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Abdl Aali RAK, Al-Sahlany STG. Gellan Gum as a Unique Microbial Polysaccharide: Its Characteristics, Synthesis, and Current Application Trends. Gels 2024; 10:183. [PMID: 38534601 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gellan gum (GG) is a linear, negatively charged exopolysaccharide that is biodegradable and non-toxic. When metallic ions are present, a hard and transparent gel is produced, which remains stable at a low pH. It exhibits high water solubility, can be easily bio-fabricated, demonstrates excellent film/hydrogel formation, is biodegradable, and shows biocompatibility. These characteristics render GG a suitable option for use in food, biomedical, and cosmetic fields. Thus, this review paper offers a concise summary of microbial polysaccharides. Moreover, an in-depth investigation of trends in different facets of GG, such as biosynthesis, chemical composition, and physical and chemical properties, is emphasized. In addition, this paper highlights the process of extracting and purifying GG. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of GG concerning other polysaccharides is presented. Moreover, the utilization of GG across different industries, such as food, medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc., is thoroughly examined and will greatly benefit individuals involved in this field who are seeking fresh opportunities for innovative projects in the future.
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Zarour K, Zeid AF, Mohedano ML, Prieto A, Kihal M, López P. Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Liquorilactobacillus mali strains, isolated from Algerian food products, are producers of the postbiotic compounds dextran, oligosaccharides and mannitol. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:114. [PMID: 38418710 PMCID: PMC10901973 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Algerian sheep's milk, traditional butter, date palm sap and barley, which produce dextran, mannitol, oligosaccharides and vitamin B2 have been characterized. They were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides (A4X, Z36P, B12 and O9) and Liquorilactobacillus mali (BR201 and FR123). Their exopolysaccharides synthesized from sucrose by dextransucrase (Dsr) were characterized as dextrans with (1,6)-D-glucopyranose units in the main backbone and branched at positions O-4, O-2 and/or O-3, with D-glucopyranose units in the side chain. A4X was the best dextran producer (4.5 g/L), while the other strains synthesized 2.1-2.7 g/L. Zymograms revealed that L. mali strains have a single Dsr with a molecular weight (Mw) of ~ 145 kDa, while the Lc. mesenteroides possess one or two enzymes with 170-211 kDa Mw. As far as we know, this is the first detection of L. mali Dsr. Analysis of metabolic fluxes from sucrose revealed that the six LAB produced mannitol (~ 12 g/L). The co-addition of maltose-sucrose resulted in the production of panose (up to 37.53 mM), an oligosaccharide known for its prebiotic effect. A4X, Z36P and B12 showed dextranase hydrolytic enzymatic activity and were able to produce another trisaccharide, maltotriose, which is the first instance of a dextranase activity encoded by Lc. mesenteroides strains. Furthermore, B12 and O9 grew in the absence of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and synthesized this vitamin, in a defined medium at the level of ~ 220 μg/L. Therefore, these LAB, especially Lc. mesenteroides B12, are good candidates for the development of new fermented food biofortified with functional compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Zarour
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB, CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Es Senia, 31100, Oran, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Fouad Zeid
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB, CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Es Senia, 31100, Oran, Algeria
| | - Mari Luz Mohedano
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB, CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB, CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mebrouk Kihal
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Es Senia, 31100, Oran, Algeria
| | - Paloma López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB, CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Nachtigall C, Hassler V, Wefers D, Rohm H, Jaros D. Dextrans of Weissella cibaria DSM14295: Microbial production, structure and functionality. