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Tornacı S, Erginer M, Gökalsın B, Aysan A, Çetin M, Sadauki M, Fındıklı N, Genç S, Sesal C, Toksoy Öner E. Investigating the cryoprotective efficacy of fructans in mammalian cell systems via a structure-functional perspective. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121704. [PMID: 38220340 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Fructans have long been known with their role in protecting organisms against various stress factors due to their ability to induce controlled dehydration and support membrane stability. Considering the vital importance of such features in cryo-technologies, this study aimed to explore the cryoprotective efficacy of fructans in mammalian cell systems where structurally different fructan polymers were examined on in vitro cell models derived from organs such as the liver, frequently used in transplantation, osteoblast, and cord cells, commonly employed in cell banking, as well as human seminal fluids that are of vital importance in assisted reproductive technology. To gain insights into the fructan/membrane interplay, structural differences were linked to rheological properties as well as to lipid membrane interactions where both fluorescein leakage from unilamellar liposomes and membrane integrity of osteoblast cells were monitored. High survival rates obtained with human endothelial, osteoblast and liver cells for up to two months clearly showed that fructans could be considered as effective non-permeating cryoprotectants, especially for extended periods of cryopreservation. In trials with human seminal fluid, short chained levan in combination with human serum albumin and glycerol proved very effective in preserving semen samples across multiple patients without any morphological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selay Tornacı
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Erginer
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Gökalsın
- Marmara University, Department of Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Aysan
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Metin Çetin
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mubarak Sadauki
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necati Fındıklı
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey; Bahceci Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seval Genç
- Marmara University, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cenk Sesal
- Marmara University, Department of Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Sahyoun AM, Wong Min M, Xu K, George S, Karboune S. Characterization of levans produced by levansucrases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Gluconobacter oxydans: Structural, techno-functional, and anti-inflammatory properties. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121332. [PMID: 37940238 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Levans of different structures and molecular weights (MW) can display various techno-functional and health-promoting properties. In the present study, selected levans were produced by the transfructosylation of sucrose catalyzed by levansucrases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Gluconobacter oxydans, and their structural, techno-functional and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated. NMR and methylation/GC analysis confirmed the structure of β-(2, 6) levans. The structural characterization led to the classification of levans as high MW (HMW, ≥100 kDa), low MW (LMW, ≤20 kDa) and mix L/HMW ones. Levan with higher MW had more linear fructosyl units with fewer reducing ends and branching residues. LMW levan showed the highest foaming capacity and stability while HMW levan had the highest emulsion stability. HMW and mix L/HMW levans showed comparable water and oil-holding capacities, which were higher than LMW. HMW and mix L/HMW levans were found to have gelling properties at low concentrations. The rheological behaviour of HMW levan-based gel was a more viscous-like gel, while that of mix L/HMW levan-based one showed more elastic solid like-gel. The temperature also influenced the rheology of levan, showing that the mix L/HMW levan gel network was the most thermal stable as its viscoelasticity remained constant at the highest temperature (75 °C). Studies on the biological activity of levans of HMW and LMW revealed in-vitro anti-inflammatory properties as they significantly reduced the production of LPS-triggered pro-inflammatory cytokines in differentiated Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M Sahyoun
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Muriel Wong Min
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Saji George
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada.
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Peled E, Tornaci S, Zlotver I, Dubnika A, Toksoy Öner E, Sosnik A. First transcriptomic insight into the reprogramming of human macrophages by levan-type fructans. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121203. [PMID: 37659791 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on stimuli in the biological milieu, macrophages can undergo classical activation into the M1 pro-inflammatory (anti-cancer) phenotype or to the alternatively activated M2 anti-inflammatory one. Drug-free biomaterials have emerged as a new therapeutic strategy to modulate macrophage phenotype. Among them, polysaccharides polarize macrophages to M1 or M2 phenotypes based on the surface receptors they bind. Levan, a fructan, has been proposed as a novel biomaterial though its interaction with macrophages has been scarcely explored. In this study, we investigate the interaction of non-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed Halomonas levan and its sulfated derivative with human macrophages in vitro. Viability studies show that these levans are cell compatible. In addition, RNA-sequencing analysis reveals the upregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways. These results are in good agreement with real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction that indicates higher expression levels of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 and interleukin-6 genes and the M2-to-M1 reprogramming of these cells upon levan treatment. Finally, cytokine release studies confirm that hydrolyzed levans increase the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reprogram IL-4-polarized macrophages to the M1 state. Overall findings indicate that Halomonas levans trigger a classical macrophage activation and pave the way for their application in therapeutic interventions requiring a pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Peled
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Selay Tornaci
- IBSB, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ivan Zlotver
