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Zheng T, Wang S, Wang M, Mao J, Xu Y, Ren J, Liu Y, Liu S, Qiao Z, Cao X. Effect of Different Fertilizer Types on Quality of Foxtail Millet under Low Nitrogen Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1830. [PMID: 38999669 PMCID: PMC11244521 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In order to clarify the effect of different fertilizers on foxtail millet quality under low nitrogen conditions, we used JGNo.21 and LZGNo.2 as experimental materials and set up five treatments, including non-fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus, compound, and organic fertilizers, to study the regulation of different fertilizer types on agronomic traits, nutrient fractions, and pasting characteristics of foxtail millet under low nitrogen conditions. Compared with the control, all of the fertilizers improved the agronomic traits of JGNo.21 to a certain extent. Nitrogen and compound fertilizer treatments reduced the starch content of JGNo.21; the starch content was reduced by 0.55% and 0.07% under nitrogen and compound fertilizers treatments. Phosphorus and organic fertilizers increased starch content, and starch content increased by 0.50% and 0.56% under phosphorus and organic fertilizer treatments. The effect of each fertilizer treatment on protein content was completely opposite to that of starch; different fertilizer treatments reduced the fat content of JGNo.21 and increased the fiber content. Among them, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the yellow pigment content; the yellow pigment content increased by 1.21% and 2.64% under nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer treatments. Organic and compound fertilizers reduced the content of yellow pigment; the yellow pigment content was reduced by 3.36% and 2.79% under organic and compound fertilizer treatments. Nitrogen and organic fertilizers increased the fat content of LZGNo.2; the fat content increased by 2.62% and 1.98% under nitrogen, organic fertilizer treatment. Compound and phosphorus fertilizer decreased the fat content; the fat content decreased by 2.16% and 2.90% under compound and phosphorus fertilizer treatment. Different fertilizer treatments reduced the cellulose and yellow pigment content of LZGNo.2. The content of essential, non-essential, and total amino acids of JGNo.21 was increased under compound and nitrogen fertilizer treatments and decreased under organic and phosphorus fertilizer treatments. The content of essential, non-essential, and total amino acids of LZGNo.2 was significantly higher under compound, nitrogen, and organic fertilizer treatments compared with control and significantly decreased under phosphorus fertilizer treatments. Nitrogen and compound fertilizer treatments significantly reduced the values of peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, setback viscosity, and pasting time of each index of JGNo.21; phosphorus and organic fertilizer treatments improved the values of each index. In contrast, the pasting viscosity of LZGNo.2 increased under phosphorus fertilizer treatment and decreased under nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Reasonable fertilization can improve the quality of foxtail millet, which provides a scientific theoretical basis for improving the quality of foxtail millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jiao Mao
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yuanmeng Xu
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jiangling Ren
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Sichen Liu
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Zhijun Qiao
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Xiaoning Cao
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Development in Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Li X, Wang H, Sun S, Ji X, Wang X, Wang Z, Shang J, Jiang Y, Gong X, Qi H. Optimization of the morphological, structural, and physicochemical properties of maize starch using straw returning and nitrogen fertilization in Northeast China. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130791. [PMID: 38479666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The combination of straw returning and nitrogen (N) fertilization is a popular tillage mode and essential strategy for achieving stable yield and high quality. However, the optimal combination strategy and the influence of tillage mode on the morphological, crystalline, and molecular structures of maize starch remain unclear. We conducted a long-term field experiment over 7 years in Northeast China using two tillage modes, rotary tillage with straw returning (RTS) and plow tillage with straw returning (PTS), and four N application rates. The relative crystallinity, 1045/1022 cm-1 value, and B2 and B3 chains of maize starch were higher under RTS than under PTS, resulting in increased stability of starch and improvements in gelatinization enthalpy and temperature. The surface of the starch granules induced by N fertilizer was smoother than that under the N0 (0 kg N ha-1) treatment. The proportion of amylose content, solubility, swelling power, and light transmittance increased under N2 (262 kg N ha-1) treatment, along with improvement in starch pasting properties. These results suggest that RTS combined with N2 treatment can regulate the morphological, structural, and physicochemical characteristics of maize starch, providing an essential reference for improving the quality of maize starch from an agronomic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Honglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Sitong Sun
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Xinjie Ji
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Wang
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Shang
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Gong
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China.
| | - Hua Qi
- College of Agronomy/Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China.
