1
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Weng W, Ren S, Teng C, Guo J, Guo Q, Zhang W, Zong C, Ding N. Chemoenzymatic synthesis and immunological evaluation of sialyl-Thomsen-Friedenreich (sTF) antigen conjugate to CRM197. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117615. [PMID: 38342079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
sTF (sialyl-Thomsen-Friedenreich) is a type of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) and is highly expressed in various human malignancies. To validate if sTF could be a valuable molecular target for future cancer vaccine development, in this work the sTF antigen was prepared by adopting a strategy combining chemical and enzymatic methods, and then was covalently conjugated to a carrier protein, CRM197. The preliminary immunological evaluation, performed on BALB/c mice, revealed that the sTF-CRM197 conjugate elicited high titers of specific IgG antibodies. FACS experiments showed that the antisera induced by sTF-CRM197 conjugate could specifically recognize and bind to sTF-positive cancer cells T-47D. Furthermore, the conjugate mediated effective and specific antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhao Weng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sumei Ren
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Changcai Teng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chengli Zong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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2
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Grozdanovic M, Samuel R, Grau B, Ansbro F. Serotype-specific quantification of residual free polysaccharide in multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Glycoconj J 2024; 41:47-55. [PMID: 38224414 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria has over 100 known serotypes that display a continuous change in prevalence by patients' age and geographical location and therefore necessitate continued efforts toward development of new vaccines with broader protection. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been instrumental in reducing global morbidity and mortality caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. In these vaccines, the bacterial polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein to enhance immunogenicity. To ensure well defined immunogenicity and stability of conjugated vaccines, reliable quantification of non-conjugated (free) polysaccharide is a critical, albeit challenging step during vaccine clinical dosing, release and stability monitoring. Multivalent preparations of Cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197)- conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide materials often contain only nanogram levels of each individual free polysaccharide at final container concentrations. We have developed a novel method for the separation of free polysaccharides from conjugated material that requires no sample derivatization, employing instead an approach of quantitative immunoprecipitation of CRM197 with 3 different monoclonal antibodies and magnetic beads. A mix of antibodies against both linear and conformational epitopes enables successful removal of conjugates regardless of the protein folded state. The remaining free polysaccharide is subsequently measured in a serotype-specific ELISA.
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3
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Urbano-Munoz F, Orne CE, Burtnick MN, Brett PJ. Use of Reductive Amination to Produce Capsular Polysaccharide-Based Glycoconjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:139-148. [PMID: 38315364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Reductive amination is a relatively simple and convenient strategy for coupling purified polysaccharides to carrier proteins. Following their synthesis, glycoconjugates can be used to assess the protective capacity of specific microbial polysaccharides in animal models of infection and/or to produce polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies for a variety of immune assays. Here, we describe a reproducible method for chemically activating the 6-deoxyheptan capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from Burkholderia pseudomallei and covalently linking it to recombinant CRM197 diphtheria toxin mutant (CRM197) to produce the glycoconjugate, CPS-CRM197. Similar approaches can also be used to couple other types of polysaccharides to CRM197 with little to no modification of the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Urbano-Munoz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Orne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Mary N Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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4
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Gaikwad WK, Dhere RM, Jana SK, Mallya AD, Soni DJ, Gholap M, Ravenscroft N, Kodam KM. Effect of trifluoroacetic acid on the antigenicity of capsular polysaccharides obtained from various Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121204. [PMID: 37659807 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining the safety, antigenicity, and immunogenicity by in vitro and in vivo studies is a prerequisite for the development of new vaccines. And this study investigated it for a vaccine made from Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 2, 5, 12F, 18C, and 22F. The crude CPS was purified and partially depolymerized by conventional and trifluoroacetic acid methods. 1H NMR analysis confirmed the identity of the depolymerized CPS which gave similar profiles to reference polysaccharides, except for serotype 18C which was de-O-acetylated during TFA treatment. The antigenicity of the depolymerized CPS prepared by either method was comparable to that of the native CPS for serotypes 2, 5, 18C, and 22F based on multiplex bead based competitive inhibition assay. This study demonstrated a relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity, which offers more suitable candidates for conjugation. It was found that after partial depolymerization process, the CPS with optimal molecular size resulted in higher antigenicity. The immunogenicity of S. pneumoniae serotype 2 conjugates in mice was evaluated by opsonophagocytic assay and a multiplex bead-based assay, wherein on day 42 after immunization, the total and functional IgG titer was found to be increased by 32-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmik Karbhari Gaikwad
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India.
| | - Swapan K Jana
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Dipen J Soni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Makrand Gholap
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kisan M Kodam
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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5
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Gallagher DT, Oganesyan N, Lees A. Monomeric crystal structure of the vaccine carrier protein CRM 197 and implications for vaccine development. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2023; 79:82-86. [PMID: 36995122 PMCID: PMC10071833 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x23002364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CRM197 is a genetically detoxified mutant of diphtheria toxin (DT) that is widely used as a carrier protein in conjugate vaccines. Protective immune responses to several bacterial diseases are obtained by coupling CRM197 to glycans from these pathogens. Wild-type DT has been described in two oligomeric forms: a monomer and a domain-swapped dimer. Their proportions depend on the chemical conditions and especially the pH, with a large kinetic barrier to interconversion. A similar situation occurs in CRM197, where the monomer is preferred for vaccine synthesis. Despite 30 years of research and the increasing application of CRM197 in conjugate vaccines, until now all of its available crystal structures have been dimeric. Here, CRM197 was expressed as a soluble, intracellular protein in an Escherichia coli strain engineered to have an oxidative cytoplasm. The purified product, called EcoCRM, remained monomeric throughout crystallization. The structure of monomeric EcoCRM is reported at 2.0 Å resolution with the domain-swapping hinge loop (residues 379-387) in an extended, exposed conformation, similar to monomeric wild-type DT. The structure enables comparisons across expression systems and across oligomeric states, with implications for monomer-dimer interconversion and for the optimization of conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Travis Gallagher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Natalia Oganesyan
- Fina Biosolutions LLC, 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Andrew Lees
- Fina Biosolutions LLC, 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Khodak YA, Ryazanova AY, Vorobiev II, Kovalchuk AL, Ovechko NN, Aparin PG. High-Level Production of Soluble Cross-Reacting Material 197 in Escherichia coli Cytoplasm Due to Fine Tuning of the Target Gene's mRNA Structure. BioTech (Basel) 2023; 12:9. [PMID: 36648835 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a non-toxic mutant of the diphtheria toxin and is widely used as a carrier protein in conjugate vaccines. This protein was first obtained from the supernatant of the mutant Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain. This pathogenic bacteria strain is characterized by a slow growth rate and a relatively low target protein yield, resulting in high production costs for CRM197. Many attempts have been made to establish high-yield protocols for the heterologous expression of recombinant CRM197 in different host organisms. In the present work, a novel CRM197-producing Escherichia coli strain was constructed. The target protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of SHuffle T7 E. coli cells without any additional tags and with a single potential mutation-an additional Met [-1]. The fine tuning of the mRNA structure (the disruption of the single hairpin in the start codon area) was sufficient to increase the CRM197 expression level several times, resulting in 150-270 mg/L (1.1-2.0 mg/g wet biomass) yields of pure CRM197 protein. Besides the high yield, the advantages of the obtained expression system include the absence of the necessity of CRM197 refolding or tag removal. Thus, an extensive analysis of the mRNA structure and the removal of the unwanted hairpins in the 5' area may significantly improve the target protein expression rate.
