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Malekzadeh E, Tatari A, Dehghani Firouzabadi M. Effects of biodegradation of starch-nanocellulose films incorporated with black tea extract on soil quality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18817. [PMID: 39138283 PMCID: PMC11322552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the biodegradation behaviour of starch/nanocellulose/black tea extract (SNBTE) films in a 30-day soil burial test. The SNBTE films were prepared by mixing commercial starch, nanocellulose (2, 4, and 6%), and an aqueous solution of black tea extract by a simple mixing and casting process. The chemical and morphological properties of the SNBTE films before and after biodegradation were characterized using the following analytical techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The changes in soil composition, namely pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, water holding capacity (WHC), soil respiration, total nitrogen, weight mean diameter (MDW), and geometric mean diameter (GMD), as a result of the biodegradation process, were also estimated. The results showed that the films exhibited considerable biodegradability (35-67%) within 30 days while increasing soil nutrients. The addition of black tea extract reduced the biodegradation rate due to its polyphenol content, which likely resulted in a reduction in microbial activity. The addition of nanocellulose (2-6% weight of starch) increased the tensile strength, but decreased the elongation at break of the films. These results suggest that starch nanocellulose and SNBTE films are not only biodegradable under soil conditions but also positively contribute to soil health, highlighting their potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional plastic films in the packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Malekzadeh
- Department of Soil Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Basij Square, PO Box: 4918943464, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran.
| | - Aliasghar Tatari
- Department of Paper Science and Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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2
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Oliveira JPD, Silva IBD, Costa JDSS, Oliveira JSD, Oliveira EL, Coutinho ML, Almeida MEFD, Landim LB, Silva NMCD, Oliveira CPD. Bibliometric study and potential applications in the development of starch films with nanocellulose: A perspective from 2019 to 2023. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:133828. [PMID: 39084985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis of starch films with nanocellulose, using the Scopus database and VOSviewer and Bibliometrix software. A total of 258 documents were identified between 2019 and 2023, reflecting a growing interest in research, particularly in journals such as the International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Polymers, and Carbohydrate Polymers. The most common terms were "starch" (349 occurrences), "cellulose" (207), and "tensile strength" (175). China (58 articles), Brazil (38), and India (33) led scientific production, with authors like Ilyas (13 articles) and Sapuan (10) at the forefront. Approximately 41.7 % of the studies used corn starch. The analysis revealed that 66 % of the studies investigated films with cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), 32 % with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and 2 % with bacterial nanocellulose (CB). The majority of studies (94.1 %) used the casting method for film production. Additionally, 35.44 % focused on reinforcing films with nanocellulose, while 7 % developed blends with other biopolymers. About 59.44 % examined the performance of starch films for food packaging, 11.25 % explored practical applications in various foods. Furthermore, 7.94 % incorporated active agents to improve antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, 1.30 % investigated active packaging. Moreover, 2.36 % explored the use of films in materials engineering, and 2.36 % explored biomedical potential. Only 0.40 % evaluated the impact of films on wastewater treatment. The analysis highlights the potential of starch films with nanocellulose, demonstrating their diverse applications and the growing interest in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocilane Pereira de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Food Engineering and Science, State University of Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia 45700-000, Brazil.
| | - Isaac Borges da Silva
- Department of Agribusiness Technology, Federal Institute of Bahia, Guanambi, Bahia 46430-000, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Santos de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Food Engineering and Science, State University of Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia 45700-000, Brazil
| | - Esaul Lucas Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Food Engineering and Science, State University of Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia 45700-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Lima Coutinho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Bahia, Guanambi, Bahia 46430-000, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Brito Landim
- Department of Agribusiness Technology, Federal Institute of Bahia, Guanambi, Bahia 46430-000, Brazil
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Shan P, Wang K, Sun F, Li Y, Sun L, Li H, Peng L. Humidity-adjustable functional gelatin hydrogel/ethyl cellulose bilayer films for active food packaging application. Food Chem 2024; 439:138202. [PMID: 38128424 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable functional bilayer film composed of gelatin hydrogel/ethyl cellulose was fabricated using a simple LBL casting method. The outer layer was hydrophobic ethyl cellulose (EC), while the inner layer was hydrophilic gelatin (GEL) hydrogel. Tannic acid (TA) served as a green cross-linker for GEL hydrogel preparation and as a reductant for AgNPs synthesis in-situ within the hydrogel network. Physicochemical and functional properties of the bilayer films containing different TA content were studied. When 3 wt% TA was added, the AgNPs@GT-3/EC bilayer film exhibited superior UV-light barrier, possessed desirable humidity-adjustable capability and oxygen barrier due to denser hydrogel network structure, and effectively inactivated foodborne pathogens S. aureus and E. coli with bacteriostatic rates of 99 %. The application results indicated that this bilayer film effectively maintained the postharvest quality of white button mushrooms and prolonged their shelf-life to 7 days under ambient storage, demonstrating its promising potential for fresh food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fangfei Sun