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3
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Liu W, Wang K, Zhao Y, Shen Y, Zhang C, Peng Y, Ran X, Guo H, Ding Y, Tang S. Effects of nitrogen application on physicochemical properties of rice starch under elevated temperature. Food Chem 2024; 433:137303. [PMID: 37713937 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilization can mitigate the negative effects of high temperatures on rice. In this study, we simulated dynamic field temperature increases using a free-air temperature enhancement system. Changes in the physicochemical properties of starch were investigated under increasing nitrogen fertilization during the grain-filling stage. We observed that the application of nitrogen at elevated temperatures (ETN) did not change the chain length distribution compared with elevated temperatures (ET) alone; however, it did significantly increase the heights of the first and second amylose peaks. Specifically, ETN significantly decreased the height of fifth amylopectin and relative crystallinity, and the changes it introduced in the physicochemical properties of starch were greater than those of ET. Overall, these changes in starch properties may be associated with the ability of nitrogen to facilitate the maintenance of rice quality at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Liu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kailu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yingying Shen
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuan Ran
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hao Guo
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - She Tang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Wang H, Zhang H, Liu J, Ma Q, Wu E, Gao J, Yang Q, Feng B. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of nitrogen fertilizers in starch synthesis and quality in waxy and non-waxy proso millet. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121372. [PMID: 37940241 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that optimal application of nitrogen fertilizers can effectively improve the quality of proso millet (PM). Here, we aimed to investigate the pathways associated with starch synthesis and metabolism to elucidate the effect and molecular mechanisms of nitrogen fertilization in starch synthesis and properties in waxy and non-waxy PM varieties using transcriptomic techniques. Co-expression network analysis revealed that the regulation of starch synthesis and quality in PM by nitrogen fertilizer mainly occurred in the S2 and S3 stages during grain filling. Nitrogen fertilization inhibited glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch biosynthesis in grains, but increased starch degradation to maltose and dextrin and then to glucose. Moreover, nitrogen fertilization increased starch accumulation by upregulating the expression of SuS and malZ genes, thereby increasing the total starch content in grains. In contrast, nitrogen fertilization suppressed the expression of GBSS gene and decreased amylose content in PM grains, resulting in a relatively higher crystallinity, light transmittance, and breakdown viscosity in the two PM varieties. Overall, these results provided transcriptomics insights into the molecular mechanisms by which nitrogen fertilization regulates starch quality in PM, identified key genes that associated with the starch properties, and provided new insights into the quality cultivation of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglu Wang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Enguo Wu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinfeng Gao
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Baili Feng
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Liu H, Liu B, Zhou H, Huang Y, Gao X. Nitrogen fertilizer affects the cooking quality and starch properties of proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.). Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:602-614. [PMID: 38268879 PMCID: PMC10804076 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen has a critical influence on the yield and quality of proso millet. However, the exact impact of nitrogen on the cooking quality of proso millet is not clear. In this study, the cooking quality and starch properties of two proso millet varieties (waxy-Shaanxi millet [wSM] variety and non-waxy-Shaanxi millet [nSM] variety) were compared and analyzed under nitrogen fertilizer treatment (N150, 150 kg/hm2) and a control group without nitrogen application (N0, 0 kg/hm2). Compared with the N0 group, the N150 treatment significantly increased protein content, amylose levels, and total yield. Employing rapid visco analyser and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, we observed that under the N150 treatment, the peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity of proso millet powder were diminished, while the setback viscosity and enthalpy values (ΔH) increased. In addition, nitrogen treatment increased the solids content in the obtained rice soup and significantly hardened the texture of the rice. At the same time, we noticed that the absorption capacity of starch in water and oil was enhanced. These results showed that nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on the cooking quality and starch properties of proso millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Beibei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Ankang Vocational Technical CollegeAnkangChina
