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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2021-2022. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38925550 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Ma H, Liao M, Zhong P, Ding J, Wang X, Gong G, Huang L, Liu J, Wang Q. Diversely regio-oxidative degradation of konjac glucomannan by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase AA10 and generating antibacterial hydrolysate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131094. [PMID: 38537852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM) hydrolysate exhibit various biological activities and health-promoting effects. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play an important role on enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides to obtain fermentable sugars. It is generally accepted that LPMOs exhibits high substrate specificity and oxidation regioselectivity. Here, a bacteria-derived SmAA10A, with chitin-active with strict C1 oxidation, was used to catalyse KGM degradation. Through ethanol precipitation, two hydrolysed KGM components (4 kDa (KGM-1) and 5 kDa (KGM-2)) were obtained that exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In natural KGM, KGM-1, and KGM-2, the molar ratios of mannose to glucose were 1:2.19, 1:3.05, and 1:2.87, respectively, indicating that SmAA10A preferentially degrades mannose in KGM. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed the breakage of glycosylic bonds during enzymatic catalysis. The regioselectivity of SmAA10A for KGM degradation was determined based on the fragmentation behaviour of the KGM-1 and KGM-2 oligosaccharides and their NaBD4-reduced forms. SmAA10A exhibited diverse oxidation degradation of KGM and generated single C1-, single C4-, and C1/C4-double oxidised oligosaccharide forms. This study provides an alternative method for obtaining KGM degradation components with antibacterial functions and expands the substrate specificity and oxidation regioselectivity of bacterial LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Ma
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Minghong Liao
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Peiyun Zhong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jieqiong Ding
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Guiping Gong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jianling Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Qingling Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Chen X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Zhang P, Long L, Ding S. A novel cellulolytic/xylanolytic SbAA14 from Sordaria brevicollis with a branched chain preference and its synergistic effects with glycoside hydrolases on lignocellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129504. [PMID: 38228212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the novel auxiliary activity (AA) family 14 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) SbAA14 from Sordaria brevicollis was successfully characterized. It was active against heteroxylan, xyloglucan and cellulose in β-cellulose and released native oligosaccharides and corresponding C1- and/or C4-oxidized products. SbAA14 showed a branched chain preference, because partial removal of arabinosyl substituents from heteroxylan led to a decrease in activity. SbAA14 had synergistic effects with the debranching enzyme EpABF62C in an enzyme- and ascorbic acid-dependent manner. SbAA14 had synergistic effects with the GH10 endoxylanase EpXYN1, and the degree of synergy was greater with step-by-step addition than with simultaneous addition. SbAA14 could also synergize with Celluclast® 1.5 L on NaOH-pretreated wheat straw and on NaOH-pretreated and hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC)-H2SO4-pretreated bamboo substrates. The greatest synergistic effect between SbAA14 and Celluclast® 1.5 L was observed for HPAC-H2SO4-200 mM pretreated bamboo, in which the degree of synergy reached approximately 1.61. The distinctive substrate preference of SbAA14 indicated that it is a novel AA14 LPMO that may act mainly on heteroxylan with numerous arabinosyl substituents between cellulose fibers rather than on recalcitrant xylan tightly associated with cellulose. These findings broaden the understanding of enigmatic AA14 LPMOs and provide new insights into the substrate specificities and biological functionalities of AA14 LPMOs in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Chen
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangkun Long
