1
|
Li L, Xia L, Xiao F, Xiao Y, Ji W, Xu B, Wang H. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation pH-responsive films based on gelatin/chitosan incorporated with aloe-emodin. Food Chem 2024; 444:138686. [PMID: 38340503 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Using novel active food packaging has gradually become a daily necessity in terms of impeding microbial contamination. Here, an antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) pH-responsive film is developed by incorporating aloe-emodin (AE) into a vehicle of gelatin/chitosan (GC). Besides enhancement in hydrophobicity, the well-dispersed crystals of AE in the GC matrix by hydrogen bonding can upgrade the film's mechanical strength and barrier. The matrix is capable of regulating the release of AE in response to acidic stimuli by a combination mechanism of diffusion and polymer relaxation. Being benefitted from the inherent bioactivity of AE and the PDI activity under visible light irradiation (i.e., 456 nm), the target film of GC-AE2 has excellent antibacterial effect towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, showing bacterial viability of 9.93 ± 1.33 % and 14.85 ± 1.16 %, respectively. Furthermore, the film can effectively thwart Botrytis cinerea infection in cherry tomatoes, demonstrating its potential in preventing the microbial spoilage of postharvest fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230601 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Xia
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, 232038 Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yewen Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Baocai Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230601 Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Hualin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Remedio LN, Garcia VADS, Rochetti AL, Berretta AA, Ferreira JA, Fukumasu H, Vanin FM, Yoshida CMP, de Carvalho RA. Oral Films Printed with Green Propolis Ethanolic Extract. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1811. [PMID: 39000666 PMCID: PMC11243841 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral film (OF) research has intensified due to the effortless administration and advantages related to absorption in systemic circulation. Chitosan is one of the polymers widely used in the production of OFs; however, studies evaluating the maintenance of the active principles' activity are incipient. Propolis has been widely used as an active compound due to its different actions. Printing techniques to incorporate propolis in OFs prove to be efficient. The objective of the present study is to develop and characterize oral films based on chitosan and propolis using printing techniques and to evaluate the main activities of the extract incorporated into the polymeric matrix. The OFs were characterized in relation to the structure using scanning and atomic force electron microscopy; the mechanical properties, disintegration time, wettability, and stability of antioxidant activity were evaluated. The ethanolic extract of green propolis (GPEE) concentration influenced the properties of the OFs. The stability (phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity) was reduced in the first 20 days, and after this period, it remained constant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Neodini Remedio
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, USP—University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.N.R.); (A.L.R.); (H.F.); (F.M.V.)
| | - Vitor Augusto dos Santos Garcia
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP—São Paulo State University, José Barbosa de Barros 1780, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil;
| | - Arina Lazaro Rochetti
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, USP—University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.N.R.); (A.L.R.); (H.F.); (F.M.V.)
| | - Andresa Aparecida Berretta
- Research, Development & Innovation Department, Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial Ltda, Rua Triunfo 945, Ribeirão Preto 14020-670, SP, Brazil;
| | - Julieta Adriana Ferreira
- FHO—Hermínio Ometto Foundation, Av. Doutor Maximiliano Baruto 500, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil;
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, USP—University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.N.R.); (A.L.R.); (H.F.); (F.M.V.)
| | - Fernanda Maria Vanin
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, USP—University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.N.R.); (A.L.R.); (H.F.); (F.M.V.)