| | - Haolu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yinghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Guo K, Liang W, Wang S, Guo D, Liu F, Persson S, Herburger K, Petersen BL, Liu X, Blennow A, Zhong Y. Strategies for starch customization: Agricultural modification. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121336. [PMID: 37739487 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Raw starch is commonly modified to enhance its functionality for industrial applications. There is increasing demand for 'green' modified starches from both end-consumers and producers. It is well known that environmental conditions are key factors that determine plant growth and yield. An increasing number of studies suggest growth conditions can expand affect starch structure and functionality. In this review, we summarized how water, heat, high nitrogen, salinity, shading, CO2 stress affect starch biosynthesis and physicochemical properties. We define these treatments as a fifth type of starch modification method - agricultural modification - in addition to chemical, physical, enzymatic and genetic methods. In general, water stress decreases peak viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy of starch, and high temperature stress increases starch gelatinization enthalpy and temperature. High nitrogen increases total starch content and regulates starch viscosity. Salinity stress mainly regulates starch and amylose content, both of which are genotype-dependent. Shading stress and CO2 stress can both increase starch granule size, but these have different effects on amylose content and amylopectin structure. Compared with other modification methods, agricultural modification has the advantage of operating at a large scale and a low cost and can help meet the ever-rising market of clean-label foods and ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Guo
- Lab of Food Soft Matter Structure and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Wenxin Liang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Shujun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety and School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Bent L Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xingxun Liu
- Lab of Food Soft Matter Structure and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muhlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Guo C, Wuza R, Tao Z, Yuan X, Luo Y, Li F, Yang G, Chen Z, Yang Z, Sun Y, Ma J. Effects of elevated nitrogen fertilizer on the multi-level structure and thermal properties of rice starch granules and their relationship with chalkiness traits. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7302-7313. [PMID: 37499162 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chalkiness in rice reduces its market value and affects consumer acceptance. Research on the mechanism of chalkiness formation has focused primarily on the activity of key enzymes of carbon metabolism and starch accumulation. The relationship between the formation of chalkiness induced by N fertilizer and rice starch's multi-level structure and thermal properties still needs to be fully elucidated. RESULTS In this study, the rates of chalky grains and degree of chalkiness decreased with the increase in N fertilizer dosage. This was attributed to an increased proportion of short chains, ordered structure carbon chains, small starch granules, and branched starches, and a higher degree of crystallinity and ΔHg in protein, and a decreased proportion of amylose, large starch granules, and weighted average diameter of starch granule surface area and volume. Application of N fertilizer promoted an increased proportion of short-branched chain amylopectin to develop a more ordered carbohydrate structure and crystalline lamella. These effects enhanced the normal development and compactness of starch granules in grains, and improved their arrangement morphology, thereby reducing the chalkiness in rice. CONCLUSION These changes in starch multi-level structure and protein improve the physicochemical characteristics of starch and enhance the fullness, crystallinity and compactness of starch granules, while synergistically increasing the regularity and homogeneity of starch granules and thus optimizing the stacking pattern of starch granules, leading to a reduction in rice chalkiness under nitrogen fertilization and thus improving the appearance of rice. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Guo
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang, China
| | - Riqu Wuza
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziling Tao
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yuan
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinghan Luo
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feijie Li
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guotao Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Zongkui Chen
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjian Sun
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Wang L, Liu L, Zhao J, Li C, Wu H, Zhao H, Wu Q. Granule-bound starch synthase in plants: Towards an understanding of their evolution, regulatory mechanisms, applications, and perspectives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111843. [PMID: 37648115 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Amylose content (AC) is a significant quality trait in starchy crops, affecting their processing and application by the food and non-food industries. Therefore, fine-tuning AC in these crops has become a focus for breeders. Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is the core enzyme that directly determines the AC levels. Several excellent reviews have summarized key progress in various aspects of GBSS research in recent years, but they mostly focus on cereals. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of GBSS research in monocots and dicots, focusing on the molecular characteristics, evolutionary relationships, expression patterns, molecular regulation mechanisms, and applications. We also discuss future challenges and directions for controlling AC in starchy crops, and found simultaneously increasing both the PTST and GBSS gene expression levels may be an effective strategy to increase amylose content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Linling Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Jiali Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Huala Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China.