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7
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Maltoni G, Scutteri L, Mensitieri F, Piaz FD, Hochkoeppler A. High-yield production in Escherichia coli and convenient purification of a candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:1313-1322. [PMID: 36161539 PMCID: PMC9512991 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present work was to identify a time-saving, effective, and low-cost strategy to produce in Escherichia coli a protein chimera representing a fusion anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine, consisting of immunogenic and antigenic moieties. RESULTS We overexpressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) a synthetic gene coding for CRM197-RBD, and the target protein was detected in inclusion bodies. CRM197-RBD was solubilized with 1 % (w/v) of the anionic detergent N-lauroylsarcosine (sarkosyl), the removal of which from the protein solution was conveniently accomplished with Amberlite XAD-4. The detergent-free CRM197-RBD was then separated from contaminating DNA using polyethylenimine (PEI), and finally purified from PEI by salting out with ammonium sulfate. Structural (CD spectrum) and functional (DNase activity) assays revealed that the CRM197-RBD chimera featured a native and active conformation. Remarkably, we determined a yield of purified CRM197-RBD equal to 23 mg per litre of culture. CONCLUSIONS To produce CRM197-RBD, we devised the use of sarkosyl as an alternative to urea to solubilize the target protein from E. coli inclusion bodies, and the easy removal of sarkosyl by means of Amberlite XAD-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maltoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scutteri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mensitieri
- Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alejandro Hochkoeppler
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy. .,CSGI, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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8
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Khatuntseva EA, Nifantiev NE. Cross reacting material ( CRM197) as a carrier protein for carbohydrate conjugate vaccines targeted at bacterial and fungal pathogens. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:775-98. [PMID: 35872318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of conjugate glycovaccines which contain recombinant diphtheria toxoid CRM197 as a carrier protein. A special focus is given to synthetic methods used for preparation of neoglycoconjugates of CRM197 with oligosaccharide epitopes of cell surface carbohydrates of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Syntheses of commercial vaccines and laboratory specimen on the basis of CRM197 are outlined briefly.
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9
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Aw R, Ashik MR, Islam AAZM, Khan I, Mainuddin M, Islam MA, Ahasan MM, Polizzi KM. Production and purification of an active CRM197 in Pichia pastoris and its immunological characterization using a Vi-typhoid antigen vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:7379-7386. [PMID: 34774362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CRM197 is a commonly used glycoconjugate carrier that improves the immunogenicity of vaccines, particularly in infants. Despite the advantages of this diphtheria toxoid mutant, low yields, production in inclusion bodies, and the requirement for specific growth conditions have limited the breadth of successful recombinant protein expression platforms available for its expression. We evaluated Pichia pastoris as a production host, using the methanol inducible AOX1 promoter and a modified α-mating factor signal peptide for secretion into the supernatant. Final purified yields >100 mg L-1 culture were achieved when produced in a bioreactor, which is equivalent to the productivity obtained from bioprocesses using the native Corynebacterium diphtheriae host. Recombinant CRM197 was purified to ≥95% homogeneity and showed the expected endonuclease activity. Furthermore, mice immunized with a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi capsular Vi antigen conjugated to our recombinant CRM197 showed greater than 5-fold increase in immune response. Overall, the results demonstrate that Pichia pastoris is a suitable expression host for the production of high quality CRM197 for vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Aw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Imran Khan
- Incepta Vaccine Ltd, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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10
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Yang M, Li X, Lin C, Liu M, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Liu C. [Molecular chaperones facilitate soluble expression of recombinant non-toxic mutant CRM197 of diphtheria toxin in Escherichia coli]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2021; 37:1368-1375. [PMID: 33973449 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.200569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin is an ADP-ribosyltransferase toxic to human cells. Mutation of the active site in its catalytic domain eliminates the toxicity, but retains its immunogenicity. A non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin known as CRM197 protein has become an ideal carrier protein for conjugate vaccines. CRM197 can further improve its immunogenicity by cross-linking with other antigens, so it has good potential to find broad applications. Unfortunately, inclusion bodies are easily formed during the expression of recombinant CRM197 protein in Escherichia coli, which greatly reduces its yield. In order to address this problem, pG-KJE8 vector carrying molecular chaperones and plasmid pET28a-CRM197, were co-expressed in Escherichia coli. The results showed that the recombinant CRM197 protein was successfully expressed and appeared largely in inclusion bodies. The molecular chaperones DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, GroES and GroEL5 expressed can facilitate correct and rapid folding of CRM197. Furthermore, it can also improve the recovery rate of soluble CRM197 protein. The soluble expression of CRM197 was maximized upon addition of 1.0 mmol/L IPTG, 0.5 mg L-arabinose, 5.0 ng/mL tetracycline and induction at 20oC for 16 h. The soluble CRM197 protein shows good immunoreactivity, demonstrating the molecular chaperones expressed from pG-KJE8 facilitated the soluble expression of CRM197 protein in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China.,School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China.,School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Lin
- School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Mingjing Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China.,School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Yezi Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China.,School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China.,School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