| | - Cristiana Maria Pedroso Yoshida
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNIFESP—Federal University of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rosemary Aparecida de Carvalho
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, USP—University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.N.R.); (A.L.R.); (H.F.); (F.M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen TK, Tonomura Y, Ito N, Yamaji A, Matsuba G, Hara M, Ikemoto Y, Okeyoshi K. Reconstruction of Chitosan Network Orders Using the Meniscus Splitting Method for Designing pH-Responsive Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11927-11935. [PMID: 38821491 PMCID: PMC11171445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan is a product of deacetylated chitin and a natural polymer that is attractive as a functional and biocompatible material in the pursuit of alternative materials to synthetic plastics for a sustainable society. Although hierarchical architectures, from precise molecular structures to nanofibers and twisted structures, have been clarified, the expansion of the anisotropic microstructures of chitosan into millimeter-scale materials is in the process of development. In this study, a chitosan network was reconstructed from an aqueous solution by using the meniscus splitting method to form a three-dimensionally ordered microstructure. A chitosan membrane deposited on the millimeter scale formed a useful anisotropically pH-responsive hydrogel. During the evaporation of the aqueous solution from a finite space, chitosan underwent ordered deposition by capillary force to form a membrane with oriented microstructures and microlayers. Unlike the cast films formed between solid-liquid and air-liquid interfaces, this membrane formed between two air-liquid interfaces. As a result, the membranes with ordered microstructures were capable of signifying directional swelling in aqueous environments and reversible/irreversible swelling-deswelling changes by controlling the pH range. We envision that the anisotropic pH response of the chitosan network can be utilized under physiological conditions as a next-generation material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim
Loc Nguyen
- Graduate
School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tonomura
- Graduate
School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ito
- Center
for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yamaji
- Graduate
School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Go Matsuba
- Graduate
School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Hara
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikemoto
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okeyoshi
- Graduate
School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu H, Wang L, Gu J, Peng X, Zhao J. Effects of Litsea cubeba Essential Oil-Chitosan/Corn Starch Composite Films on the Quality and Shelf-Life of Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa). Foods 2024; 13:599. [PMID: 38397578 PMCID: PMC10888304 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have developed a composite chitosan film incorporating the Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) and starch with good physical properties, and investigated the effect of coating strawberries with this composite film. The best formula of the LCEO/chitosan/corn starch/glycerol (LCEO/CH/CS/gly) composite films is 0.25% LCEO, 2.75% CH, 0.40% corn starch, and 0.75% glycerol. Coating strawberries with CH/CS/gly film or LCEO/CH/CS/gly films resulted in significantly lower respiration intensity and a slower decay rate, much slower decreases in the firmness, and reductions in the sugar and ascorbic acid content of the fruit during storage (p < 0.05). The coatings also led to a much slower accumulation of malondialdehyde and anthocyanins (p < 0.05). The LCEO/CH/CS/gly film was generally more effective than the CH/CS/gly film; however, the effect was more obvious in the later stages of storage. Thus, coating strawberries with CH/CS/gly film or LCEO/CH/CS/gly film can be a viable method for extending the shelf-life of the fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 41004, China; (H.F.); (L.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Liyuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 41004, China; (H.F.); (L.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Jiahui Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 41004, China; (H.F.); (L.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Xianglian Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 41004, China; (H.F.); (L.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Jian Zhao
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng G, Cai J, Wang Z, Zhang W, Xu J, Zhang D, Gong D. Facile fabrication of diatomite biosilica-based nasal drug delivery vehicle for enhanced treatment of allergic rhinitis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113715. [PMID: 38134821 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured silica-based materials have great potential as drug delivery vehicles for precise and personalized medical applications. As natural nanostructured silica, diatomite biosilica (DB) is recognized as a novel carrier to construct oral/parenteral smart drug delivery systems due to high surface area, biocompatibility, and applicability at low cost, yet the related studies on its use in local delivery routes are still scarce. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy to develop multifunctional nasal drug delivery vehicles based on DB, and demonstrated their versatile performance for enhanced treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). As a proof of concept, the purified DB microparticles were loaded with budesonide as an anti-inflammatory model drug, and further processed via surface modification to graft polydopamine and carboxymethyl chitosan layers. The synthesized microcapsules exhibited remarkable mucin binding capacity and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Besides, toxicity evaluation with human skin fibroblast cells and hemolysis tests indicated their high biocompatibility. Moreover, in vitro drug release results demonstrated pH-responsive release performance of the microcapsules under simulated AR environment (pH 5.0, 35 °C). Hence, this study provides a facile and reliable approach to construct DB-based mucoadhesive nasal drug delivery vehicles, showing great potential for treatment of allergic airway inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanya Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenhu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radio Measurement, Beijing 100854, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - De Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin W, Zhang Y, Huang J, Li Z. Fluorescence and pectinase double-triggered chitosan/pectin/calcium propionate/curcumin-β-cyclodextrin complex film for pork freshness monitoring and maintenance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128603. [PMID: 38056733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
An intelligent and active food packaging film based on chitosan (CS), pectin (P), calcium propionate (CP), and curcumin-β-cyclodextrin complex (Cur-β-CD) was prepared. The CS/P/CP/Cur-β-CD film exhibited improved hydrophobicity (74.78 ± 0.53°), water vapor (4.55 ± 0.16 × 10-11 g·(m·s·Pa)-1), and oxygen (1.50 ± 0.06 × 10-12 g·(m·s·Pa)-1) barrier properties, as well as antioxidant (72.34 ± 3.79 % for DPPH and 86.05 ± 0.14 % for ABTS) and antibacterial (79.41 ± 2.89 % for E. coli and 83.82 ± 3.96 % for S. aureus) activities. The release of CP and Cur could be triggered by pectinase, with their cumulative release reaching 92.62 ± 1.20 % and 42.24 ± 1.15 %, respectively. The CS/P/CP/Cur-β-CD film showed delayed alterations in surface color, pH value, total volatile bases nitrogen, total viable counts, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, hardness, and springiness of pork. Additionally, the fluorescence intensity of the film gradually decreased. In conclusion, we have developed a pH-responsive film with pectinase-triggered release function, providing a new concept for the design of multi-signal responsive intelligent food packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanmei Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; School of Food and Pharmacy, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, PR China.