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9
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Zamaratskaia G, Gerhardt K, Knicky M, Wendin K. Buckwheat: an underutilized crop with attractive sensory qualities and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37640053 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2249112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The pseudocereal buckwheat is one of the ancient domesticated crops. The aim of the present review was to outline the potential of buckwheat as an agricultural crop and brings studies on buckwheat into a new larger perspective combining current knowledge in agricultural history and practice, nutritional and sensory properties, as well as possible benefits to human health. Historically, buckwheat was an appreciated crop because of its short growth period, moderate requirements for growth conditions, and high adaptability to adverse environments. Nowadays, interest in buckwheat-based food has increased because of its nutritional composition and many beneficial properties for human health. Buckwheat is a rich course of proteins, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, including flavonoids. Moreover, it contains no gluten and can be used in the production of gluten-free foods for individuals diagnosed with celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, or wheat protein allergies. Buckwheat is traditionally used in the production of various foods and can be successfully incorporated into various new food formulations with positive effects on their nutritional value and attractive sensory properties. Further research is needed to optimize buckwheat-based food development and understand the mechanism of the health effects of buckwheat consumption on human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Zamaratskaia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Gerhardt
- Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Knicky
- Bioeconomy and Health, Agriculture and Food, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wendin
- Research Environment MEAL, Faculty of Natural Science, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang M, Mukhamed B, Yang Q, Luo Y, Tian L, Yuan Y, Huang Y, Feng B. Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer Change the Quality of Waxy and Non-Waxy Broomcorn Millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) Starch. Foods 2023; 12:3009. [PMID: 37628008 PMCID: PMC10453922 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The overuse of nitrogen fertilizers has led to environmental pollution, which has prompted the widespread adoption of biochar as a soil conditioner in agricultural production. To date, there has been a lack of research on the effects of biochar and its combination with nitrogen fertilizer on the quality of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) starch. Thus, this study examined the physicochemical characteristics of starch in two types of broomcorn millet (waxy and non-waxy) under four different conditions, including a control group (N0), nitrogen fertilizer treatment alone (N150), biochar treatment alone (N0+B), and a combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer treatments (N150+B). The results showed that, in comparison to the control, all the treatments, particularly N150+B, decreased the content of amylose and gelatinization temperature and enhanced the starch transparency gel consistency and swelling power. In addition, biochar can improve the water solubility of starch and the gelatinization enthalpy. Importantly, the combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer increased the proportion of A-granules, final viscosity, starch content, and the average degree of amylopectin in polymerization. Thus, this research indicates that the combinations of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer result in the most significant improvement in the quality of starch produced from broomcorn millet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China (Y.Y.)
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11
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Wang D, Ren H. Microbial community in buckwheat rhizosphere with different nitrogen application rates. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15514. [PMID: 37361045 PMCID: PMC10290450 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganism plays a pivotal role in regulating sustainable development of agriculture. The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer is considered to affect the microbial structure in many agricultural systems. The present study aimed to assess the impacts of nitrogen application rate on microbial diversity, community and functionality in rhizosphere of Tartary buckwheat in short-time. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied at rates of 90 kg (N90), 120 kg (N120) and 150 kg (N150) urea per hectare, respectively. The soil properties were measured chemical analysis and displayed no difference among treatments. Metagenome analysis results showed that the microbial diversity was not affected, but the microbial community and functionality were affected by the nitrogen application rate. According to the Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis, 15 taxa were significantly enriched in the N120 and N150 groups, no taxon was enriched in the N90 group. Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation results revealed that the genes related to butanoate and beta alanine metabolism were significantly enriched in the N90 group, the genes related to thiamine metabolism, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and biofilm formation were significantly enriched in the N120 group, and the genes related to neurodegenerative disease was significantly enriched in the N150 group. In conclusion, short-time nitrogen fertilizer application shifted the microbial community structure and functionality.
