievements. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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12
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Recent chemical syntheses of bacteria related oligosaccharides using modern expeditious approaches. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108295. [PMID: 34271477 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apart from some essential and crucial roles in life processes carbohydrates also are involved in a few detrimental courses of action related to human health, like infections by pathogenic microbes, cancer metastasis, transplanted tissue rejection, etc. Regarding management of pathogenesis by microbes, keeping in mind of multi drug-resistant bacteria and epidemic or endemic incidents, preventive measure by vaccination is the best pathway as also recommended by the WHO; by vaccination, eradication of bacterial diseases is also possible. Although some valid vaccines based on attenuated bacterial cells or isolated pure polysaccharide-antigens or the corresponding conjugates thereof are available in the market for prevention of several bacterial diseases, but these are not devoid of some disadvantages also. In order to develop improved conjugate T-cell dependent vaccines oligosaccharides related to bacterial antigens are synthesized and converted to the corresponding carrier protein conjugates. Marketed Cuban Quimi-Hib is such a vaccine being used since 2004 to resist Haemophilus influenza b infections. During nearly the past two decades research is going on worldwide for improved synthesis of bacteria related oligosaccharides or polysaccharides towards development of such semisynthetic or synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. The present dissertation is an endeavour to encompass the recent syntheses of several pathogenic bacterial oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, made during the past ten-eleven years with special reference to modern expeditious syntheses.
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14
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Recent advances on the one-pot synthesis to assemble size-controlled glycans and glycoconjugates and polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Jiang X, Bai J, Yuan J, Zhang H, Lu G, Wang Y, Jiang L, Liu B, Wang L, Huang D, Feng L. High efficiency biosynthesis of O-polysaccharide-based vaccines against extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117475. [PMID: 33436239 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) has presented a major clinical infection emerged in the past decades. O-polysaccharide (OPS)-based glycoconjugate vaccines produced using the bacterial glycosylation machinery can be utilized to confer protection against such infection. However, constructing a low-cost microbial cell factory for high-efficient production of OPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines remains challenging. Here, we engineered a glyco-optimized chassis strain by reprogramming metabolic network. The yield was enhanced to 38.6 mg L-1, the highest level reported so far. MS analysis showed that designed glycosylation sequon was modified by target polysaccharide with high glycosylation efficiency of 90.7 % and 76.7 % for CTB-O5 and CTB-O7, respectively. The glycoconjugate vaccines purified from this biosystem elicited a marked increase in protection against ExPEC infection in mouse model, compared to a non-optimized system. The glyco-optimized platform established here is broadly suitable for polysaccharide-based conjugate production against ExPEC and other surface-polysaccharide-producing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Huijing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Gege Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Lu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
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16
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Qiao M, Zhang L, Jiao R, Zhang S, Li B, Zhang X. Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of S-linked sugars and glycoconjugates. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Chiu TW, Peng CJ, Chen MC, Hsu MH, Liang YH, Chiu CH, Fang JM, Lee YC. Constructing conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium using lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:89. [PMID: 32831077 PMCID: PMC7443816 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a nontyphoidal and common foodborne pathogen that causes serious threat to humans. There is no licensed vaccine to prevent the nontyphoid bacterial infection caused by S. Typhimurium. Methods To develop conjugate vaccines, the bacterial lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide (LFPS) is prepared as the immunogen and used to synthesize the LFPS–linker–protein conjugates 6a–9b. The designed bifunctional linkers 1–5 comprising either an o-phenylenediamine or amine moiety are specifically attached to the exposed 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), an α-ketoacid saccharide of LFPS, via condensation reaction or decarboxylative amidation. In addition to bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, the S. Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) is also used as a self-adjuvanting protein carrier. Results The synthesized conjugate vaccines are characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), and their contents of polysaccharides and protein are determined by phenol–sulfuric acid assay and bicinchoninic acid assay, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) shows that immunization of mouse with the LFPS–linker–protein vaccines at a dosage of 2.5 μg is sufficient to elicit serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The straight-chain amide linkers in conjugates 7a–9b do not interfere with the desired immune response. Vaccines 7a and 7b derived from either unfractionated LFPS or the high-mass portion show equal efficacy in induction of IgG antibodies. The challenge experiments are performed by oral gavage of S. Typhimurium pathogen, and vaccine 7c having FliC as the self-adjuvanting protein carrier exhibits a high vaccine efficacy of 74% with 80% mice survival rate at day 28 post the pathogen challenge. Conclusions This study demonstrates that lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide prepared from Gram-negative bacteria is an appropriate immunogen, in which the exposed Kdo is connected to bifunctional linkers to form conjugate vaccines. The decarboxylative amidation of Kdo is a novel and useful method to construct a relatively robust and low immunogenic straight-chain amide linkage. The vaccine efficacy is enhanced by using bacterial flagellin as the self-adjuvanting carrier protein. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jiun Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Hsu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan Chuan Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218-2685, USA
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18
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Ji Y, Zhang S, Qiao M, Jiao R, Li J, Song P, Zhang X, Huang H. Synthesis of structurally defined chondroitin sulfate: Paving the way to the structure-activity relationship studies. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 248:116796. [PMID: 32919534 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is one of the major and widespread glycosaminoglycans, a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic hetero-co-polysaccharides. CS plays a vital role in various normal physiological and pathological processes, thus, showing varieties of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-thrombosis, and insignificant immunogenicity. However, the heterogeneity of the naturally occurring CS potentially leads to function unspecific and limits further structure-activity relationship studies. Therefore, the synthesis of CS with well-defined and uniform chain lengths is of major interest for the development of reliable drugs. In this review, we examine the remarkable progress that has been made in the chemical, enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of CS and its derivatives, providing a broad spectrum of options to access CS of well controlled chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ji
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shilin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meng Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruoyu Jiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ping Song
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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