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yongshi Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hui Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lincai Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Ahmed S, Janaswamy S, Yadav MP. Biodegradable films from the lignocellulosic fibers of wheat straw biomass and the effect of calcium ions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130601. [PMID: 38442836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are hazardous to human health, and plastic waste results in environmental pollution and ecological catastrophe. Biobased polymers from renewable sources have recently become promising for developing biodegradable packaging films. Among them, lignocellulosic residue from agricultural biomass is inexpensive, renewable, and biodegradable. This study aims to develop biodegradable films using lignocellulosic residue from wheat straw biomass. The methodology is a green process that solubilizes lignocellulosic chains using Zn2+ ions and crosslinks with Ca2+ ions of different concentrations (200-800 mM). The results reveal that the increase of Ca2+ ions significantly decreases moisture content, water solubility, water vapor permeability, transparency, and elongation of films. The tensile strength is recorded as 6.61 ± 0.07 MPa with the addition of 800 mM of CaCl2, which is approximately 2.5 times higher than commercial polyethylene films. Around 90 % of films biodegrade within a month in soil containing 20 % moisture content. Overall, lignocellulosic residue from wheat straw biomass could be an excellent replacement for synthetic polymer to fabricate strong, transparent, and biodegradable plastic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaet Ahmed
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Srinivas Janaswamy
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Madhav P Yadav
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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Schutz GF, de Ávila Gonçalves S, Alves RMV, Vieira RP. A review of starch-based biocomposites reinforced with plant fibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129916. [PMID: 38311134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Renewable and biodegradable resources have gained increasing attention as promising alternatives to synthetic plastics. Among the diverse raw materials employed in bioplastics production, starch emerges as an attractive, low-cost, and largely available source. However, the inherent properties of starch-based materials often limit their utility across various applications, necessitating strategic modifications to enhance their performance. A common approach to boost these materials involves incorporating natural fillers into biopolymer matrices. Incorporating natural fibers within starch matrices enables the development of biocomposites with improved properties while retaining their renewable and biodegradable characteristics. This review briefly addresses fundamental aspects of starch structure, obtention, and processing, as well as the main pre-treatments of natural fibers and processing methods currently applied to produce starch-based composites. It also highlights the most recent advances in this field, elucidates the effect of the incorporation of fibers on the biocomposite properties, and discusses the critical parameters affecting the synergic combination between starch and fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Frey Schutz
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sayeny de Ávila Gonçalves
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Vercelino Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos (ITAL), Centro de Tecnologia de Embalagem (CETEA), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roniérik Pioli Vieira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yang J, Xu S, Chee CY, Ching KY, Wei Y, Wang R, Al-Hada NM, Hock CC. Influence of starch silylation on the structures and properties of starch/epoxidized soybean oil-based bioplastics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129037. [PMID: 38158061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The present work systematically investigated the influence of starch silylation on the structures and properties of starch/epoxidized soybean oil-based bioplastics. Silylated starch was synthesized using starch particles (SP-ST) or gelatinized starch (SG-ST) under different silane hydrolysis pHs. Due to the appearance of -NH2 groups and lower OH wavenumbers, SP-ST obtained at pH 5 showed higher silylation degree and stronger hydrogen bond interaction with epoxidized soybean oils (ESO) than that at pH 11. The morphology analysis revealed better interfacial compatibility of ESO and SP-ST. The tensile strength of the samples containing SP-ST increased by 51.91 % than the control, emphasizing the enhanced interaction within the bioplastics. However, tensile strength of the bioplastics with SG-ST decreased by 59.56 % due to their high moisture contents from unreacted silanes. Additionally, the bioplastics with SG-ST exhibited an obvious reduction of thermal stability and an increase in water solubility because of the presence of unreacted APMS. The bioplastic degradation was not prevented by starch silylation except high pH. The bioplastics showed the most desirable tensile properties, thermal stability, and water solubility when starch was surface-modified with silanes hydrolyzed at pH 5. These outcomes made the fabricated bioplastics strong candidates for petroleum-based plastics for packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Shicai Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Ching Yern Chee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre of Industry Research 4.0 (CRI 4.0), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Yong Ching
- University of Reading Malaysia, Kota Ilmu, Persiaran Graduan, Educity, 79200 Nusajaya, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yunwei Wei
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Naif Mohammed Al-Hada
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Chuah Cheng Hock
- Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nia AE, Malekzadeh E, Taghipour S, Tatari A, Arshad ZG. Effects of preharvest chitosan-Myrtus communis essential oil composite and postharvest nanocellulose on quality of strawberry. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126733. [PMID: 37678697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of preharvest chitosan-Myrtus communis essential oil composite (1.5 and 3.0 %) and postharvest nanocellulose (0.3 and 0.6 %) on the quality of strawberries. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis led to identification of 32 compounds in the Myrtus communis essential oil. The study showed that using CHS-ES composite coating for foliar application could increase the lifespan of the fruit by up to 24 days. This is because it increases the levels of components, such as phenol content (TPC) total flavonoids content (TFC) vitamin C, firmness and SSC. It also enhances the effectiveness of enzymes such, as glutathione peroxidase (GSH POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The use of CHS-ES treatments reduced the weight loss of fruits between 50 and 80 %, which is very important from the commercial point of view and maintaining nutritional properties, marketability and appearance. The microscopic analysis further revealed that using CHS-ES composite + nanocellulose coating produced a more continuous and uniform surface than the control. In general, this method is both safe and environmentally friendly while also proving to be effective, in preserving and enhancing the quality of strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Ehtesham Nia