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12
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Zhu Y, Deng K, Wu P, Feng K, Zhao S, Li L. Effects of Slow-Release Fertilizer on Lotus Rhizome Yield and Starch Quality under Different Fertilization Periods. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1311. [PMID: 36986998 PMCID: PMC10053914 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Slow-release fertilizer is an environmentally friendly fertilizer that is widely used in crop cultivation instead of traditional nitrogen fertilizer. However, the optimal application time of slow-release fertilizer and its effect on starch accumulation and rhizome quality of lotus remains unclear. In this study, two slow-release fertilizer applications (sulfur-coated compound fertilizer, SCU, and resin-coated urea, RCU) were fertilized under three fertilization periods (the erect leaf stage, SCU1 and RCU1; the erect leaf completely covering the water stage, SCU2 and RCU2; and the swelling stage of lotus rhizomes, SCU3 and RCU3) to study the effects of different application periods. Compared with CK (0 kg∙ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer), leaf relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) remained at higher levels under SCU1 and RCU1. Further studies showed that SCU1 and RCU1 increased yield, amylose content, amylopectin and total starch, and the number of starch particles in lotus, and also significantly reduced peak viscosity, final viscosity and setback viscosity of lotus rhizome starch. To account for these changes, we measured the activity of key enzymes in starch synthesis and the relative expression levels of related genes. Through analysis, we found that these parameters increased significantly under SCU and RCU treatment, especially under SCU1 and RCU1 treatment. The results of this study showed that the one-time application at the erect leaf stage (SCU1 and RCU1) could improve the physicochemical properties of starch by regulating the key enzymes and related genes of starch synthesis, thus improving the nutritional quality of lotus rhizome. These results provide a technical choice for the one-time application of slow-release fertilizer in lotus rhizome production and cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Kangming Deng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Kai Feng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Shuping Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Liangjun Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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13
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Yang Q, Yuan Y, Liu J, Han M, Li J, Jin F, Feng B. Transcriptome analysis reveals new insights in the starch biosynthesis of non-waxy and waxy broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123155. [PMID: 36610580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Broomcorn millet is a popular cereal with health benefits, and its grains are rich in starch. However, the differences in the pathway and key genes involved in starch biosynthesis of waxy and non-waxy broomcorn millet grain remain unclear. Therefore, the grain and starch physicochemical index and transcriptomic analyses of two genotypes of broomcorn millet were conducted at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 days after pollination. The phenotypic and physiological results indicated that the starch synthetic process of non-waxy and waxy broomcorn millet was significantly different. The amylose, amylopectin, and total starch contents of non-waxy broomcorn millet were 1.99, 4.74, and 6.73 mg/grain, while those of waxy broomcorn millet were 0.34, 5.94, and 6.28 mg/grain, respectively. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that 106 differentially expressed genes were identified, which were mainly enriched in the "amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism", "pyruvate metabolism", "galactose metabolism", and "starch and sucrose metabolism" pathways. The WGCNA suggested that a total of 31 hub genes were correlated with starch biosynthesis. These findings provide a new approach to studying the starch synthesis in broomcorn millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengru Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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14
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Suitable nitrogen fertilizer application drives the endosperm development and starch synthesis to improve the physicochemical properties of common buckwheat grain. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123837. [PMID: 36842742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on endosperm development, starch component, key enzyme activity and grain quality of common buckwheat were investigated in this study. The results showed that N fertilization significantly enhanced the number and area of endosperm cells, and significant increases were also observed in the contents of amylose, amylopectin and total starch. With increasing N level, the activities of key enzyme significantly increased showing the maximum under the N2 level (180 kg N ha-1), and then decreased under high N level. As N level increased, the ash, crude protein and amylose content varied from 1.36 to 2.25 %, from 7.99 to 15.84 % and from 22.69 to 27.64 %, respectively. The gelatinization enthalpy significantly increased with the range of 3.46-5.66 J/g, while no change was found in crystalline structure of common buckwheat flour. These results indicated that appropriate N application could effectively improve the endosperm development, starch synthesis and accumulation, and grain properties of common buckwheat, with the best effect under the level of 180 kg N ha-1.
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15
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Nitrogen fertilizer affects starch synthesis to define non-waxy and waxy proso millet quality. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120423. [PMID: 36604085 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the quality of proso millet is key to expanding the use of this crop to address water scarcity and food security. Therefore, this study determined the impact of nitrogen fertilization on the proso millet quality. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the NR and GS activities and decreased the GBSSase activity, resulting in an increase in protein content and reduction in amylose content and L*, which decreased the appearance quality. Nitrogen fertilization increased the proportion of short amylopectin chains, resulting in a more disordered carbohydrate structure, and decreased the proportion of hydrophilic functional groups, contributing to an increase in setback viscosity and decrease in pasting temperature in the waxy (w139) variety. In contrast, the non-waxy (n297) variety exhibited a larger proportion of long amylopectin chains, lower ordered structure and hydrophobic functional groups after nitrogen fertilization, which strengthened the inter- and intramolecular forces of starch colloids.