| | - Zhonghong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Liu Y, Yan H, Hu C, Huang Y. Ultralong-Term Durable Anticorrosive Coatings by Integration of Double-Layered Transfer Self-Healing Ability, Fe Ion-Responsive Ability, and Active/Passive Functional Partitioning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1564-1577. [PMID: 38123138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The application of self-healing polymers in corrosion protection is often limited by their slow and nonautonomous healing ability and poor long-term durability. In this paper, we propose a double-layered transfer self-healing coating constructed by soft and rigid polymer layers. The soft polymer has a fast self-healing rate of 10 min to repair, which was found to accelerate the self-healing of the upper rigid layer. The rigid polymer provided relatively high barrier ability while preserving certain self-healing ability owing to the shear-thinning effect. In this way, the double-layered coating combined rapid self-healing (∼1 h) and high impedance modulus |Z|f-0.01 Hz of 2.58 × 1010 Ω·cm2. Furthermore, the introduction of pyridine groups in B-PEA and polyacrylate-grafted-polydimethylsiloxane (PEA-g-PDMS) induced the Fe ion-responsive ability and shortened the self-healing time to 40 min (100 ppm Fe). Finally, barrier and anode sacrificed layers were introduced to produce multilayered architecture with active/passive anticorrosion performance. In the presence of scratches, the |Z|f-0.01 Hz can be preserved at 1.03 × 1010 Ω·cm2 after 200 days. The created anticorrosive coating technology combines long-term durability with room temperature autonomous rapid self-healing capability, providing a broad prospect for anticorrosive applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Mianyang Maxwell Technology Co., Ltd.,, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Chengyao Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Yawen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Du C, Li S, Fan Y, Lu Y, Sheng J, Song Y. Preparation of gelatin-chitosan bilayer film loaded citral nanoemulsion as pH and enzyme stimuli-responsive antibacterial material for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127620. [PMID: 37898253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The responsive release of enzymes, pH, temperature, light and other stimuli is an effective means to reduce the loss of volatile active substances and control the release of active ingredients. The purpose of this study is to design a simple and rapid method to synthesize a multifunctional bilayer membrane, which has good mechanical properties, long-lasting pH and enzyme dual sensitive sustained release properties, and excellent antibacterial activity. The citral nanoemulsion was prepared by ultrasonic method, then the chitosan solution loaded with nanoemulsion was assembled on the gelatin film, and the uniform and smooth gelatin-chitosan bilayer film was successfully prepared. Compared with the control group, the bilayer film loaded with nanoemulsion showed better barrier performance, mechanical properties and antibacterial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Du
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Sixuan Li
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanan Fan
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yuyang Lu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yishan Song
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pawłowski Ł, Bartmański M, Ronowska A, Banach-Kopeć A, Mania S, Cieślik BM, Mielewczyk-Gryń A, Karczewski J, Zieliński A. Cytocompatibility, antibacterial, and corrosion properties of chitosan/polymethacrylates and chitosan/poly(4-vinylpyridine) smart coatings, electrophoretically deposited on nanosilver-decorated titania nanotubes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35332. [PMID: 37728122 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel implants subjected to surface modification to achieve high osteointegration properties at simultaneous antimicrobial activity is a highly current problem. This study involved different surface treatments of titanium surface, mainly by electrochemical oxidation to produce a nanotubular oxide layer (TNTs), a subsequent electrochemical reduction of silver nitrate and decoration of a nanotubular surface with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and finally electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of a composite of chitosan (CS) and either polymethacrylate-based copolymer Eudragit E 100 (EE100) or poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) coating. The effects of each stage of this multi-step modification were examined in terms of morphology, roughness, wettability, corrosion resistance, coating-substrate adhesion, antibacterial properties, and osteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation. The results showed that the titanium surface formed nanotubes (inner diameter of 97 ± 12 nm, length of 342 ± 36 nm) subsequently covered with silver nanoparticles (with a diameter of 88 ± 8 nm). Further, the silver-decorated nanotubes were tightly coated with biopolymer films. Most of the applied modifications increased both the roughness and the surface contact angle of the samples. The deposition of biopolymer coatings resulted in reduced burst release of silver. The coated samples revealed potent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Total elimination (99.9%) of E. coli was recorded for a sample with CS/P4VP coating. Cytotoxicity results using hFOB 1.19, a human osteoblast cell line, showed that after 3 days the tested modifications did not affect the cellular growth according to the titanium control. The proposed innovative multilayer antibacterial coatings can be successful for titanium implants as effective postoperative anti-inflammation protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Pawłowski
- Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Bartmański
- Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adrianna Banach-Kopeć
- Department of Chemistry, Technology, and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Szymon Mania
- Department of Chemistry, Technology, and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Michał Cieślik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, and Advanced Materials Centre, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, and Advanced Materials Centre, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zieliński
- Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu K, Wang B, Liu T, Wang J, Xu W, Zhang B, Niu Y. Synthesis of salicylaldehyde tailored PAMAM dendrimers/chitosan for adsorption of aqueous Hg(II): Performance and mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126590. [PMID: 37652340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution caused by Hg(II) exerts hazardous effect to environmental safety and human health. Herein, a family of salicylaldehyde tailored poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers/chitosan composites (G0-S/CTS, G1-S/CTS, and G2-S/CTS) were prepared and used for the removal of Hg(II) from water solution. The adsorption performance of the as-prepared composites for Hg(II) was thoroughly demonstrated by determining various influencing factors. G0-S/CTS, G1-S/CTS and G2-S/CTS exhibited competitive adsorption capacity and good adsorption selective property for Hg(II). The maximum adsorption capacity of G0-S/CTS, G1-S/CTS and G2-S/CTS for Hg(II) were 1.86, 2.18 and 4.47 mmol‧g-1, respectively. The adsorption for Hg(II) could be enhanced by raising initial Hg(II) concentration and temperature. The adsorption process was dominated by film diffusion processes with monolayer adsorption behavior. The functional groups of NH2, CONH, CN, OH, CO and CN were mainly responsible for the adsorption of Hg(II). G0-S/CTS, G1-S/CTS and G2-S/CTS displayed good regeneration property and the regenerate rate maintained 95.00 % after five adsorption-desorption cycles. The as-prepared adsorbents could be potentially used for the efficient removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Tonghe Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Yuzhong Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Caamaño K, López-Carballo G, Heras-Mozos R, Glatz J, Hernández-Muñoz P, Gavara R, Giménez-Marqués M. ZIF-8 encapsulation improves the antifungal activity of benzaldehyde and methyl anthranilate in films. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17993-17999. [PMID: 37982665 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two ZIF-8-based biocomposites were obtained by entrapping the biomolecules benzaldehyde and methyl anthranilate via direct impregnation with fast encapsulation kinetics and high molecule payloads were achieved. The obtained biocomposites exhibit an enhanced antifungal activity against Penicilium expansum after integration in biopolymeric zein films in comparison with the action of free molecules, making these biomaterials promising candidates for food preservation and packaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Caamaño
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Gracia López-Carballo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Raquel Heras-Mozos
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jana Glatz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Pilar Hernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Gavara
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mónica Giménez-Marqués
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Castillo PCHD, Castro-Velázquez V, Rodríguez-González V. Adsorption and photocatalytic-conjugated activity of a chitosan-functionalized titanate coating for the removal of the drug clonazepam from drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-30215-2. [PMID: 37804383 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