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Elham Malekzadeh
- Department of Soil Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shirin Taghipour
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Tatari
- Department of Cellulose Industries Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghasemi Arshad
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
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Kong Y, Qian S, Zhang Z, Tian J. The impact of esterified nanofibrillated cellulose content on the properties of thermoplastic starch/PBAT biocomposite films through ball-milling. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127462. [PMID: 37852404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the mechanical properties and interfacial compatibility of thermoplastic starch (TPS) highly filled poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT) composite films, esterified NFC was innovatively fabricated and introduced into the composite system. The influences of NFC content and ball-milling treatment were thoroughly investigated. Interestingly, the amphiphilic esterified NFC provided a "bridge-like" effect between TPS and PBAT interfaces, which significantly improved the interfacial compatibility and mechanical properties. Notably, the tensile properties of the composite films reached their maximums at a 7 wt% NFC content, displaying a tensile strength of 6.2 MPa and an elastic modulus of 263 MPa. These values corresponded to a 59 % and 180 % increase, respectively, compared to the composition without NFC. More importantly, ball-milling contributed to uniform dispersion and surface activation of NFC, preventing starch retrogradation, and enhancing the tensile strength and elastic modulus by 30.3 % and 56.6 %, respectively. Additionally, the film exhibited excellent UV-blocking, foldable, writable, and transparent performance. These findings provide valuable data supporting the expanded applications of starch-based composite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Kong
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shaoping Qian
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiarong Tian
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Dong Y, Xie Y, Ma X, Yan L, Yu HY, Yang M, Abdalkarim SYH, Jia B. Multi-functional nanocellulose based nanocomposites for biodegradable food packaging: Hybridization, fabrication, key properties and application. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121325. [PMID: 37739512 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, non-degradable plastic packaging materials have caused serious environmental pollution, posing a threat to human health and development. Renewable eco-friendly nanocellulose hybrid (NCs-hybrid) composites as an ideal alternative to petroleum-based plastic food packaging have been extensively reported in recent years. NCs-hybrids include metal, metal oxides, organic frameworks (MOFs), plants, and active compounds. However, no review systematically summarizes the preparation, processing, and multi-functional applications of NCs-hybrid composites. In this review, the design and hybridization of various NCs-hybrids, the processing of multi-scale nanocomposites, and their key properties in food packaging applications were systematically explored for the first time. Moreover, the synergistic effects of various NCs-hybrids on several properties of composites, including mechanical, thermal, UV shielding, waterproofing, barrier, antimicrobial, antioxidant, biodegradation and sensing were reviewed in detailed. Then, the problems and advances in research on renewable NCs-hybrid composites are suggested for biodegradable food packaging applications. Finally, a future packaging material is proposed by using NCs-hybrids as nanofillers and endowing them with various properties, which are denoted as "PACKAGE" and characterized by "Property, Application, Cellulose, Keen, Antipollution, Green, Easy."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yao Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xue Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ling Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hou-Yong Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mingchen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Somia Yassin Hussain Abdalkarim
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Bowen Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Negro C, Pettersson G, Mattsson A, Nyström S, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Blanco A, Engstrand P. Synergies between Fibrillated Nanocellulose and Hot-Pressing of Papers Obtained from High-Yield Pulp. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1931. [PMID: 37446447 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
To extend the application of cost-effective high-yield pulps in packaging, strength and barrier properties are improved by advanced-strength additives or by hot-pressing. The aim of this study is to assess the synergic effects between the two approaches by using nanocellulose as a bulk additive, and by hot-pressing technology. Due to the synergic effect, dry strength increases by 118% while individual improvements are 31% by nanocellulose and 92% by hot-pressing. This effect is higher for mechanical fibrillated cellulose. After hot-pressing, all papers retain more than 22% of their dry strength. Hot-pressing greatly increases the paper's ability to withstand compressive forces applied in short periods of time by 84%, with a further 30% increase due to the synergic effect of the fibrillated nanocellulose. Hot-pressing and the fibrillated cellulose greatly decrease air permeability (80% and 68%, respectively) for refining pretreated samples, due to the increased fiber flexibility, which increase up to 90% using the combined effect. The tear index increases with the addition of nanocellulose, but this effect is lost after hot-pressing. In general, fibrillation degree has a small effect which means that low- cost nanocellulose could be used in hot-pressed papers, providing products with a good strength and barrier capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gunilla Pettersson
- Department of Engineering, Mathematics and Science Education (IMD), Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Amanda Mattsson
- Department of Engineering, Mathematics and Science Education (IMD), Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nyström
- Department of Engineering, Mathematics and Science Education (IMD), Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Per Engstrand
- Department of Engineering, Mathematics and Science Education (IMD), Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
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