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11
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Bellone ML, Puglisi A, Dal Piaz F, Hochkoeppler A. Production in Escherichia coli of recombinant COVID-19 spike protein fragments fused to CRM197. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:79-85. [PMID: 33906110 PMCID: PMC8057744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic affected almost 108 individuals. Quite a number of vaccines against COVID-19 were therefore developed, and a few recently received authorization for emergency use. Overall, these vaccines target specific viral proteins by antibodies whose synthesis is directly elicited or indirectly triggered by nucleic acids coding for the desired targets. Among these targets, the receptor binding domain (RBD) of COVID-19 spike protein (SP) does frequently occur in the repertoire of candidate vaccines. However, the immunogenicity of RBD per se is limited by its low molecular mass, and by a structural rearrangement of full-length SP accompanied by the detachment of RBD. Here we show that the RBD of COVID-19 SP can be conveniently produced in Escherichia coli when fused to a fragment of CRM197, a variant of diphtheria toxin currently used for a number of conjugated vaccines. In particular, we show that the CRM197-RBD chimera solubilized from inclusion bodies can be refolded and purified to a state featuring the 5 native disulphide bonds of the parental proteins, the competence in binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and a satisfactory stability at room temperature. Accordingly, our observations provide compulsory information for the development of a candidate vaccine directed against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Bellone
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Andrea Puglisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Alejandro Hochkoeppler
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy; CSGI, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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12
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Chai P, Pu X, Ge J, Ren S, Xia X, Luo A, Wang S, Wang X, Li J. The recombinant protein combined vaccine based on the fragment C of tetanus toxin and the cross-reacting material 197. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1683-1692. [PMID: 33511443 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines were widely used since 1940s. The exceptional success of childhood vaccination is undisputed. However, the anti-diphtheria and tetanus antibody will decrease with the increase of age in human body. A boosting vaccine for tetanus and diphtheria in adult is recommended by WHO. Recombinant protein vaccine has the advantages of single component and high safety, which is one of the directions to develop boosting vaccines. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated a recombinant TTc and CRM197 combination vaccine (RTCV) that uses the fragment C (TTc) of tetanus toxin and the cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) of the diphtheria toxin mutant. Our results displayed that RTCV (composed of 10 μg/mL TTc, 20 μg/mL CRM197 antigens, and 500 μg/mL aluminum adjuvants) could induce high levels of IgG and IgG1 antibody in mice, which were similar as those induced by DTaP. These results will provide technical support for a novel boosting vaccine against diphtheria and tetanus. KEY POINTS: • We successfully expressed CRM197 protein in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using pET26b (+) vector. • The anti-TTc and anti-CRM197 antibody titer (IgG) of RTCV was similar with DTaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengdi Chai
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xiuying Pu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Sulin Ren
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Amiao Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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13
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Eskandari S, Good MF, Pandey M. Peptide-Protein Conjugation and Characterization to Develop Vaccines for Group A Streptococcus. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2355:17-33. [PMID: 34386947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1617-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptide conjugates have been widely used for developing vaccines that prevent common bacterial infections for which peptides alone are either ineffective or provide only short-term protection. Among several carrier proteins, diphtheria toxoid and CRM197 (a genetically detoxified diphtheria toxin) are considered safe and have been used in several licensed vaccines. For developing a vaccine against group A streptococcus (GAS), antigens from conserved region of M protein and the IL-8 protease, SpyCEP, have been identified. In this chapter, we describe a method for producing peptide-conjugate subunit GAS vaccines, which involves maleimide conjugation of peptides to a carrier protein and their subsequent characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
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Root-Bernstein R. Possible Cross-Reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 Proteins, CRM197 and Proteins in Pneumococcal Vaccines May Protect Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Disease and Death. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E559. [PMID: 32987794 PMCID: PMC7712751 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies indicate that vaccination, especially with pneumococcal vaccines, protects against symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death. This paper explores the possibility that pneumococcal vaccines in particular, but perhaps other vaccines as well, contain antigens that might be cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Comparison of the glycosylation structures of SARS-CoV-2 with the polysaccharide structures of pneumococcal vaccines yielded no obvious similarities. However, while pneumococcal vaccines are primarily composed of capsular polysaccharides, some are conjugated to cross-reacting material CRM197, a modified diphtheria toxin, and all contain about three percent protein contaminants, including the pneumococcal surface proteins PsaA, PspA and probably PspC. All of these proteins have very high degrees of similarity, using very stringent criteria, with several SARS-CoV-2 proteins including the spike protein, membrane protein and replicase 1a. CRM197 is also present in Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis vaccines. Equivalent similarities were found at lower rates, or were completely absent, among the proteins in diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, and poliovirus vaccines. Notably, PspA and PspC are highly antigenic and new pneumococcal vaccines based on them are currently in human clinical trials so that their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 disease is easily testable.