This research evaluated H2TiO7 nanotubes (TiNTs) functionalized with 1 (1TiCN), 5 (2TiCN), and 10 (3TiCN) wt.% of chitosan for the removal of clonazepam by an adsorption/photocatalysis-conjugated method. The samples were immobilized on glass, and their mechanical stability was tested by washings. The functionalization of the samples was verified by the FTIR and DRS techniques. SEM images displayed nanotubes in the samples and thickness of 4.24 μm for the 2TiCN coating. The chemical composition of the 2TiCN coating was obtained by EDS. The XRD patterns evidenced chitosan and titanate phases in the functionalized samples. Furthermore, the 2TiCN coating was evaluated in the removal of clonazepam, reaching 80.79% (4.38 and 49.64% more than the TiNT and commercial TiO2 powders, respectively) after 240 min and being 6.88% more efficient after 4 reuses than the 2TiCN powders. OH- ions were the main oxidizing species found by scavenger tests. The surface area of 2TiCN (168.6 m2/g) was 2 times higher than that of TiNTs, and its bandgap (2.95 eV) was the lowest. Therefore, the 2TiCN coating is an excellent alternative to remove clonazepam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pável César Hernández-Del Castillo
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., SLP, 78216, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Castro-Velázquez
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., SLP, 78216, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-González
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., SLP, 78216, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hou T, Ma S, Wang F, Wang L. A comprehensive review of intelligent controlled release antimicrobial packaging in food preservation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1459-1478. [PMID: 37637837 PMCID: PMC10449740 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelligent responsive packaging provides informative feedback or control the release of active substances like antimicrobial agents in response to stimuli in food or the environment to ensure food safety. This paper provides an overview of two types of intelligent packaging, information-responsive and intelligent controlled-release, focusing on the recent research progress of intelligent controlled-release antimicrobial packaging with enzyme, pH, relative humidity, temperature, and light as triggering factors. It also summarizes the current status of application in different food categories, as well as the challenges and future prospects. Intelligent controlled-release technology aims to optimize the antimicrobial effect and ensure the quality of food products by synchronizing the release of active substances with food preservation needs through sensing stimuli, which is an innovative and challenging packaging technology. The paper seeks to provide a reference for the research and industrial development of responsive intelligent packaging and controlled-release packaging applications in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng Hou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Shufeng Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Feijie Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang F, Zhang S, Lin R, Cui S, Jing X, Coseri S. Injectable multifunctional carboxymethyl chitosan/hyaluronic acid hydrogel for drug delivery systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125801. [PMID: 37442509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels with notable mechanical properties and self-healing ability are promising carriers for use as a drug delivery system. Here, adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) and calcium ions (Ca2+) were introduced into quaternary ammonium carboxymethyl chitosan and aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogels (QCS + OHA). The hydrogels were synthesized through the interaction of the Schiff bases (imine bonds, acylhydrazone bonds) and coordination bonds via a facile one-step approach. The gelation time (∼54 s) ensured excellent injectability. The QCS + OHA + ADH + Ca2+ hydrogel had notable mechanical properties (compressive stress up to 896.30 KPa), good self-healing ability (up to 94 %), good pH responsiveness, and excellent antibacterial properties. In addition, the QCS + OHA + ADH + Ca2+ hydrogel had a high drug loading capacity (121.3 mg/g) and sustained drug release behaviour (≥120 h). The results of cytotoxicity tests showed a high cell proliferation rate (up to 98 %) and good cytocompatibility. In summary, this work presents an injectable and self-healing pH-responsive hydrogel that can be used as a carrier for drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Sufeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Rui Lin
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shuyuan Cui
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaokai Jing
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Sergiu Coseri
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, 41 A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi 700487, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shukla P, Deswal D, Narula AK. Antifungal activity of novel azetidine tethered chitosan synthesized via multicomponent reaction approach. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101409. [PMID: 37354816 PMCID: PMC10266883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidences of fungal infections among Covid-19 infected patients is a global public concern and urgently demands novel antifungals. Biopolymers like chitosan hold unique structural properties and thus can be utilized in the synthesis of biologically important scaffolds. To address the current scenario, the author's synthesized novel chitosan-azetidine derivative by adopting one-pot multicomponent reaction approach. The influence of chemical modification on the structural characteristics was investigated by means of spectroscopic techniques viz. FT-IR and 1HNMR and elemental analysis. Additionally, the authors investigated the antifungal potential of chitosan-azetidine derivative against Aspergillus fumigatus 3007 and the results indicated higher antifungal effect with an antifungal inhibitory index of 26.19%. The SEM and confocal microscopy images also reflected a significant inhibitory effect on the morphology of fungal mycelia, thus reflecting the potential of synthesized chitosan-azetidine derivativeas a potential antifungal agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Shukla