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125631. [PMID: 37399863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria of the genus Weissella contribute to spontaneous fermentation in, e.g., sourdough or sauerkraut, but are not registered as starter cultures because of their pending safety assessment. Some strains are able to produce high amounts of exopolysaccharides. This study aims to demonstrate the techno-functionality of five dextrans from W. cibaria DSM14295, produced under varying cultivation conditions, with respect to structural and macromolecular properties. A maximum of 23.1 g/L dextran was achieved by applying the "cold shift" temperature regime. The dextrans differed in molecular mass (9-22∙108 Da, determined by HPSEC-RI/MALLS), intrinsic viscosity (52-73 mL/g), degree of branching (3.8-5.7 % at position O3, determined by methylation analysis) and their side chain length and architecture, determined by HPAEC-PAD after enzymatic hydrolysis. Stiffness of acid gels from milk spiked with these dextrans increased linearly with dextran concentration. Principal component analysis showed that dextrans produced in a semi-defined medium are primarily described by moisture sorption and branching properties, whereas dextrans produced in whey permeate were similar because of their functional and macromolecular properties. Overall, dextrans from W. cibaria DSM14295 have a high potential because of the high production yield and their functionality which can be tailored by the conditions during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Nachtigall
- Chair of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Verena Hassler
- Division of Food Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Wefers
- Division of Food Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Harald Rohm
- Chair of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Doris Jaros
- Chair of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Application of Emerging Techniques in Reduction of the Sugar Content of Fruit Juice: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061181. [PMID: 36981108 PMCID: PMC10048513 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the growing interest in products with reduced sugar content, there is a need to consider reducing the natural sugar concentration in juices while preserving the initial concentration of nutritional compounds. This paper reviewed the current state of knowledge related to mixing juices, membrane processes, and enzymatic processes in producing fruit juices with reduced concentrations of sugars. The limitations and challenges of these methods are also reviewed, including the losses of nutritional ingredients in membrane processes and the emergence of side products in enzymatic processes. As the existing methods have limitations, the review also identifies areas that require further improvements and technological innovations.
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Bazazi S, Hosseini SP, Hashemi E, Rashidzadeh B, Liu Y, Saeb MR, Xiao H, Seidi F. Polysaccharide-based C-dots and polysaccharide/C-dot nanocomposites: fabrication strategies and applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3630-3650. [PMID: 36728615 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
C-dots are a new class of materials with vast applications. The synthesis of bio-based C-dots has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Polysaccharides being the most abundant natural materials with high biodegradability and no toxicity have been the focus of researchers for the synthesis of C-dots. C-dots obtained from polysaccharides are generally fabricated via thermal procedures, carbonization, and microwave pyrolysis. Small size, photo-induced electron transfer (PET), and highly adjustable luminosity behavior are the most important physical and chemical properties of C-dots. However, C-dot/polysaccharide composites can be introduced as a new generation of composites that combine the features of both C-dots and polysaccharides having a wide range of applications in biomedicines, biosensors, drug delivery systems, etc. This review demonstrates the features, raw materials, and methods used for the fabrication of C-dots derived from different polysaccharides. Furthermore, the properties, applications, and synthesis conditions of various C-dot/polysaccharide composites are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bazazi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Seyedeh Parisa Hosseini
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Esmaeil Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, PO Box 41335-1914, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Yuqian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3 Canada.
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Besrour-Aouam N, de Los Rios V, Hernández-Alcántara AM, Mohedano ML, Najjari A, López P, Ouzari HI. Proteomic and in silico analyses of dextran synthesis influence on Leuconostoc lactis AV1n adaptation to temperature change. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1077375. [PMID: 36713162 PMCID: PMC9875047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1077375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leuconostoc lactis is found in vegetables, fruits, and meat and is used by the food industry in the preparation of dairy products, wines, and sugars. We have previously demonstrated that the dextransucrase of Lc. lactis (DsrLL) AV1n produces a high-molecular-weight dextran from sucrose, indicating its potential use as a dextran-forming starter culture. We have also shown that this bacterium was able to produce 10-fold higher levels of dextran at 20°C than at 37°C, at the former temperature accompanied by an increase in dsrLL gene expression. However, the general physiological response of Lc. lactis AV1n to cold temperature