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Stefanetti G, Allan M, Usera A, Micoli F. Click chemistry compared to thiol chemistry for the synthesis of site-selective glycoconjugate vaccines using CRM 197 as carrier protein. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:611-622. [PMID: 32535667 PMCID: PMC7501094 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation chemistry is one of the main parameters affecting immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines and a rational approach toward a deeper understanding of their mechanism of action will greatly benefit from highly-defined and well-characterized structures. Herein, different conjugation methods were investigated with the aim of controlling glycosylation site and glycosylation density on the carrier protein. S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen and CRM197 carrier protein were used as models. In particular, thiol and click chemistry were examined, both involving the linkage of the terminal reducing sugar unit of the O-Antigen chain to different amino acids on the carrier protein. Thiol chemistry allowed O-Antigen conjugation only when the carrier protein was activated on the lysines and with a relative high number of linkers, while click chemistry allowed conjugate generation even when just one position on the protein was activated and to both lysine and tyrosine sites. The study highlights click chemistry as a leading approach for the synthesis of well-defined glycoconjugates, useful to investigate the relationship between conjugate design and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stefanetti
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - M Allan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - A Usera
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - F Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute For Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, 53100, Italy
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Buurman ET, Timofeyeva Y, Gu J, Kim JH, Kodali S, Liu Y, Mininni T, Moghazeh S, Pavliakova D, Singer C, Singh S, Handke LD, Lotvin J, Prasad AK, Scully IL, Donald RGK, Jansen KU, Anderson AS. A Novel Hexavalent Capsular Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine (GBS6) for the Prevention of Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infections by Maternal Immunization. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:105-115. [PMID: 30778554 PMCID: PMC6548902 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group B streptococcus (GBS) causes serious diseases in newborn infants, often resulting in lifelong neurologic impairments or death. Prophylactic vaccination of pregnant women prior to delivery could provide comprehensive protection, as early onset and late-onset disease and maternal complications potentially could be addressed. Methods Capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine GBS6 was designed using surveillance data yielded by whole-genome sequencing of a global collection of recently recovered GBS isolates responsible for invasive neonatal GBS disease. Capsular polysaccharides were isolated, oxidized using sodium periodate, and conjugated to CRM197 by reductive amination in dimethyl sulfoxide. Immune responses in mice and rhesus macaques were measured in a multiplex Luminex immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay and opsonophagocytic activity assays. Results The optimized conjugates were immunogenic, alone and in combination, in mice and rhesus macaques, inducing IgG antibodies that mediated opsonophagocytic killing. Active immunization of murine dams with GBS6 prior to mating resulted in serotype-specific protection of pups from a lethal challenge with GBS. Protection following passive administration of serotype-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies to dams demonstrated conclusively that anticapsular polysaccharide IgG alone is sufficient for protection. Conclusions The findings support the ongoing clinical evaluation of maternal GBS6 vaccination as a potential alternative method to prevent GBS disease in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed T Buurman
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | | | - Jianxin Gu
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jin-Hwan Kim
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Srinivas Kodali
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Yongdong Liu
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Terri Mininni
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Soraya Moghazeh
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | | | | | - Suddham Singh
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Luke D Handke
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jason Lotvin
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | | | - Ingrid L Scully
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
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Tang XH, Li H, Zheng XS, Lu MS, An Y, Zhang XL. CRM197 reverses paclitaxel resistance by inhibiting the NAC-1/Gadd45 pathway in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6426-6436. [PMID: 31490008 PMCID: PMC6797568 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) is a new promising target for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Our previous study showed that cross‐reacting material 197 (CRM197), a specific HB‐EGF inhibitor, significantly reverses resistance against paclitaxel in paclitaxel‐resistant ovarian cancer cells. However, the mechanism of the effect of CRM197 on the reversion of paclitaxel resistance was unclear. In this study, in vitro and in vivo data suggested that CRM197 treatment sensitized paclitaxel‐resistant ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel, at least in part, via nucleus accumbens‐1 (NAC‐1) and its downstream pathway, DNA damage‐inducible 45‐γ interacting protein (Gadd45gip1)/growth arrest and DNA damage‐inducible 45 (Gadd45), in A2780/Taxol and SKOV3/Taxol cells. The results also showed that CRM197 activated the proapoptotic JNK/p38MAPK pathway to enhance caspase‐3 activity and apoptosis by downregulation of the NAC‐1/Gadd45gip1/Gadd45 pathway, leading to reversion of paclitaxel resistance in A2780/Taxol and SKOV3/Taxol cells. This study provides the first mechanism through which CRM197 significantly reverses resistance against paclitaxel by modulating the NAC‐1/Gadd45gip1/Gadd45 pathway in paclitaxel‐resistant ovarian cancer cells, and the mechanism of HB‐EGF inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with paclitaxel‐resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Tang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiu-Shuang Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei-Song Lu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan An
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Hassan WS, Giaretta PR, Rech R, Ollivault-Shiflett M, Esteve-Gasent MD. Enhanced protective efficacy of Borrelia burgdorferi BB0172 derived-peptide based vaccine to control Lyme disease. Vaccine 2019; 37:5596-606. [PMID: 31387750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) accounts for over 70% of tick-borne disease reported in the United States. The disease in humans is characterized by skin rash, arthritis, cardiac and neurological signs. Vaccination is the most efficient preventive measure that could be taken to reduce the incidence of the LD worldwide; however, at present no vaccine is available. In this study, evaluation of the Borrelia burgdorferi BB0172-derived peptide (PepB) in conjugated formulations was investigated as a vaccine candidate in murine model of LD. In brief, PepB was conjugated to the Cross-Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) and to Tetanus Toxoid heavy chain (TTHc) molecules, and subsequently used to immunize C3H/HeN mice. Following the challenge with 105 spirochetes/mouse via subcutaneous inoculation, TTHc:PepB construct showed protection in 66% of the immunized animals. Hence, to further evaluate the efficacy of TTHc:PepB, immunized mice were challenged with B. burgdorferi using the tick model of infection. The outcome of this experiment revealed that serum from TTHc:PepB immunized mice was borrelicidal. After tick infection, bacterial burden was significantly reduced (over 70%) in vaccinated animals when compared with the control groups regardless of whether the mice were infested 8 or 12-weeks post-priming. Therefore, we conclude that PepB conjugated antigens can serve as an alternative to prevent LD; nevertheless, further studies will be needed to dissect the mechanisms by which anti-PepB IgG antibodies are able to kill B. burgdorferi in vitro and in vivo to further advance in the development of formulations and delivery alternative to generate a safe anti-LD vaccine.