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi 110078, India
| | - D Deswal
- Centre of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences (CEPS), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi 110078, India
| | - A K Narula
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi 110078, India; Centre of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences (CEPS), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi 110078, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Park GR, Gwak MA, Choi YH, Park WH. pH-sensitive gallol-rich chitosan hydrogel beads for on-off controlled drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124346. [PMID: 37028624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumors have emerged as a serious health issue, and the interest in developing pH-sensitive polymers for site-specific drug delivery has increased. The physical and/or chemical properties of pH-sensitive polymers depend on the pH, and thus, drugs can be released by cleaving dynamic covalent and/or noncovalent bonds. In this study, gallic acid (GA) was conjugated to chitosan (CS) to prepare self-crosslinked hydrogel beads containing Schiff base (imine bond) crosslinks. The CS-GA hydrogel beads were formed by the dropwise addition of the CS-GA conjugate solution into a Tris-HCl buffer solution (TBS, pH 8.5). The pH-sensitivity of pristine CS was significantly enhanced following the introduction of GA moiety, and as a result, the CS-GA hydrogel beads swelled more than approximately 5000 % at pH 4.0, indicating an excellent swelling/deswelling ability of the beads at different pH (pH 4.0 and 8.5). The reversible breakage/recovery of the imine crosslinks in the CS-GA hydrogel beads was confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic and rheological studies. Finally, Rhodamine B was loaded onto the hydrogel beads as a model drug to investigate the pH-sensitive drug release behavior. At pH 4, the drug was released up to approximately 83 % within 12 h. The findings indicate that the CS-GA hydrogel beads have great potential as a drug delivery system that is sensitive to acidic tumor sites in the body.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao M, Xu R, Yang Y, Tong L, Liang J, Jiang Q, Fan Y, Zhang X, Sun Y. Bioabsorbable nano-micelle hybridized hydrogel scaffold prevents postoperative melanoma recurrence. J Control Release 2023; 356:219-231. [PMID: 36889462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The residual and scattered small tumor tissue or cells after surgery are the main reason for tumor recurrence. Chemotherapy has a powerful ability to eradicate tumors but always accompanied by serious side effects. In this work, tissue-affinity mercapto gelatin (GelS) and dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HAD) were employed to fabricate a hybridized cross-linked hydrogel scaffold (HG) by multiple chemical reactions, which could integrate the doxorubicin (DOX) loaded reduction-responsive nano-micelle (PP/DOX) into this scaffold via click reaction to obtain the bioabsorbable nano-micelle hybridized hydrogel scaffold (HGMP). With the degradation of HGMP, PP/DOX was slowly released and formed targeted PP/DOX with degraded gelatin fragments as target molecules, which increased the intracellular accumulation, and inhibited the aggregation of B16F10 cells in vitro. In mouse models, HGMP absorbed the scattered B16F10 cells and released targeted PP/DOX to suppress tumorigenesis. For another, implantation of HGMP at the surgical site reduced the recurrence rate of postoperative melanoma and inhibited the growth of recurrent tumors. Meanwhile, HGMP significantly relieved the damage of free DOX to hair follicle tissue. This bioabsorbable nano-micelle hybridized hydrogel scaffold provided a valuable strategy for adjuvant therapy after tumor surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Ruiling Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yuedi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Lei Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; Sichuan Testing Centre for Biomaterials and Medical Devices, No.29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Qing Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Antimicrobial and antioxidant AIE chitosan-based films incorporating a Pickering emulsion of lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) essential oil. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Chitosan-based therapeutic systems and their potentials in treatment of oral diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:3178-3194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|