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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Chen K, Zhao X, Zhang P, Long L, Ding S. A novel AA14 LPMO from Talaromyces rugulosus with bifunctional cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic activity boosted cellulose hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:30. [PMID: 38395898 PMCID: PMC10885436 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recently discovered PcAA14A and B from white-rot basidiomycete Pycnoporus coccineus enriched our understanding of the oxidative degradation of xylan in fungi, however, the unusual mode of action of AA14 LPMOs has sparked controversy. The substrate specificity and functionality of AA14 LPMOs still remain enigmatic and need further investigation. RESULTS In this study, a novel AA14 LPMO was characterized from the ascomycete Talaromyces rugulosus. TrAA14A has a broad substrate specificity with strong oxidative activity on pure amorphous cellulose and xyloglucan. It could simultaneously oxidize cellulose, xylan and xyloglucan in natural hemi/cellulosic substrate such as fibrillated eucalyptus pulp, and released native and oxidized cello-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides and xyloglucan oligosaccharides from this substrate, but its cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic activity became weaker as the contents of xylan increase in the alkaline-extracted hemi/cellulosic substrates. The dual cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic activity enables TrAA14A to possess a profound boosting effect on cellulose hydrolysis by cellulolytic enzymes. Structure modelling of TrAA14A revealed that it exhibits a relatively flat active-site surface similar to the active-site surfaces in AA9 LPMOs but quite distinct from PcAA14B, despite TrAA14A is strongly clustered together with AA14 LPMOs. Remarkable difference in electrostatic potentials of L2 and L3 surfaces was also observed among TrAA14A, PcAA14B and NcLPMO9F. We speculated that the unique feature in substrate-binding surface might contribute to the cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic activity of TrAA14A. CONCLUSIONS The extensive cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic activity on natural hemi/cellulosic substrate indicated that TrAA14A from ascomycete is distinctively different from previously characterized xylan-active AA9 or AA14 LPMOs. It may play as a bifunctional enzyme to decompose some specific network structures formed between cellulose and hemicellulose in the plant cell walls. Our findings shed new insights into the novel substrate specificities and biological functionalities of AA14 LPMOs, and will contribute to developing novel bifunctional LPMOs as the booster in commercial cellulase cocktails to efficiently break down the hemicellulose-cellulose matrix in lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Chen
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangkun Long
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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Matsuzawa T. Plant polysaccharide degradation-related enzymes in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:276-282. [PMID: 38066701 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Plants synthesize large amounts of stored and structural polysaccharides. Aspergillus oryzae is used in traditional Japanese fermentation and produces many types of plant polysaccharide degradation-related enzymes. The carbohydrate-active enzymes of A. oryzae are important in the fermentation process and biotechnological applications. Because plant polysaccharides have a complex structure, cooperative and synergistic actions of enzymes are crucial for the degradation of plant polysaccharides. For example, the cooperative action of isoprimeverose-producing oligoxyloglucan hydrolase, β-galactosidase, and α-xylosidase is important for the degradation of xyloglucan, and A. oryzae coordinates these enzymes at the expression level. In this review, I focus on the plant polysaccharide degradation-related enzymes identified in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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Matsuzawa T, Nakamichi Y, Shimada N. Identification and Characterization of Novel Intracellular α-Xylosidase in Aspergillus oryzae. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2023; 70:119-125. [PMID: 38239767 PMCID: PMC10792220 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2023_0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Xylosidase releases xylopyranosyl side chains from xyloglucan oligosaccharides and is vital for xyloglucan degradation. Previously, we identified and characterized two α-xylosidases, intracellular AxyA and extracellular AxyB, in Aspergillus oryzae. In this study, we identified a third α-xylosidase, termed AxyC, in A. oryzae. These three A. oryzae α-xylosidases belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 31, but there are clear differences in substrate specificity. Both AxyA and AxyB showed much higher hydrolytic activity toward isoprimeverose (α-D-xylopyranosyl-1,6-glucose) than p-nitrophenyl α-D-xylopyranoside. In contrast, the specific activity of AxyC toward the p-nitrophenyl substrate was approximately 950-fold higher than that toward isoprimeverose. Our study revealed that there are multiple α-xylosidases with different substrate specificities in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University
| | - Yusuke Nakamichi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Naoki Shimada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University