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Wang K, Zhou L, Zhang X, Song C, Chen T, Li J, Zheng M, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Zheng Z, Yu H, Wu T, Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Li S, Xia N. Hepatitis E vaccine candidate harboring a non-particulate immunogen of E2 fused with CRM197 fragment A. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:154-61. [PMID: 30802475 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hepatitis E vaccine (Hecolin, licensed in China) harbors a potent particulate immunogen, p239, designed from a 26-aa N-terminal extension of its poorly immunogenic parental protein, E2. Although an effective vaccine, we sought to design a fusion protein in a non-particulate form that could improve the delivery and immunogenicity of E2 epitopes. The non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, CRM197 (Cross-Reacting Material 197) has been successfully used as a carrier protein for conjugated vaccines to enhance the immunogenicity of polysaccharides. Here, we designed a fusion non-particulate protein of E2 and the catalytic domain (fragment A) of CRM197 and evaluated its antigenicity, immunogenicity and disease prevention efficacy in primates. This fusion protein, named CRM197(A)-E2, was bacterially expressed and purified by chromatography. CRM197(A)-E2 presented as a homodimer in solution, similar to its parental E2 protein, and exhibited excellent antigenicity against representative neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, like E2 and p239. However, CRM197(A)-E2 manifested higher immunogenicity in mice compared with that achieved by the particulate p239, as indicated by the 10-times lower ED50 value and 2-log higher HEV-specific antibody level that could persist for at least 28 weeks. In addition, both the 1 μg and 10 μg doses of CRM197(A)-E2 adjuvanted with aluminum could protect vaccinated monkeys against HEV challenge, matching that achieved with only the higher (10 μg) dose of the p239 vaccine. These results suggest that the CRM197 fragment A alone serves as an intra-molecular adjuvant to remarkably enhance the immunogenicity of the target of interest in a non-particulate form. These findings may pave the way for rational vaccine design, especially in cases where particulates are not accessible.
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Dai LX, Yang J, Liu JM, Huang S, Wang BN, Li H, Yang J, Zhao ZY, Cao K, Li MY. Adenovirus-Mediated CRM197 Sensitizes Human Glioma Cells to Gemcitabine by the Mitochondrial Pathway. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 34:171-180. [PMID: 30585767 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a mutation of the diphtheria toxin. The protein of CRM197 was used successfully for the therapy of various tumors in the recent studies. In this study, the recombinant adenoviruses containing the CRM197gene(AdCRM197) were used to enhance the cellar toxicity of gemcitabine in human glioma U87, U251, and H4 cells. PROCEDURES MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to test the apoptosis of the U87, U251 and H4 cells with the combined treatment of AdCRM197 plus gemcitabine. Western blotting analyses were carried out to detect the cell apoptosis of the mitochondrial pathway. And the xenograft nude mice were used to observe the enhanced antitumor effect of AdCRM197 in vivo. RESULTS AdCRM197 sensitizes human glioma cells to gemcitabine in vitro by the mitochondrial pathway. Tumor volume was inhibited and survival time was prolonged in the U251 or U87 xenografted nude mice with gemcitabine plus AdCRM197. The enhanced antitumor effect of AdCRM197 was also detected by the immunohistochemical analyses and TUNEL staining. CONCLUSION The authors found that AdCRM197 sensitized the human glioma to gemcitabine not only in vitro but also in vivo. They provide the first evidence that adenovirus-mediated CRM197 may be a potential chemosensitizing agent for the treatment of cancer. The diphtheria toxin is of great toxicity that even one molecule of diphtheria toxin is enough to kill one cell. However, because of the high toxicity, the diphtheria toxin would kill the packing cells when it is being packaged into the recombinant viruses. Therefore, the diphtheria toxin is hard to be used in the gene therapy for virus vectors. The cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a mutation of the diphtheria toxin. Unlike DTA, CRM197 exhibit a weak toxicity. The week toxicity of CRM197 is a good feature for the virus packaging. In the present study, we used a recombinant adenovirus which carried a CRM197 gene (AdCRM197) to enhance the cellar toxicity of gemcitabine in human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-Xia Dai
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- 3 Department of Infectious Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan, China
| | - Jian-Min Liu
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Sizhou Huang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Bao-Ning Wang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- 5 West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- 6 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Zhao
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Cao
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Li
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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Edis BO, Haciosmanoglu E, Varol B, Bektas M. Intracellular trafficking of diphtheria toxin and its mutated form, CRM197, in the endocytic pathway. North Clin Istanb 2018; 5:89-95. [PMID: 30374472 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2017.55798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Diphtheria toxin (DTx) is a well-characterized bacterial toxin. However, the endocytic pathway of the mutant of DTx, CRM197, which is used as an immunological adjuvant, has not yet been fully explained. The aim of this study was to investigate the intracellular trafficking of CRM197-loaded endosomes. METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in a cell culture. The effective incubation time was determined by transmission electron microscopy in toxin-treated cells. Density gradient centrifugation and ADP-ribosylation assay were used to isolate and detect toxin-loaded endosomal fractions. Endosomal fractions from CRM197-treated cells were elicited after 15 minutes of incubation and the presence of fragment A was demonstrated using Western blot. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to identify endosomes in CRM197-treated endothelial cells. RESULTS: DTx-loaded endosomes were detected as enlarged vesicles in the perinuclear area with 15 minutes of toxin treatment. DTx-loaded endosomal fractions were determined by ADP-ribosyltransferase activity test and Western blot analysis. Enzymatic activity of the toxin-loaded endosomal fraction increased by 20% in actin cytoskeletal-damaged cells treated with cytochalasin D. The steps for the toxin treatment of HUVECs with DTx and obtaining endosomal fractions were repeated for CRM197. In the CRM197-loaded endosomal fraction, actin and Hsp90 were identified in addition to fragment A. Fluorescent images revealed that CRM197-loaded endosomes were co-localized with actin filaments and that Rab11, which signals the return to the plasma membrane, was more prominent than Rab7, the lysosomal pathway indicator. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CRM197-loaded endosomes participate in the recycling pathway.