in the presence of sucrose, leading to increased production of dextran, has not been yet investigated. Therefore, we have used a quantitative proteomics approach to investigate the cold temperature-induced changes in the proteomic profile of this strain in comparison to its proteomic response at 37°C. In total, 337 proteins were found to be differentially expressed at the applied significance criteria (adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05, FDR 5%, and with a fold-change ≥ 1.5 or ≤ 0.67) with 204 proteins overexpressed, among which 13% were involved in protein as well as cell wall, and envelope component biosynthesis including DsrLL. Proteins implicated in cold stress were expressed at a high level at 20°C and possibly play a role in the upregulation of DsrLL, allowing the efficient synthesis of the protein essential for its adaptation to cold. Post-transcriptional regulation of DsrLL expression also seems to take place through the interplay of exonucleases and endonucleases overexpressed at 20°C, which would influence the half-life of the dsrLL transcript. Furthermore, the mechanism of cold resistance of Lc. lactis AV1n seems to be also based on energy saving through a decrease in growth rate mediated by a decrease in carbohydrate metabolism and its orientation toward the production pathways for storage molecules. Thus, this better understanding of the responses to low temperature and mechanisms for environmental adaptation of Lc. lactis could be exploited for industrial use of strains belonging to this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhane Besrour-Aouam
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain,Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives (LR03ES03), Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Vivian de Los Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mᵃ Luz Mohedano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Afef Najjari
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives (LR03ES03), Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Paloma López
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Paloma López,
| | - Hadda-Imene Ouzari
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives (LR03ES03), Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia,Hadda-Imene Ouzari,
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Diez-Ozaeta I, Martín-Loarte L, Mohedano ML, Tamame M, Ruiz-Masó JÁ, del Solar G, Dueñas MT, López P. A methodology for the selection and characterization of riboflavin-overproducing Weissella cibaria strains after treatment with roseoflavin. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1154130. [PMID: 37089563 PMCID: PMC10116070 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1154130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentative processes by lactic acid bacteria can produce metabolites of interest to the health and food industries. Two examples are the production of B-group vitamins, and of prebiotic and immunomodulatory dextran-type exopolysaccharides. In this study, three riboflavin- and dextran-producing Weissella cibaria strains (BAL3C-5, BAL3C-7 and BAL3C-22) were used to develop a new method for selection and isolation of spontaneous riboflavin-overproducing W. cibaria mutants. This method was based on the selection of strains resistant to roseoflavin. The DNA sequencing of the FMN riboswitch of bacterial cell populations treated with various roseoflavin concentrations, revealed the existence of at least 10 spontaneous and random point mutations at this location. Folding and analysis of the mutated FMN riboswitches with the RNA fold program predicted that these mutations could result in a deregulation of the rib operon expression. When the roseoflavin-treated cultures were plated on medium supporting dextran synthesis, the most promising mutants were identified by the yellow color of their mucous colonies, exhibiting a ropy phenotype. After their isolation and recovery in liquid medium, the evaluation of their riboflavin production revealed that the mutant strains synthesized a wide range of riboflavin levels (from 0.80 to 6.50 mg/L) above the wild-type level (0.15 mg/L). Thus, this was a reliable method to select spontaneous riboflavin-overproducing and dextran-producing strains of W. cibaria. This species has not yet been used as a starter or adjunct culture, but this study reinforces the potential that it has for the food and health industry for the production of functional foods or as a probiotic. Furthermore, analysis of the influence of FMN present in the growth medium, on rib mRNA and riboflavin levels, revealed which mutant strains produce riboflavin without flavin regulation. Moreover, the BAL3C-5 C120T mutant was identified as the highest riboflavin-overproducer. Determination of its chromosomal DNA sequence and that of BAL3C-5, revealed a total identity between the 2 strains except for the C120T mutation at the FMN riboswitch. To our knowledge, this work is the first demonstration that only a single alteration in the genome of a lactic acid bacteria is required for a riboflavin-overproducing phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Diez-Ozaeta