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Mathieu Y, Raji O, Bellemare A, Di Falco M, Nguyen TTM, Viborg AH, Tsang A, Master E, Brumer H. Functional characterization of fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases for cellulose surface oxidation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:132. [PMID: 37679837 PMCID: PMC10486138 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) cleave diverse biomass polysaccharides, including cellulose and hemicelluloses, by initial oxidation at C1 or C4 of glycan chains. Within the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) classification, Auxiliary Activity Family 9 (AA9) comprises the first and largest group of fungal LPMOs, which are often also found in tandem with non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). LPMOs originally attracted attention for their ability to potentiate complete biomass deconstruction to monosaccharides. More recently, LPMOs have been applied for selective surface modification of insoluble cellulose and chitin. RESULTS To further explore the catalytic diversity of AA9 LPMOs, over 17,000 sequences were extracted from public databases, filtered, and used to construct a sequence similarity network (SSN) comprising 33 phylogenetically supported clusters. From these, 32 targets were produced successfully in the industrial filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger, 25 of which produced detectable LPMO activity. Detailed biochemical characterization of the eight most highly produced targets revealed individual C1, C4, and mixed C1/C4 regiospecificities of cellulose surface oxidation, different redox co-substrate preferences, and CBM targeting effects. Specifically, the presence of a CBM correlated with increased formation of soluble oxidized products and a more localized pattern of surface oxidation, as indicated by carbonyl-specific fluorescent labeling. On the other hand, LPMOs without native CBMs were associated with minimal release of soluble products and comparatively dispersed oxidation pattern. CONCLUSIONS This work provides insight into the structural and functional diversity of LPMOs, and highlights the need for further detailed characterization of individual enzymes to identify those best suited for cellulose saccharification versus surface functionalization toward biomaterials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Olanrewaju Raji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Annie Bellemare
- Centre for Structural & Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke-West Street, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Centre for Structural & Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke-West Street, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Thi Truc Minh Nguyen
- Centre for Structural & Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke-West Street, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Alexander Holm Viborg
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural & Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke-West Street, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Emma Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Gollan M, Black G, Munoz-Munoz J. A computational approach to optimising laccase-mediated polyethylene oxidation through carbohydrate-binding module fusion. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:18. [PMID: 37415113 PMCID: PMC10324223 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a major global concern to the health and wellbeing of all terrestrial and marine life. However, no sustainable method for waste management is currently viable. This study addresses the optimisation of microbial enzymatic polyethylene oxidation through rational engineering of laccases with carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) domains. An explorative bioinformatic approach was taken for high-throughput screening of candidate laccases and CBM domains, representing an exemplar workflow for future engineering research. Molecular docking simulated polyethylene binding whilst a deep-learning algorithm predicted catalytic activity. Protein properties were examined to interpret the mechanisms behind laccase-polyethylene binding. The incorporation of flexible GGGGS(x3) hinges were found to improve putative polyethylene binding of laccases. Whilst CBM1 family domains were predicted to bind polyethylene, they were suggested to detriment laccase-polyethylene associations. In contrast, CBM2 domains reported improved polyethylene binding and may thus optimise laccase oxidation. Interactions between CBM domains, linkers, and polyethylene hydrocarbons were heavily reliant on hydrophobicity. Preliminary polyethylene oxidation is considered a necessity for consequent microbial uptake and assimilation. However, slow oxidation and depolymerisation rates inhibit the large-scale industrial implementation of bioremediation within waste management systems. The optimised polyethylene oxidation of CBM2-engineered laccases represents a significant advancement towards a sustainable method of complete plastic breakdown. Results of this study offer a rapid, accessible workflow for further research into exoenzyme optimisation whilst elucidating mechanisms behind the laccase-polyethylene interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gollan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne and Wear, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Gary Black
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne and Wear, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Munoz-Munoz
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne and Wear, England, United Kingdom