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Xu L, Wu D, Xu H, Zhao Z, Chen Q, Li H, Wei Z, Chen L. Characterization, production optimization, and fructanogenic traits of levan in a new Microbacterium isolate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126330. [PMID: 37579898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Levan is a high-valued β-(2,6)-linked fructan with promising physicochemical and physiological properties and has diverse potential applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, but its commercial availability is still restricted to the relatively high costs of production. In this study, a strain identified as Microbacterium sp. XL1 was isolated from soil and highly produced exopolysaccharide (EPS). HPLC, FTIR and NMR spectroscopy revealed XL1-EPS is a levan-type fructan connected by β-(2, 6) linkages. SEM, DLS and TGA-DSC analysis showed that XL1-EPS processed high morphological versatility, narrow size distribution in its solutions and excellent thermal stability. The levan yield reached 83.67 ± 4.06 g/L with corresponding productivity of 3.49 ± 0.17 g/L/h and a conversion yield of 39.8 ± 1.9 % using sucrose (210 g/L) as substrates under the optimal cultivation conditions concluded by the response surface methodology (RSM). More strikingly, the XL1 strain also has multi-type fructanases to generate levanbiose, kestose, DFA IV and other L-FOSs. These results suggest Microbacterium sp. XL1 is a promising strain to produce levan and can provide various levan/inulin-degrading enzymes to create a great diversity of FOSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ziyan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hanqi Li
- School of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Wang M, Cheong KL. Preparation, Structural Characterisation, and Bioactivities of Fructans: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041613. [PMID: 36838601 PMCID: PMC9967297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are important components of higher plants and have attracted increasing attention due to their many nutraceutical benefits in humans. Fructans, heterogeneous fructose polymers that serve as storage carbohydrates in various plants, represent one of the most important types of natural polysaccharides. Fructans have various physiological and therapeutic effects, which are beneficial to health, and have the ability to prevent or treat various diseases, allowing their wide use in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. This article reviews the occurrence, metabolism, preparation, characterisation, analysis, and bioactivity of fructans. Further, their molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, linkages, and structural determination are described. Taken together, this review provides a theoretical foundation for further research into the structure-function relationships of fructans, as well as valuable new information and directions for further research and application of fructans in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Postgraduate College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence:
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Molecular Characterization and Biocompatibility of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Virgibacillus dokdonensis from the Saltern of Kumta Coast. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193986. [PMID: 36235941 PMCID: PMC9570845 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural polysaccharides as biomaterials is gaining importance in tissue engineering due to their inherent biocompatibility. In this direction, the present study aims to explore the structure and biocompatibility of the EPS produced by Virgibacillus dokdonensis VITP14. This marine bacterium produces 17.3 g/L of EPS at 96 h of fermentation. The EPS was purified using ion exchange and gel permeation chromatographic methods. The porous web-like structure and elemental composition (C, O, Na, Mg, P, S) of the EPS were inferred from SEM and EDX analysis. AFM analysis revealed spike-like lumps with a surface roughness of 84.85 nm. The zeta potential value of −10 mV indicates the anionic nature of the EPS. Initial molecular characterization showed that the EPS is a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose (25.8%), ribose (18.6%), fructose (31.5%), and xylose (24%), which are the monosaccharide units in the HPLC analysis. The FTIR spectrum indicates the presence of functional groups/bonds typical of EPSs (O-H, C-H, C-O-H, C-O, S=O, and P=O). The polymer has an average molecular weight of 555 kDa. Further, NMR analysis revealed the monomer composition, the existence of two α- and six β-glycosidic linkages, and the branched repeating unit as → 1)[α-D-Xylp-(1 → 2)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 5)]-β-D-Frup-(2 → 2)[β-D-Xylp-(1 → 4)]-β-D-Xylp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Fruf-(2 → 4)-β-D-Ribp-(1 →. The EPS is thermally stable till 251.4 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the semicrystalline (54.2%) nature of the EPS. Further, the EPS exhibits significant water solubility (76.5%), water-holding capacity (266.8%), emulsifying index (66.8%), hemocompatibility (erythrocyte protection > 87%), and cytocompatibility (cell viability > 80% on RAW264.7 and keratinocyte HaCaT cells) at higher concentrations and prolongs coagulation time in APTT and PT tests. Our research unveils the significant biocompatibility of VITP14 EPS for synthesizing a variety of biomaterials.
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Zhou N, Li S, Zhang F, Chen C, Li Y. Matrine Combined with Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Enhances Anti-Tumor Efficacy of dendritic cell Vaccines in hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9274-9283. [PMID: 35400284 PMCID: PMC9161910 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), as the most important antigen-presenting cells, play a crucial role in T cell activation. The latest research showed that inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) could enhance DCs maturation, promoting antigen presentation. Matrine has been identified as one of the key alkaloids isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. In present study, we combined matrine and mTOR inhibitor KU0063794 to observe the DCs functions, especially the antigen presentation ability. DCs were activated by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS+KU0063794, LPS+Matrine, and LPS+KU0063794+Matrine. The surface markers in DCs, proliferation of T cells and cytokines were detected by flow cytometry, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release test was used to detect the antitumor efficacy. The tumor growth curves were plotted by calculating tumor volume. The apoptosis was detected by Terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl Transferase-Mediated Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) method. Matrine combined with KU0063794 could enhance the maturity of DCs, T cells proliferation and cytokines secretion (P < 0.05). The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) killing efficacy of LPS+KU0063794+Matrine group was higher than other groups (P < 0.05). In vivo, the tumor weights and volumes in LPS+KU0063794+Matrine group were lower than other groups. The detections of tumor apoptosis were increased in LPS+KU0063794+Matrine group (P < 0.05). DC vaccine with mTOR inhibitor and matrine could significantly improve the efficacy of antitumor immunity in vitro and vivo. These findings illustrated that mTOR inhibitor and matrine, as two immunomodulators, could enhance DC activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou Gansu, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, China
| | - Yumin Li
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, China
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