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lucía Martín-Loarte
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mari Luz Mohedano
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Tamame
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, (IBFG) CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Ángel Ruiz-Masó
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria del Solar
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Dueñas
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Teresa Dueñas,
| | - Paloma López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Paloma López,
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Huang MY, Lo CY, Lai CY, Yu JD, Lee PT. Dietary supplementation of synbiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroide B4 and dextran improves immune regulation and disease resistance of Penaeus vannamei against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108498. [PMID: 36539168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
White shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is an important culture species in Taiwan but often encounters disease infection by Vibrio parahaemolyticus that cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation of Leuconostoc mesenteroide B4 and its fermentate (dextran) on the immune response, intestinal morphology, disease resistance, and immune-related gene expression in white shrimp. In comparison to the control group, the shrimp fed with a diet containing B4+dextran (107 CFU B4/g feed and 0.05% dextran) for 14, 28, 42 and 56 days had a significantly higher feed efficiency, weight gain and specific growth rate. A significantly higher villus height in the intestine and higher survival rate after challenging with V. parahaemolyticus was recorded for the B4+dextran group. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the group that had ingested B4+dextran had a higher total hemocyte count and a higher proportion of semi-granulocytes, but a lower percentage of granulocytes compared to the control group. The shotgun metagenomic results in the midgut revealed that Leuco. mesenteroides was barely found in the midgut of the shrimp, suggesting that this microbe and its transient presence in the midgut is not the direct mechanism underlying the improved shrimp growth in the treated sample. Instead, dextran, a key ingredient in the B4 fermentate, on the dynamic of the microbial populations in shrimp, possibly promoting the diversity of gut microbes, especially the beneficial microbes, and thereby rendering protection against AHPND. In terms of comparing the gene expression between the control and synbiotic groups, pre- and post-bacterial challenge, a higher expression level of immune genes was mostly found in the B4+dextran group after challenging it with V. parahaemolyticus (group B4+dextran-VP) in the hepatopancreas and hemocyte. In contrast, the transcript level of immune-related genes was found to be higher in the B4+dextran group than other combinations in the midgut. Taken together, this study found that dietary addition of synbiotic Leuco. mesenteroides B4 and dextran can improve the growth performance, intestinal morphology and microbiome, regulation of immune genes and disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus infection in white shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ying Huang
- Aquaculture Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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Fermentation Conditions Affect the Synthesis of Volatile Compounds, Dextran, and Organic Acids by Weissella confusa A16 in Faba Bean Protein Concentrate. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223579. [PMID: 36429171 PMCID: PMC9689515 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation with Weissella confusa A16 could improve the flavor of various plant-based sources. However, less is known about the influence of fermentation conditions on the profile of volatile compounds, dextran synthesis and acidity. The present work investigates the synthesis of potential flavor-active volatile compounds, dextran, acetic acid, and lactic acid, as well as the changes in viscosity, pH, and total titratable acidity, during fermentation of faba bean protein concentrate with W. confusa A16. A Response Surface Methodology was applied to study the effect of time, temperature, dough yield, and inoculum ratio on the aforementioned responses. Twenty-nine fermentations were carried out using a Central Composite Face design. A total of 39 volatile organic compounds were identified: 2 organic acids, 7 alcohols, 8 aldehydes, 2 alkanes, 12 esters, 3 ketones, 2 aromatic compounds, and 3 terpenes. Long fermentation time and high temperature caused the formation of ethanol and ethyl acetate and the reduction of hexanal, among other compounds linked to the beany flavor. Levels of dextran, acetic acid, and lactic acid increased with increasing temperature, time, and dough yield. Optimal points set for increased dextran and reduced acidity were found at low temperatures and high dough yield. Such conditions would result in hexanal, ethyl acetate and ethanol having a relative peak area of 35.9%, 7.4%, and 4.9%, respectively.