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16
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Chen W, Zhang Z, Sun C. Differences in Carbon Sequestration Ability of Diverse Tartary Buckwheat Genotypes in Barren Soil Caused by Microbial Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:959. [PMID: 36673719 PMCID: PMC9858926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Planting plants to increase soil carbon input has been widely used to achieve carbon neutrality goals. Tartary buckwheat not only has good barren tolerance but is also rich in nutrients and very suitable for planting in barren areas. However, the effects of different genotypes of Tartary buckwheat roots and rhizosphere microorganisms on soil carbon input are still unclear. In this study, ozone sterilization was used to distinguish the sources of soil organic acids and C-transforming enzymes, and the contribution of root and rhizosphere microorganisms to soil carbon storage during the growth period of two genotypes of tartary buckwheat was studied separately to screen suitable varieties. Through the analysis of the experimental results, the conclusions are as follows: (1) The roots of Diqing tartary buckwheat have stronger carbon sequestration ability in a barren environment than Heifeng, and the microorganisms in Diqing tartary buckwheat soil will also increase soil carbon input. Therefore, Diqing tartary buckwheat is more suitable for carbon sequestration than Heifeng tartary buckwheat in barren soil areas. (2) In the absence of microorganisms, the rhizosphere soil of tartary buckwheat can regulate the storage of soil organic carbon by secreting extracellular enzymes and organic acids. (3) The structural equation model showed that to promote carbon sequestration, Heifeng tartary buckwheat needed to inhibit microbial action when planted in the barren area of Loess Plateau, while Diqing tartary buckwheat needed to use microbial-promoting agents. Adaptive strategies should focus more on cultivar selection to retain carbon in soil and to assure the tolerance of fineness in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Geographical Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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17
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Electron beam irradiation as a physical modification method to deform the properties and structures of Tartary buckwheat starch: A perspective of granule and crystal. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Wang J, Lu D. Starch Physicochemical Properties of Normal Maize under Different Fertilization Modes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010083. [PMID: 36616433 PMCID: PMC9823961 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the quality with desired functions of natural starch through agronomic practice will meet the increasing need of people for natural, functional foods. A one-off application of slow-release fertilizer is a simple and efficient practice in maize production, though its influence on the starch quality is scarce. In the present study, the structural and functional properties of the starch of normal maize under two fertilization modes (one-off application of slow-release fertilizer at the sowing time (SF), and three applications of conventional fertilizer at the sowing time, and topdressing at the jointing and flowering stages (CF)) under the same fertilization level (N/P2O5/K2O = 405/135/135 kg/ha) were studied using Jiangyu877 (JY877) and Suyu30 (SY30) as materials. The observed results indicate that the size of starch granules was enlarged by fertilization and the size was the largest under CF in both hybrids. The amylose content was unaffected by CF and reduced by SF in both hybrids. In comparison to no fertilizer (0F), the peak 1/peak 2 ratio was decreased by CF in both hybrids, whereas the ratio under SF was unaffected in JY877 and decreased in SY30. The amylopectin average chain-length was reduced by fertilization and the reduction was higher under CF in JY877. The relative crystallinity was increased by CF in both hybrids and the value under SF was unaffected in SY30 and increased in JY877. The peak, trough, and final viscosities of starch were increased by fertilization in both hybrids. The starch thermal characteristics in response to fertilization modes were dependent on hybrids. The retrogradation enthalpy and percentage were increased by CF in both hybrids, whereas those two parameters under SF were increased in SY30 and decreased in JY877. In conclusion, starch with similar granule size, higher peak 1/peak 2 ratio, and lower relative crystallinity was obtained under SF than under CF for both hybrids. Longer amylopectin chain-length was observed in JY877, which induced lower pasting viscosities in SY30 and lower retrogradation characteristics in JY877.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalei Lu
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-514-8799-6817
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19
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Wan C, Wang J, Gao L, Lei X, Tao J, Gao X, Feng B, Gao J. Proteomics characterization of the synthesis and accumulation of starch and amino acid driven by high-nitrogen fertilizer in common buckwheat. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Dziedzic K, Kurek S, Podolska G, Drzymała-Czyż S, Mildner-Szkudlarz S, Sun W, Walkowiak J. The Lipid-Soluble Bioactive Substances of Fagopyrum esculentum Varieties under Different Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilisation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233801. [PMID: 36496608 PMCID: PMC9739597 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Yield and grain composition play an important role in food production. The aim of this study was to determine the content of phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols in four varieties of common buckwheat grains: Kora, Panda, Smuga, and Korona depending on the tillage and nitrogen doses employed. The grains were cultivated at the Experimental Station of the State Research Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Osiny, Poland, with plow tillage, without plow tillage cultivation, and with nitrogen fertilizers (0, 50, and 100 kg N2 ha-1). Gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer was used to assess all the parameters studied. The cultivation methods did not affect the levels of phytosterols, tocopherols, and squalene, but the highest levels of phytosterols were seen in the Kora variety with 50 kg N2 ha-1 (ranging from 1198 μg to 1800 μg·g-1 of sample weight); therefore, the variety was the best source of phytosterols investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Dziedzic