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Mishra RPN, Yadav RSP, Jones C, Nocadello S, Minasov G, Shuvalova LA, Anderson WF, Goel A. Structural and immunological characterization of E. coli derived recombinant CRM 197 protein used as carrier in conjugate vaccines. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180238. [PMID: 29875175 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20180238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that the immunogenicity of polysaccharides is enhanced by coupling them to carrier proteins. Cross reacting material (CRM197), a nontoxic variant of diphtheria toxin (DT) is widely used carrier protein for polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Conventionally, CRM197 is isolated by fermentation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae C7 (β197) cultures, which often suffers from low yield. Recently, several recombinant approaches have been reported with robust processes and higher yields, which will improve the affordability of CRM197-based vaccines. Vaccine manufacturers require detailed analytical information to ensure that the CRM197 meets quality standards and regulatory requirements. In the present manuscript we have described detailed structural characteristics of Escherichia coli based recombinant CRM197 (rCRM197) carrier protein. The crystal structure of the E. coli based rCRM197 was found to be identical with the reported crystal structure of the C7 CRM197 produced in C. diphtheriae C7 strain (Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 4EA0). The crystal structure of rCRM197 was determined at 2.3 Å resolution and structure was submitted to the PDB with accession number ID 5I82. This is the first report of a crystal structure of E. coli derived recombinant CRM197 carrier protein. Furthermore, the rCRM197 was conjugated to Vi polysaccharide to generate Typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-rCRM197) and its immunogenicity was evaluated in Balb/C Mice. The Vi-rCRM197 conjugate vaccine was found to generate strong primary α-Vi antibody response and also showed a booster response after subsequent vaccination in mice. Overall data suggest that E. coli based recombinant CRM197 exhibits structural and immunological similarity with the C7 CRM197 and can be used as a carrier protein in conjugate vaccine development.
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Vingtdeux V, Zhao H, Chandakkar P, Acker CM, Davies P, Marambaud P. A modification-specific peptide-based immunization approach using CRM197 carrier protein: Development of a selective vaccine against pyroglutamate Aβ peptides. Mol Med 2016; 22:841-849. [PMID: 27900387 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies aimed at reducing cerebral accumulation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ immunization has proven to be effective at promoting Aβ clearance in animal models but adverse effects have hampered its clinical evaluation. The first anti-Aβ immunization clinical trial, which assessed a full-length Aβ1-42 vaccine, increased the risk of encephalitis most likely because of autoimmune pro-inflammatory T helper 1 (Th1) response against all forms of Aβ. Immunization against less abundant but potentially more pathologically relevant Aβ products, such as N-terminally-truncated pyroglutamate-3 Aβ (AβpE3), could provide efficacy and improve tolerability in Aβ immunotherapy. Here, we describe a selective vaccine against AβpE3, which uses the diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 as carrier protein for epitope presentation. CRM197 is currently used in licensed vaccines and has demonstrated excellent immunogenicity and safety in humans. In mice, our AβpE3:CRM197 vaccine triggered the production of specific anti-AβpE3 antibodies that did not cross-react with Aβ1-42, non-cyclized AβE3, or N-terminally-truncated pyroglutamate-11 Aβ (AβpE11). AβpE3:CRM197 antiserum strongly labeled AβpE3 in insoluble protein extracts and decorated cortical amyloid plaques in human AD brains. Anti-AβpE3 antibodies were almost exclusively of the IgG1 isotype, suggesting an anti-inflammatory Th2 response bias to the AβpE3:CRM197 vaccine. To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that CRM197 has potential as a safe and suitable vaccine carrier for active and selective immunization against specific protein sequence modifications or conformations, such as AβpE3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Vingtdeux
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Haitian Zhao
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Pallavi Chandakkar
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Christopher M Acker
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Peter Davies
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Philippe Marambaud
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
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Nam SO, Yotsumoto F, Miyata K, Fukagawa S, Odawara T, Manabe S, Ishikawa T, Kuroki M, Yasunaga S, Miyamoto S. Anti-tumor Effect of Intravenous Administration of CRM197 for Triple-negative Breast Cancer Therapy. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:3651-3657. [PMID: 27354636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which belongs to the epidermal growth factor family, is a rational therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This study aimed to assess the anti-tumor efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) HB-EGF-specific inhibitor (CRM197) for TNBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS NOD/SCID mice were subcutaneously injected withTNBC cells, MDA-MB-231, and, then, treated with i.v. CRM197 in either dose- or frequency-dependent manners, using an advanced cancer model and an adjuvant therapy model. Tumor volume and mouse body weight were calculated weekly. Statistical significance was assessed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS Mice that received i.v. CRM197 showed a significant anti-tumor effect in dose- and frequency-dependent manners in both models. However, their body weight did not differ significantly among groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that i.v. CRM197 is an effective treatment for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ouk Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fusanori Yotsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Odawara
- Kanonji Institute, Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Sadao Manabe
- Kanonji Institute, Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toyokazu Ishikawa
- Kanonji Institute, Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masahide Kuroki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin'ichiro Yasunaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Mahamad P, Boonchird C, Panbangred W. High level accumulation of soluble diphtheria toxin mutant ( CRM197) with co-expression of chaperones in recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6319-6330. [PMID: 27020286 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CRM197 is the diphtheria toxin mutant used in many conjugate vaccines. A fusion CRM197 (fCRM197) containing all the tags conferred by the pET32a vector was produced as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli co-expressing several chaperone proteins in conjunction with low temperature cultivation. Trigger factor (Tf) enhanced formation of soluble fCRM197 (150.69 ± 8.95 μg/mL) to a greater degree than other chaperones when fCRM197 expression was induced at 25 °C for 12 h. However, prolonged cultivation resulted in a progressive reduction of fCRM197 accumulation. In contrast, at 15 °C cells, with or without Tf, fCRM197 accumulated to the highest level at 48 h (153.70 ± 13.14 μg/mL and 150.07 ± 8.13 μg/mL, respectively). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the formation of inclusion protein as well as cell lysis was reduced in cultures grown at 15 °C. Cell viability was substantially reduced in cells expressing Tf, compared to cultures without Tf, when fCRM197 was induced at 25 °C. The viability of Tf-expressing cells was enhanced when cultured at 15 °C. Both purified fCRM197 and CRM197 efficiently digested lambda DNA (λDNA) at 37 °C (92.78 and 97.45 %, respectively). Digestion efficiency of fCRM197 and CRM197 was reduced at 25 °C (80.80 and 62.73 %, respectively) and at 15 °C (7.34 and 24.79 %, respectively). These results demonstrating nuclease activity, enhanced cell lysis, and reduced cell viability are consistent with the finding of lower fCRM197 yield when cultivation and induction times were prolonged at 25 °C. The present work provides a procedure for the high-level production of soluble fCRM197 using E. coli as a heterologous host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Mahamad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Mahidol University - Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU: CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chuenchit Boonchird