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Hernández-Alcántara AM, Chiva R, Mohedano ML, Russo P, Ruiz-Masó JÁ, del Solar G, Spano G, Tamame M, López P. Weissella cibaria riboflavin-overproducing and dextran-producing strains useful for the development of functional bread. Front Nutr 2022; 9:978831. [PMID: 36267909 PMCID: PMC9577222 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.978831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes a method for deriving riboflavin overproducing strains of Weissella cibaria by exposing three strains (BAL3C-5, BAL3C-7, and BAL3C-22) isolated from dough to increasing concentrations of roseoflavin. By this procedure, we selected one mutant overproducing strain from each parental strain (BAL3C-5 B2, BAL3C-7 B2, and BAL3C-22 B2, respectively). Quantification of dextran and riboflavin produced by the parental and mutant strains in a defined medium lacking riboflavin and polysaccharides confirmed that riboflavin was only overproduced by the mutant strains, whereas dextran production was similar in both mutant and parental strains. The molecular basis of the riboflavin overproduction by the mutants was determined by nucleotide sequencing of their rib operons, which encode the enzymes of the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. We detected a unique mutation in each of the overproducing strains. These mutations, which map in the sensor domain (aptamer) of a regulatory element (the so-called FMN riboswitch) present in the 5’ untranslated region of the rib operon mRNA, appear to be responsible for the riboflavin-overproducing phenotype of the BAL3C-5 B2, BAL3C-7 B2, and BAL3C-22 B2 mutant strains. Furthermore, the molecular basis of dextran production by the six W. cibaria strains has been characterized by (i) the sequencing of their dsr genes encoding dextransucrases, which synthesize dextran using sucrose as substrate, and (ii) the detection of active Dsr proteins by zymograms. Finally, the parental and mutant strains were analyzed for in situ production of riboflavin and dextran during experimental bread making. The results indicate that the mutant strains were able to produce experimental wheat breads biofortified with both riboflavin and dextran and, therefore, may be useful for the manufacture of functional commercial breads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annel M. Hernández-Alcántara
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosana Chiva
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Luz Mohedano
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pasquale Russo
- Department of Agriculture Food Natural Science Engineering, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - José Ángel Ruiz-Masó
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria del Solar
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Department of Agriculture Food Natural Science Engineering, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mercedes Tamame
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paloma López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Paloma López,
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11
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Characterization of Dextran Produced by the Food-Related Strain Weissella cibaria C43-11 and of the Relevant Dextransucrase Gene. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182819. [PMID: 36140946 PMCID: PMC9498152 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolic feature of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is the production of exopolysaccharides (EPSs), which have technological and functional properties of interest to the food sector. The present study focused on the characterization of the Weissella cibaria strain C43-11, a high EPS producer in the presence of sucrose, in comparison with a low-producing strain (C2-32), and on possible genetic regulatory elements responsible for the modulation of dextransucrase (dsr) genes expression. NMR analysis of the polymeric material produced by the C43-11 strain indicated the presence of dextran consisting mainly of a linear scaffold formed by α-(1–6) glycosidic linkages and a smaller amounts of branches derived from α-(1–2), α-(1–3), and α-(1–4) linkages. Molecular analysis of the dsr genes and the putative transcriptional promoters of the two strains showed differences in their regulatory regions. Such variations may have a role in the modulation of dsr expression levels in the presence of sucrose. The strong upregulation of the dsr gene in the C43-11 strain resulted in a high accumulation of EPS. This is the first report showing differences in the regulatory elements of the dsr gene in W. cibaria and indicates a new perspective of investigation to identify the regulatory mechanism of EPS production.
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Lucena MDA, Ramos IFDS, Geronço MS, de Araújo R, da Silva Filho FL, da Silva LMLR, de Sousa RWR, Ferreira PMP, Osajima JA, Silva-Filho EC, Rizzo MDS, Ribeiro AB, da Costa MP. Biopolymer from Water Kefir as a Potential Clean-Label Ingredient for Health Applications: Evaluation of New Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123895. [PMID: 35745016 PMCID: PMC9231297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to characterize the exopolysaccharide obtained from water kefir grains (EPSwk), a symbiotic association of probiotic microorganisms. New findings of the technological, mechanical, and biological properties of the sample were studied. The EPSwk polymer presented an Mw of 6.35 × 105 Da. The biopolymer also showed microcrystalline structure and characteristic thermal stability with maximum thermal degradation at 250 °C. The analysis of the monosaccharides of the EPSwk by gas chromatography demonstrated that the material is composed of glucose units (98 mol%). Additionally, EPSwk exhibited excellent emulsifying properties, film-forming ability, a low photodegradation rate (3.8%), and good mucoadhesive properties (adhesion Fmax of 1.065 N). EPSwk presented cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of this study expand the potential application of the exopolysaccharide from water kefir as a potential clean-label raw material for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa de Alencar Lucena
- Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (M.d.A.L.); (I.F.d.S.R.); (M.S.G.); (R.d.A.); (J.A.O.); (E.C.S.-F.); (M.P.d.C.)
| | - Igor Frederico da Silveira Ramos
- Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (M.d.A.L.); (I.F.d.S.R.); (M.S.G.); (R.d.A.); (J.A.O.); (E.C.S.-F.); (M.P.d.C.)