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Qin X, Yang K, Wang X, Tu T, Wang Y, Zhang J, Su X, Yao B, Huang H, Luo H. Insights into the H 2O 2-Driven Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase Activity on Efficient Cellulose Degradation in the White Rot Fungus Irpex lacteus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:8104-8111. [PMID: 37204864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to O2, H2O2 as the cosubstrate for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) exhibits great advantages in industrial settings for cellulose degradation. However, H2O2-driven LPMO reactions from natural microorganisms have not been fully explored and understood. Herein, secretome analysis unraveled the H2O2-driven LPMO reaction in the efficient lignocellulose-degrading fungus Irpex lacteus, including LPMOs with different oxidative regioselectivities and various H2O2-generating oxidases. Biochemical characterization of H2O2-driven LPMO catalysis showed orders of magnitude improvement in catalytic efficiency compared to that of O2-driven LPMO catalysis for cellulose degradation. Significantly, H2O2 tolerance of LPMO catalysis in I. lacteus was an order of magnitude higher than that in other filamentous fungi. In addition, natural reductants, gallic acid, in particular, presented in lignocellulosic biomass could sufficiently maintain LPMO catalytic reactions. Moreover, the H2O2-driven LPMO catalysis exhibited synergy with canonical endoglucanases for efficient cellulose degradation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the great application potential of the H2O2-driven LPMO catalysis for upgrading cellulase cocktails to further improve cellulose degradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Sun XB, Gao DY, Cao JW, Liu Y, Rong ZT, Wang JK, Wang Q. BsLPMO10A from Bacillus subtilis boosts the depolymerization of diverse polysaccharides linked via β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123133. [PMID: 36621733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is known as an oxidatively cleaving enzyme in recalcitrant polysaccharide deconstruction. Herein, we report a novel AA10 LPMO derived from Bacillus subtilis (BsLPMO10A). A substrate specificity study revealed that the enzyme exhibited an extensive active-substrate spectrum, particularly for polysaccharides linked via β-1,4 glycosidic bonds, such as β-(Man1 → 4Man), β-(Glc1 → 4Glc) and β-(Xyl1 → 4Xyl). HPAEC-PAD and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses indicated that BsLPMO10A dominantly liberated native oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3-6 and C1-oxidized oligosaccharides ranging from DP3ox to DP6ox from mixed linkage glucans and beechwood xylan. Due to its synergistic action with a variety of glycoside hydrolases, including glucanase IDSGLUC5-38, xylanase TfXYN11-1, cellulase IDSGLUC5-11 and chitinase BtCHI18-1, BsLPMO10A dramatically accelerated glucan, xylan, cellulose and chitin saccharification. After co-reaction for 72 h, the reducing sugars in Icelandic moss lichenan, beechwood xylan, phosphoric acid swollen cellulose and chitin yielded 3176 ± 97, 7436 ± 165, 649 ± 44, and 2604 ± 130 μmol/L, which were 1.47-, 1.56-, 1.44- and 1.25-fold higher than those in the GHs alone groups, respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, the synergy of BsLPMO10A and GHs was further validated by the degradation of natural feedstuffs, the co-operation of BsLPMO10A and GHs released 3266 ± 182 and 1725 ± 107 μmol/L of reducing sugars from Oryza sativa L. and Arachis hypogaea L. straws, respectively, which were significantly higher than those produced by GHs alone (P < 0.001). Furthermore, BsLPMO10A also accelerated the liberation of reducing sugars from Celluclast® 1.5 L, a commercial cellulase cocktail, on filter paper, A. hypogaea L. and O. sativa L. straws by 49.58 % (P < 0.05), 72.19 % (P < 0.001) and 54.36 % (P < 0.05), respectively. This work has characterized BsLPMO10A with a broad active-substrate scope, providing a promising candidate for lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - De-Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Wen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhou-Ting Rong
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jia-Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Guo H, Zhao Y, Chang JS, Lee DJ. Enzymes and enzymatic mechanisms in enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass: A mini-review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128252. [PMID: 36334864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is the key step limiting the efficiency of the biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass. Enzymes involved in enzymatic hydrolysis and their interactions with biomass should be comprehended to form the basis for looking for strategies to improve process efficiency. This article updates the contemporary research on the properties of key enzymes in the lignocellulose biorefinery and their interactions with biomass, adsorption, and hydrolysis. The advanced analytical techniques to track the interactions for exploiting mechanisms are discussed. The challenges and prospects for future research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guo
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-li 32003, Taiwan.