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Szymon Kurek
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grażyna Podolska
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Mildner-Szkudlarz
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
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21
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Nitrogenous Fertilizer Levels Affect the Physicochemical Properties of Sorghum Starch. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223690. [PMID: 36429282 PMCID: PMC9688999 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is a key factor affecting sorghum growth and grain quality. This experiment was designed to investigate the physicochemical properties of sorghum starch in four sorghum varieties (Liaoza 10, Liaoza 19, Jinza 31, and Jinza 34) under four nitrogen levels: 0 kg/ha urea (N1), 300 kg/ha urea as base fertilizer (N2), 300 kg/ha urea as topdressing at the jointing stage (N3), and 450 kg/ha urea as topdressing at the jointing stage (N4). The results showed that grain size and amylose content increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer level, peaking at N3. The peak viscosity, final viscosity, gelatinization temperature, initial temperature, final temperature, and enthalpy value increased with the nitrogenous fertilizer level, peaking at N3. The application of nitrogen fertilizer at the jointing period significantly increased the above indicators. However, excess nitrogen at the jointing period (N4) can significantly reduce the above indicators, thus changing the physicochemical properties and structure of sorghum starch. Overall, nitrogen significantly affects the structure and physicochemical properties of sorghum starch.
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22
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Gao L, Wan C, Wang J, Wang P, Gao X, Eeckhout M, Gao J. Relationship between nitrogen fertilizer and structural, pasting and rheological properties on common buckwheat starch. Food Chem 2022; 389:132664. [PMID: 35523074 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential element for the yield and quality of grain. In this study, the structural and physicochemical properties of two common buckwheat varieties under four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 180, 270 kg N ha-1) at one location in two years were investigated. With increasing nitrogen level, the contents of moisture and amylose decreased but the contents of ash and crude protein increased. Excessive nitrogen application significantly increased the granule size, but reduced the light transmittance, water solubility, swelling power, absorption of water and oil. All the samples showed a typical A - type pattern, while high relative crystallinity and low order degree were observed under high nitrogen level. The samples under high nitrogen level had lower textural properties, pasting properties and rheological properties but higher pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy. These results indicated that nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the structural and physicochemical properties of common buckwheat starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Chenxi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Pengke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Jinfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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23
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Cheng J, Liao Z, Hu SC, Geng ZC, Zhu MQ, Xu WZ. Synthesis of an environmentally friendly binding material using pyrolysis by-products and modified starch binder for slow-release fertilizers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153146. [PMID: 35041957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar-based slow-release fertilizers (BSRFs) are vital for the development of eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture. Considerable attention has been given to enhancing the efficiency of fertilizers (EEFs) by appropriate modification or binding to reduce nutrient waste and improve the slow-release effect on the growth of plants. In this study, sustained binding materials were presented for BSRF synthesis, including pyroligneous acids (PA), bio-oil (BO), and modified starch binder (MSB). The results show that the release ratio of phosphorus from PA + BO+MSB was 4.7%, 15.2%, and 21.2% slower than that of PA, BO, and MSB alone, respectively. The BSRFs were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and EDS, and the release kinetic outcome revealed that PA + BO+MSB contributed to the formation of a satisfactory structure in the BSRFs. The MSB viscosity significantly influences the slow-release performance and accumulation of N, P, and K nutrients. Moreover, economic assessments showed that PA + BO+MSB exhibited the lowest cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhou Liao
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Sheng-Chun Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zeng-Chao Geng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wei-Zhou Xu
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
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