| | - Maurycyo Silva Geronço
- Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (M.d.A.L.); (I.F.d.S.R.); (M.S.G.); (R.d.A.); (J.A.O.); (E.C.S.-F.); (M.P.d.C.)
| | - Ricardo de Araújo
- Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (M.d.A.L.); (I.F.d.S.R.); (M.S.G.); (R.d.A.); (J.A.O.); (E.C.S.-F.); (M.P.d.C.)
| | | | - Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues da Silva
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG—Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal;
| | - Rayran Walter Ramos de Sousa
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology (LabCancer), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (R.W.R.d.S.); (P.M.P.F.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology (LabCancer), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (R.W.R.d.S.); (P.M.P.F.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Josy Anteveli Osajima
- Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (M.d.A.L.); (I.F.d.S.R.); (M.S.G.); (R.d.A.); (J.A.O.); (E.C.S.-F.); (M.P.d.C.)
| | - Edson Cavalcanti Silva-Filho
- Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (M.d.A.L.); (I.F.d.S.R.); (M.S.G.); (R.d.A.); (J.A.O.); (E.C.S.-F.); (M.P.d.C.)
| | - Márcia dos Santos Rizzo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Alessandra Braga Ribeiro
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcilia Pinheiro da Costa
- Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (M.d.A.L.); (I.F.d.S.R.); (M.S.G.); (R.d.A.); (J.A.O.); (E.C.S.-F.); (M.P.d.C.)
- College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
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Biological Functions of Exopolysaccharides from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Potential Benefits for Humans and Farmed Animals. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091284. [PMID: 35564008 PMCID: PMC9101012 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are structurally diverse biopolymers with a broad range of technological properties and bioactivities. There is scientific evidence that these polymers have health-promoting properties. Most commercialized probiotic microorganisms for consumption by humans and farmed animals are LAB and some of them are EPS-producers indicating that some of their beneficial properties could be due to these polymers. Probiotic LAB are currently used to improve human health and for the prevention and treatment of specific pathologic conditions. They are also used in food-producing animal husbandry, mainly due to their abilities to promote growth and inhibit pathogens via different mechanisms, among which the production of EPS could be involved. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of the characteristics, usage and biological role of EPS from LAB, as well as their postbiotic action in humans and animals, and to predict the future contribution that they could have on the diet of food animals to improve productivity, animal health status and impact on public health.
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Notararigo S, Varela E, Otal A, Antolín M, Guarner F, López P. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of an O-2-Substituted (1-3)-β-D-Glucan Produced by Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 in a Caco-2 PMA-THP-1 Co-Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031527. [PMID: 35163449 PMCID: PMC8835822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial β-glucans are exopolysaccharides (EPSs), which can protect bacteria or cooperate in biofilm formation or in bacterial cell adhesion. Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 is a lactic acid bacterium that produces an O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan. The structural similarity of this EPS to active compounds such as laminarin, together with its ability to modulate the immune system and to adhere in vitro to human enterocytes, led us to investigate, in comparison with laminarin, its potential as an immunomodulator of in vitro co-cultured Caco-2 and PMA-THP-1 cells. O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan synthesized by the GTF glycosyl transferase of Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 or that by Lactococcus lactis NZ9000[pGTF] were purified and used in this study. The XTT tests revealed that all β-glucans were non-toxic for both cell lines and activated PMA-THP-1 cells’ metabolisms. The O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan modulated production and expression of IL-8 and the IL-10 in Caco-2 and PMA-THP-1 cells. Laminarin also modulated cytokine production by diminishing TNF-α in Caco-2 cells and IL-8 in PMA-THP-1. All these features could be considered with the aim to produce function foods, supplemented with laminarin or with another novel β-glucan-producing strain, in order to ameliorate an individual’s immune system response toward pathogens or to control mild side effects in remission patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Notararigo
- Molecular Biology of Gram-Positive Bacteria, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-Margarita Salas-CSIC), Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- Foundation Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Encarnación Varela
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Otal
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
| | - María Antolín