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Watanalai Panbangred
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Mahidol University - Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU: CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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26
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Salmas RE, Mestanoglu M, Unlu A, Yurtsever M, Durdagi S. Mutated form (G52E) of inactive diphtheria toxin CRM197: molecular simulations clearly display effect of the mutation to NAD binding. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:2462-8. [PMID: 26836774 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1119060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutated form (G52E) of diphtheria toxin (DT) CRM197 is an inactive and nontoxic enzyme. Here, we provided a molecular insight using comparative molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to clarify the influence of a single point mutation on overall protein and active-site loop. Post-processing MD analysis (i.e. stability, principal component analysis, hydrogen-bond occupancy, etc.) is carried out on both wild and mutated targets to investigate and to better understand the mechanistic differences of structural and dynamical properties on an atomic scale especially at nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding site when a single mutation (G52E) happens at the DT. In addition, a docking simulation is performed for wild and mutated forms. The docking scoring analysis and docking poses results revealed that mutant form is not able to properly accommodate the NAD molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ekhteiari Salmas
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Mert Mestanoglu
- c School of Medicine , Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ayhan Unlu
- d Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics , Trakya University , Edirne , Turkey
| | - Mine Yurtsever
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- b Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
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27
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Rustandi RR, Hamm M, Lancaster C, Loughney JW. Applications of an Automated and Quantitative CE-Based Size and Charge Western Blot for Therapeutic Proteins and Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:197-217. [PMID: 27473492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a versatile and indispensable analytical tool that can be applied to characterize proteins. In recent years, labor-intensive SDS-PAGE and IEF slab gels have been replaced with CE-SDS (CGE) and CE-IEF methods, respectively, in the biopharmaceutical industry. These two CE-based methods are now an industry standard and are an expectation of the regulatory agencies for biologics characterization. Another important and traditional slab gel technique is the western blot, which detects proteins using immuno-specific reagents after SDS-PAGE separation. This technique is widely used across industrial and academic laboratories, but it is very laborious, manual, time-consuming, and only semi-quantitative. Here, we describe the applications of a relatively new CE-based western blot technology which is automated, fast, and quantitative. We have used this technology for both charge- and size-based CE westerns to analyze biotherapeutic and vaccine products. The size-based capillary western can be used for fast antibody screening, clone selection, product titer, identity, and degradation while the charge-based capillary western can be used to study product charge heterogeneity. Examples using this technology for monoclonal antibody (mAb), Enbrel, CRM197, and Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) vaccine proteins are presented here to demonstrate the utility of the capillary western techniques. Details of sample preparation and experimental conditions for each capillary western mode are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Rustandi
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Analytical Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP42A-30, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
| | - Melissa Hamm
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Analytical Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP42A-30, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Catherine Lancaster
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Analytical Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP42A-30, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - John W Loughney
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Analytical Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP42A-30, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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28
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Tosi G, Vilella A, Veratti P, Belletti D, Pederzoli F, Ruozi B, Vandelli MA, Zoli M, Forni F. Exploiting Bacterial Pathways for BBB Crossing with PLGA Nanoparticles Modified with a Mutated Form of Diphtheria Toxin ( CRM197): In Vivo Experiments. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3672-84. [PMID: 26312414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drugs can be targeted to the brain using polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) engineered on their surface with ligands able to allow crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This article aims to investigate the BBB crossing efficiency of polymeric poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) NPs modified with a mutated form of diphtheria toxin (CRM197) in comparison with the results previously obtained using PLGA NPs modified with a glycopeptide (g7-NPs). Different kinds of NPs, covalently coupled PLGA with different fluorescent probes (DY405, rhodamine-B base and DY675) and different ligands (g7 and CRM197) were tested in vivo to assess their behavior and trafficking. The results highlighted the possibility to distinguish the different kinds of simultaneously administered NPs and to emphasize that CRM-197 modified NPs and g7-NPs can cross the BBB at a similar extent. The analysis of BBB crossing and of the neuronal tropism of CRM197 modified NPs, along with their BBB crossing pathways were also developed. In vivo pharmacological studies performed on CRM197 engineered NPs, loaded with loperamide, underlined their ability as drug carriers to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tosi
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy.,NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Vilella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - P Veratti
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - D Belletti
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - F Pederzoli
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy.,NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B Ruozi
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - M A Vandelli
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - M Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - F Forni
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
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Nam SO, Yotsumoto F, Miyata K, Souzaki R, Taguchi T, Kuroki M, Miyamoto S. Validity of HB-EGF as Target for Human Neuroblastoma Therapy. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:4433-4440. [PMID: 26168483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common and lethal extracranial solid tumor in children. The present study aimed to verify that the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a rational target in NB therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined expression of EGFR ligands in four NB cell lines using 2-dimensional culture (DC) and 3DC conditions. To assess the anti-tumor effect of cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197), which is a specific inhibitor of HB-EGF, on NB cells, we also performed terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay to detect apoptotic cells. RESULTS HB-EGF was predominantly expressed in two out of four NB cell lines under 2DC and 3DC conditions. CRM197 significantly induced apoptosis of NB cells with high HB-EGF expression. CONCLUSION HB-EGF plays an important role in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis and CRM197 showed an effective antitumor effect in neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ouk Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fusanori Yotsumoto
- Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Souzaki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Taguchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahide Kuroki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hamm M, Ha S, Rustandi RR. Automated capillary Western dot blot method for the identity of a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Anal Biochem 2015; 478:33-9. [PMID: 25813208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Simple Western is a new technology that allows for the separation, blotting, and detection of proteins similar to a traditional Western except in a capillary format. Traditionally, identity assays for biological products are performed using either an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or a manual dot blot Western. Both techniques are usually very tedious, labor-intensive, and complicated for multivalent vaccines, and they can be difficult to transfer to other laboratories. An advantage this capillary Western technique has over the traditional manual dot blot Western method is the speed and the automation of electrophoresis separation, blotting, and detection steps performed in 96 capillaries. This article describes details of the development of an automated identity assay for a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV15-CRM197, using capillary Western technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hamm
- Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sha Ha
- Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Richard R Rustandi
- Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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31
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Suzuki K, Mizushima H, Abe H, Iwamoto R, Nakamura H, Mekada E. Identification of diphtheria toxin R domain mutants with enhanced inhibitory activity against HB-EGF. J Biochem 2014; 157:331-43. [PMID: 25432160 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a ligand of EGF receptor, is involved in the growth and malignant progression of cancers. Cross-reacting material 197, CRM197, a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (DT), specifically binds to the EGF-like domain of HB-EGF and inhibits its mitogenic activity, thus CRM197 is currently under evaluation in clinical trials for cancer therapy. To develop more potent DT mutants than CRM197, we screened various mutant proteins of R domain of DT, the binding site for HB-EGF. A variety of R-domain mutant proteins fused with maltose-binding protein were produced and their inhibitory activity was evaluated in vitro. We found four R domain mutants that showed much higher inhibitory activity against HB-EGF than wild-type (WT) R domain. These R domain mutants suppressed HB-EGF-dependent cell proliferation more effectively than WT R domain. Surface plasmon resonance revealed their higher affinity to HB-EGF than WT R domain. CRM197(R460H) carrying the newly identified mutation showed increased cell proliferation inhibitory activity and affinity to HB-EGF. These results suggest that CRM197(R460H) or other recombinant proteins carrying newly identified mutation(s) in the R domain are potential therapeutics targeting HB-EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroto Mizushima
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwamoto
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eisuke Mekada
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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32
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Kuo YC, Liu YC. Cardiolipin-incorporated liposomes with surface CRM197 for enhancing neuronal survival against neurotoxicity. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:334-44. [PMID: 24999054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CRM197-grafted liposomes containing cardiolipin (CL) (CRM197/CL-liposomes) were used to enhance the permeability of neuron growth factor (NGF) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for promoting the neuroprotective effect of NGF. CRM197/CL-liposoms were incubated with a monolayer of human astrocyte (HA)-regulated human brain-microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and employed to rescue SK-N-MC cells with insult of fibrillar β-amyloid peptide (1-42) (Aβ1-42). An increase in the CL mole percentage enhanced the particle size, absolute value of zeta potential, NGF entrapment efficiency, CRM197 grafting efficiency, viability of HBMECs, HAs, and SK-N-MC cells, and BBB permeability of propidium iodide (PI) and NGF, and reduced the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). In addition, an increase in the CRM197 weight percentage increased the particle size, absolute value of zeta potential, viability of HBMECs and HAs, and BBB permeability of PI and NGF, and decreased the CRM197 grafting efficiency and TEER. CRM197/CL-liposomes have the ability to target the BBB and to reduce neurotoxicity of Aβ142 and can be promising formulations for treating Alzheimer's disease in future medicinal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The immunogenicity of polysaccharides as human vaccines was enhanced by coupling to protein carriers. Conjugation transformed the T cell-independent polysaccharide vaccines of the past to T cell-dependent antigenic vaccines that were much more immunogenic and launched a renaissance in vaccinology. This review discusses the conjugate vaccines for prevention of infections caused by Hemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Specifically, the characteristics of the proteins used in the construction of the vaccines including CRM, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane complex, and Hemophilus influenzae protein D are discussed. The studies that established differences among and key features of conjugate vaccines including immunologic memory induction, reduction of nasopharyngeal colonization and herd immunity, and antibody avidity and avidity maturation are presented. Studies of dose, schedule, response to boosters, of single protein carriers with single and multiple polysaccharides, of multiple protein carriers with multiple polysaccharides and conjugate vaccines administered concurrently with other vaccines are discussed along with undesirable consequences of conjugate vaccines. The clear benefits of conjugate vaccines in improving the protective responses of the immature immune systems of young infants and the senescent immune systems of the elderly have been made clear and opened the way to development of additional vaccines using this technology for future vaccine products.
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Höbel S, Appeldoorn CC, Gaillard PJ, Aigner A. Targeted CRM197-PEG-PEI/siRNA Complexes for Therapeutic RNAi in Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:1591-606. [PMID: 27721338 DOI: 10.3390/ph4121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) allows the specific knockdown of tumor relevant genes. To induce RNAi, the delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is of crucial importance. This is particularly challenging for their therapeutic applications in vivo. Low molecular weight branched polyethylenimine (PEI) is safe and efficient for nucleic acid delivery including small RNA molecules, based on its ability to electrostatically complex siRNA molecules, thereby protecting them from nuclease degradation. The nanoscale PEI/siRNA complexes are endocytosed by cells prior to intracellular complex release from the lysosome and cytoplasmic release of the siRNAs from the complexes. Chemical modification and ligand decoration of the complexes aim at introducing target tissue specificity and further increased efficacy of PEI-mediated siRNA delivery. CRM197 is a mutated, non-toxic diphtheria toxin (DT) that binds to the membrane-bound precursor of HB-EGF-like growth factor/diphtheria toxin receptor highly expressed in glioblastoma cells. Likewise, the growth factor pleiotrophin (PTN/HB-GAM/HARP) is overexpressed in glioblastoma and is rate limiting for tumor growth, thus representing an attractive target gene for therapeutic knockdown approaches. PEGylation of PEI was performed to reduce the surface charge, and by CRM197 coupling we prepared a modified PEI for siRNA delivery into glioblastoma cells. The novel PEI conjugates were analyzed for their complexation efficiency and optimal mixing ratios, and complexes were physicochemically characterized regarding stability, size and zeta potential. The biological activity of the complexes was confirmed in cell culture by reporter gene knockdown. For the therapeutic treatment of subcutaneous human gliobastoma xenografts in athymic nude mice, we systemically injected the modified PEI/siRNA complexes targeting PTN. Antitumor effects based on PTN knockdown demonstrated the advantage of tumor-targeted CRM197-PEG-PEI/siRNA over untargeted PEG-PEI polyplexes. Thus, we establish targeted CRM197-PEG-PEI-based complexes for siRNA delivery in vivo, and show therapeutic effects of CRM197-PEG-PEI/siRNA-mediated knockdown of PTN.
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