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12
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Qin X, Zou J, Yang K, Li J, Wang X, Tu T, Wang Y, Yao B, Huang H, Luo H. Deciphering the efficient cellulose degradation by the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila focused on the synergistic action of glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128027. [PMID: 36174898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila as an efficient decomposer secretes various glycoside hydrolases and auxiliary oxidation enzymes to deconstruct cellulose. However, the core enzymes critical for efficient cellulose degradation and their interactions with other cellulolytic enzymes remain unclear. Herein, the transcriptomic analysis of M. thermophila grown on Avicel exhibited that cellulases from GH5_5, GH6 and GH7, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) from AA9 contributed to cellulose degradation. Moreover, the peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of major extracellular proteins and corresponding gene-knockout strains studies revealed that MtCel7A and MtCel5A were the core cellulolytic enzymes. Furthermore, synergistic experiments found that hydrolytic efficiencies of MtCel7A and MtCel5A were both improved by mixture C1/C4 oxidizing MtLPMO9H, but inhibited by C1 oxidizing MtLPMO9E and C4 oxidizing MtLPMO9J respectively. These results demonstrated the potential application of C1/C4 oxidizing LPMOs for future designing novel cellulolytic enzyme cocktails on the efficient conversion of cellulose into biofuels and biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiahuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Long L, Hu Y, Sun F, Gao W, Hao Z, Yin H. Advances in lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with the cellulose-degrading auxiliary activity family 9 to facilitate cellulose degradation for biorefinery. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:68-83. [PMID: 35931294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One crucial step in processing the recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass is the fast hydrolysis of natural cellulose to fermentable sugars that can be subsequently converted to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Recent studies have shown that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMOs) with auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9) are capable of efficiently depolymerizing the crystalline cellulose via regioselective oxidation reaction. Intriguingly, the catalysis by AA9 LPMOs requires reductant to provide electrons, and lignin and its phenolic derivatives can be oxidized, releasing reductant to activate the reaction. The activity of AA9 LPMOs can be enhanced by in-situ generation of H2O2 in the presence of O2. Although scientific understanding of these enzymes remains somewhat unknown or controversial, structure modifications on AA9 LPMOs through protein engineering have emerged in recent years, which are prerequisite for their extensive applications in the development of cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. In this review, we critically comment on advances in studies for AA9 LPMOs, i.e., characteristic of AA9 LPMOs catalysis, external electron donors to AA9 LPMOs, especially the role of the oxidization of lignin and its derivatives, and AA9 LPMOs protein engineering as well as their extensive applications in the bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass. Perspectives are also highlighted for addressing the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Long
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wa Gao
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS(, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhikui Hao
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS(, Dalian 116023, China
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14
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Ding S, Liu X, Hakulinen N, Taherzadeh MJ, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qin X, Wang X, Yao B, Luo H, Tu T. Boosting enzymatic degradation of cellulose using a fungal expansin: Structural insight into the pretreatment mechanism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 358:127434. [PMID: 35680086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recalcitrance of cellulosic biomass greatly hinders its enzymatic degradation. Expansins induce cell wall loosening and promote efficient cellulose utilization; however, the molecular mechanism underlying their action is not well understood. In this study, TlEXLX1, a fungal expansin from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802, was characterized in terms of phylogeny, synergy, structure, and mechanism of action. TlEXLX1 displayed varying degrees of synergism with commercial cellulase in the pretreatment of corn straw and filter paper. TlEXLX1 binds to cellulose via domain 2, mediated by CH-π interactions with residues Tyr291, Trp292, and Tyr327. Residues Asp237, Glu238, and Asp248 in domain 1 form hydrogen bonds with glucose units and break the inherent hydrogen bonding within the cellulose matrix. This study identified the expansin amino acid residues crucial for cellulose binding, and elucidated the structure and function of expansins in cell wall networks; this has potential applications in biomass utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjia Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nina Hakulinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80130, Finland
| | | | - Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Sun P, de Munnik M, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Extending the diversity of Myceliophthora thermophila LPMOs: Two different xyloglucan cleavage profiles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119373. [PMID: 35450635 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play a key role in enzymatic conversion of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Continuous discovery and functional characterization of LPMOs highly contribute to the tailor-made design and improvement of hydrolytic-activity based enzyme cocktails. In this context, a new MtLPMO9F was characterized for its substrate (xyloglucan) specificity, and MtLPMO9H was further delineated. Aided by sodium borodeuteride reduction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric analysis, we found that both MtLPMOs released predominately C4-oxidized, and C4/C6-double oxidized xylogluco-oligosaccharides. Further characterization showed that MtLPMO9F, having a short active site segment 1 and a long active site segment 2 (-Seg1+Seg2), followed a "substitution-intolerant" xyloglucan cleavage profile, while for MtLPMO9H (+Seg1-Seg2) a "substitution-tolerant" profile was found. The here characterized xyloglucan specificity and substitution (in)tolerance of MtLPMO9F and MtLPMO9H were as predicted according to our previously published phylogenetic grouping of AA9 LPMOs based on structural active site segment configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Melanie de Munnik
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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16
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Zhang X, Chen K, Long L, Ding S. Two C1-oxidizing AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases from Sordaria brevicollis differ in thermostability, activity, and synergy with cellulase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8739-8759. [PMID: 34748039 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellulolytic fungi usually have multiple genes for C1-oxidizing auxiliary activity 9 (AA9) lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in their genomes, but their potential functional differences are less understood. In this study, two C1-oxidizing AA9 LPMOs, SbLPMO9A and SbLPMO9B, were identified from Sordaria brevicollis, and their differences, particularly in terms of thermostability, reducing agent specificity, and synergy with cellulase, were explored. The two enzymes exhibited weak binding to cellulose and intolerance to hydrogen peroxide. Their oxidative activity was influenced by cellulose crystallinity and surface morphology, and both enzymes tended to oxidize celluloses of lower crystallinity and high surface area. Comparably, SbLPMO9A had much better thermostability than SbLPMO9B, which may be attributed to the presence of a carbohydrate binding module 1 (CBM1)-like sequence at its C-terminus. In addition, the two enzymes exhibited different specificities and responsivities toward electron donors. SbLPMO9A and SbLPMO9B were able to boost the catalytic efficiency of endoglucanase I (EGI) on physically and chemically pretreated substrates but with different degrees of synergy. Substrate- and enzyme-specific synergism was observed by comparing the synergistic action of SbLPMO9A or SbLPMO9B with commercial Celluclast 1.5L on three kinds of cellulosic substrates. On regenerated amorphous cellulose and PFI (Papirindustriens Forskningsinstitut)-fibrillated bleached eucalyptus pulp, SbLPMO9B showed a higher synergistic effect than SbLPMO9A, while on delignified wheat straw, the synergistic effect of SbLPMO9A was higher than that of SbLPMO9B. On account of its excellent thermostability and boosting effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of delignified wheat straw, SbLPMO9A may have high application potential in biorefineries for lignocellulosic biomass. KEY POINTS: • C1-oxidizing SbLPMO9A displayed higher thermostability than SbLPMO9B, probably due to the presence of a CBM1-like module. • The oxidative activity of the two SbLPMO9s on celluloses increased with decreasing cellulose crystallinity or increasing beating degree. • The two SbLPMO9s boosted the catalytic efficiency of cellulase, but the synergistic effect was substrate- and enzyme-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- The Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaixiang Chen
- The Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangkun Long
- The Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- The Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Long L, Sun L, Ding D, Chen K, Lin Q, Ding S. Two C1-oxidizing lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora enhance the saccharification of wheat straw by a commercial cellulase cocktail. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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