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Guarner
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma López
- Molecular Biology of Gram-Positive Bacteria, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-Margarita Salas-CSIC), Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-837-31-12; Fax: +34-91-538-04-32
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Li J, Ai L, Xu F, Hu X, Yao Y, Wang L. Structural characterization of exopolysaccharides from Weissella cibaria NC516.11 in distiller grains and its improvement in gluten-free dough. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 199:17-23. [PMID: 34952097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an exopolysaccharide (EPS) was produced by Weissella cibaria NC516.11 isolated from distiller grains of Chinese Baijiu. The structural characterization of EPS determined using fourier transform infrared spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra demonstrated that W. cibaria NC516.11 had α-(1 → 6) (93.46%) d-glucose linkages with a few α-(1 → 3) (6.54%) d-glucose linked branches. The monosaccharide composition of the EPS was glucose, and its molecular weight was 2.82 × 106 Da. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the microstructure of EPS had a three-dimensional structure at low magnification and a particle structure that protruded from the surface at high magnification. The addition of EPS into dough can promote the cross-linking of starch molecules and increase the water-holding capacity. Dynamic rheology indicated that the aqueous solution of EPS is a pseudoplastic fluid, and the higher the concentration of EPS, the greater the viscosity. The addition of EPS to the gluten-free dough showed G' > G", which could increase the viscoelastic properties of the dough and enhance the gluten network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Feiran Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xintian Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yijun Yao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Dimov SG, Gyurova A, Zagorchev L, Dimitrov T, Georgieva-Miteva D, Peykov S. NGS-Based Metagenomic Study of Four Traditional Bulgarian Green Cheeses from Tcherni Vit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Doughs in Spain Produce Dextrans and Riboflavin. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092004. [PMID: 34574114 PMCID: PMC8470351 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce metabolites with applications in the food industry, such as dextran-type exopolysaccharides (EPS) and riboflavin (vitamin B2). Here, 72 bacteria were isolated from sourdoughs made by Spanish bread-makers. In the presence of sucrose, colonies of 22 isolates showed a ropy phenotype, and NMR analysis of their EPS supported that 21 of them were dextran producers. These isolates were identified by their random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns and their rrs and pheS gene sequences as LAB belonging to four species (Weissella cibaria, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc falkenbergense and Leuconostoc mesenteroides). Six selected strains from the Leuconostoc (3) and Weissella (3) genera grew in the absence of riboflavin and synthesized vitamin B2. The EPS produced by these strains were characterized as dextrans by physicochemical analysis, and the L. citreum polymer showed an unusually high degree of branching. Quantification of the riboflavin and the EPS productions showed that the W. cibaria strains produce the highest levels (585–685 μg/and 6.5–7.4 g/L, respectively). Therefore, these new LAB strains would be good candidates for the development of fermented foods bio-fortified with both dextrans and riboflavin. Moreover, this is the first report of riboflavin and dextran production by L. falkenbergense.
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Removal of Mixed-Species Biofilms Developed on Food Contact Surfaces with a Mixture of Enzymes and Chemical Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080931. [PMID: 34438981 PMCID: PMC8388944 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanicip Bio Control (SBC) is a novel product developed in Mexico for biofilms’ removal. The aims of this study were to evaluate (i) the removal of mixed-species biofilms by enzymatic (protease and α-amylase, 180 MWU/g) and chemical treatments (30 mL/L SBC, and 200 mg/L peracetic acid, PAA) and (ii) their effectiveness against planktonic cells. Mixed-species biofilms were developed on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene B (PP) in whole milk (WM), tryptic soy broth (TSB) with meat extract (TSB+ME), and TSB with chicken egg yolk (TSB+EY) to simulate the food processing environment. On SS, all biofilms were removed after treatments, except the enzymatic treatment that only reduced 1–2 log10 CFU/cm2, whereas on PP, the reductions ranged between 0.59 and 5.21 log10 CFU/cm2, being the biofilms developed in TSB+EY being resistant to the cleaning and disinfecting process. Higher reductions in microbial load on PP were reached using enzymes, SBC, and PAA. The employed planktonic cells were markedly more sensitive to PAA and SBC than were the sessile cells. In conclusion, biofilm removal from SS can be achieved with SBC, enzymes, or PAA. It is important to note that the biofilm removal was strongly affected by the food contact surfaces (FCSs) and surrounding media.
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Abstract
Dextran is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or their enzymes in the presence of sucrose. Dextran is composed of a linear chain of d-glucoses linked by α-(1→6) bonds, with possible branches of d-glucoses linked by α-(1→4), α-(1→3), or α-(1→2) bonds, which can be low (<40 kDa) or high molecular weight (>40 kDa). The characteristics of dextran in terms of molecular weight and branches depend on the producing strain, so there is a great variety in its properties. Dextran has commercial interest because its solubility, viscosity, and thermal and rheological properties allow it to be used in food, pharmaceutical, and research areas. The aim of this review article is to compile the latest research (in the past decade) using LAB to synthesize high or low molecular weight dextran. In addition, studies using modified enzymes to produce dextran with specific structural characteristics (molecular weights and branches) are addressed. On the other hand, special attention is paid to LAB extracted from unconventional sources to expose their capacities as dextran producers and their possible application to compete with the only commercial strain (Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B512).
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Hinchliffe JD, Parassini Madappura A, Syed Mohamed SMD, Roy I. Biomedical Applications of Bacteria-Derived Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1081. [PMID: 33805506 PMCID: PMC8036740 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics have found widespread use in the fields of cosmetic, engineering, and medical sciences due to their wide-ranging mechanical and physical properties, as well as suitability in biomedical applications. However, in the light of the environmental cost of further upscaling current methods of synthesizing many plastics, work has recently focused on the manufacture of these polymers using biological methods (often bacterial fermentation), which brings with them the advantages of both low temperature synthesis and a reduced reliance on potentially toxic and non-eco-friendly compounds. This can be seen as a boon in the biomaterials industry, where there is a need for highly bespoke, biocompatible, processable polymers with unique biological properties, for the regeneration and replacement of a large number of tissue types, following disease. However, barriers still remain to the mass-production of some of these polymers, necessitating new research. This review attempts a critical analysis of the contemporary literature concerning the use of a number of bacteria-derived polymers in the context of biomedical applications, including the biosynthetic pathways and organisms involved, as well as the challenges surrounding their mass production. This review will also consider the unique properties of these bacteria-derived polymers, contributing to bioactivity, including antibacterial properties, oxygen permittivity, and properties pertaining to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Finally, the review will select notable examples in literature to indicate future directions, should the aforementioned barriers be addressed, as well as improvements to current bacterial fermentation methods that could help to address these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (J.D.H.); (A.P.M.); (S.M.D.S.M.)
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Salvetti E, Campedelli I, Larini I, Conedera G, Torriani S. Exploring Antibiotic Resistance Diversity in Leuconostoc spp. by a Genome-Based Approach: Focus on the lsaA Gene. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030491. [PMID: 33652718 PMCID: PMC7996808 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leuconostoc spp. are environmental microorganisms commonly associated with fermented foods. Absence of antibiotic resistance (AR) in bacteria is a critical issue for global food safety. Herein, we updated the occurrence of AR genes in the Leuconostoc genus through in silico analyses of the genomes of 17 type strains. A total of 131 putative AR traits associated with the main clinically relevant antibiotics were detected. We found, for the first time, the lsaA gene in L. fallax ATCC 700006T and L. pseudomesenteroides NCDO 768T. Their amino acid sequences displayed high similarities (59.07% and 52.21%) with LsaA of Enterococcusfaecalis V583, involved in clindamycin (CLI) and quinupristin-dalfopristin (QUD) resistance. This trait has different distribution patterns in Leuconostoc nontype strains-i.e., L. pseudomesenteroides, L. lactis and L. falkenbergense isolates from fermented vegetables, cheeses, and starters. To better explore the role of lsaA, MIC for CLI and QUD were assessed in ATCC 700006T and NCDO 768T; both strains were resistant towards CLI, potentially linking lsaA to their resistant phenotype. Contrarily, NCDO 768T was sensitive towards QUD; however, expression of lsaA increased in presence of this antibiotic, indicating an active involvement of this trait and thus suggesting a revision of the QUD thresholds for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Salvetti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.S.); (I.L.); (G.C.)
| | | | - Ilaria Larini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.S.); (I.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Giada Conedera
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.S.); (I.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.S.); (I.L.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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