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Deng Y, Guo SL, Wu WF, Wang Q, Su HY, Tan Z, Wang F, He QY. Right Atrial Evaluation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension: A Real-time 3-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Study. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2016; 35:49-61. [PMID: 26614791 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.15.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the morphologic characteristics and performance of the right atrium (RA) that occur secondary to structural remodeling of the right ventricle (RV) in patients with pulmonary hypertension by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE). METHODS Comprehensive 2-dimensional echocardiography and real-time 3DE were performed in 112 patients and 30 healthy control participants. Patients with pulmonary hypertension were divided into 3 subgroups: 1, normal RV dimension (n = 34); 2, RV enlargement and preserved systolic function (n = 36); and 3, RV enlargement and systolic dysfunction (n = 42). RESULTS Patients had larger RA volume parameters and lower RA passive emptying fractions than controls (P< .01). The RA active emptying fraction was higher in patient groups 1 (mean ± SD, 45.5% ± 10.7%) and 2 (40.1% ± 4.0%) and lower in group 3 (19.3% ± 4.3%) compared to controls (35.4% ± 3.5%). The RA total emptying fraction was similar between groups 1 and 2 (59.3% ± 9.7% and 52.6% ± 3.4%, respectively) but was significantly lower in group 3 compared to controls (26.8% ± 5.1% versus 55.2% ± 5.1%). Right atrial volume and phasic function were substantially affected by RV structure and function. CONCLUSIONS Real-time 3DE is a feasible, repeatable, and noninvasive method for accessing cyclic RA volume and function changes, such as those that occur with varying RV status in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Ultrasound (Y.D., S.G., Q.W., H.S., Z.T., F.W., Q.H.) and Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng-Lan Guo
- Department of Ultrasound (Y.D., S.G., Q.W., H.S., Z.T., F.W., Q.H.) and Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Wei-feng Wu
- Department of Ultrasound (Y.D., S.G., Q.W., H.S., Z.T., F.W., Q.H.) and Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ultrasound (Y.D., S.G., Q.W., H.S., Z.T., F.W., Q.H.) and Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hong-yue Su
- Department of Ultrasound (Y.D., S.G., Q.W., H.S., Z.T., F.W., Q.H.) and Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Ultrasound (Y.D., S.G., Q.W., H.S., Z.T., F.W., Q.H.) and Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Ultrasound (Y.D., S.G., Q.W., H.S., Z.T., F.W., Q.H.) and Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qun-yan He
- Department of Ultrasound (Y.D., S.G., Q.W., H.S., Z.T., F.W., Q.H.) and Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Milani-Nejad N, Janssen PML. Small and large animal models in cardiac contraction research: advantages and disadvantages. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 141:235-49. [PMID: 24140081 PMCID: PMC3947198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart is responsible for not only pumping blood throughout the body but also adjusting this pumping activity quickly depending upon sudden changes in the metabolic demands of the body. For the most part, the human heart is capable of performing its duties without complications; however, throughout many decades of use, at some point this system encounters problems. Research into the heart's activities during healthy states and during adverse impacts that occur in disease states is necessary in order to strategize novel treatment options to ultimately prolong and improve patients' lives. Animal models are an important aspect of cardiac research where a variety of cardiac processes and therapeutic targets can be studied. However, there are differences between the heart of a human being and an animal and depending on the specific animal, these differences can become more pronounced and in certain cases limiting. There is no ideal animal model available for cardiac research, the use of each animal model is accompanied with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this review, we will discuss these advantages and disadvantages of commonly used laboratory animals including mouse, rat, rabbit, canine, swine, and sheep. Since the goal of cardiac research is to enhance our understanding of human health and disease and help improve clinical outcomes, we will also discuss the role of human cardiac tissue in cardiac research. This review will focus on the cardiac ventricular contractile and relaxation kinetics of humans and animal models in order to illustrate these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Milani-Nejad
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and D. Davis Heart Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and D. Davis Heart Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
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Comparative proteomic analysis of hearts of adult SCNT Bama miniature pigs (Sus scrofa). Theriogenology 2014; 81:901-5. [PMID: 24560549 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effects of SCNT on cardiac development of SCNT pigs through proteomic methods. Heart proteins from three adult SCNTs and two normal reproductive Bama miniature pigs were extracted, separated, and identified via comparative proteomic methods, including two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and Western blot. Eleven differentially expressed spots were identified as differentially expressed proteins, of which five spots were upregulated proteins such as cardiac myosin heavy chain, cathepsin D, and heat shock protein beta-1 (HSP27). By contrast, six spots were downregulated proteins such as alpha skeletal muscle and actin. The results also demonstrated that nuclear transfer might result in abnormal expression of some important proteins in hearts from SCNT pigs, and affect the cardiac development in SCNT pigs' survival.
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Lefta M, Campbell KS, Feng HZ, Jin JP, Esser KA. Development of dilated cardiomyopathy in Bmal1-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H475-85. [PMID: 22707558 PMCID: PMC3423146 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00238.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are approximate 24-h oscillations in physiology and behavior. Circadian rhythm disruption has been associated with increased incidence of hypertension, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, and other cardiovascular pathologies in both humans and animal models. Mice lacking the core circadian clock gene, brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)-like protein (Bmal1), are behaviorally arrhythmic, die prematurely, and display a wide range of organ pathologies. However, data are lacking on the role of Bmal1 on the structural and functional integrity of cardiac muscle. In the present study, we demonstrate that Bmal1(-/-) mice develop dilated cardiomyopathy with age, characterized by thinning of the myocardial walls, dilation of the left ventricle, and decreased cardiac performance. Shortly after birth the Bmal1(-/-) mice exhibit a transient increase in myocardial weight, followed by regression and later onset of dilation and failure. Ex vivo working heart preparations revealed systolic ventricular dysfunction at the onset of dilation and failure, preceded by downregulation of both myosin heavy chain isoform mRNAs. We observed structural disorganization at the level of the sarcomere with a shift in titin isoform composition toward the stiffer N2B isoform. However, passive tension generation in single cardiomyocytes was not increased. Collectively, these findings suggest that the loss of the circadian clock gene, Bmal1, gives rise to the development of an age-associated dilated cardiomyopathy, which is associated with shifts in titin isoform composition, altered myosin heavy chain gene expression, and disruption of sarcomere structure.
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MESH Headings
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/deficiency
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/genetics
- Age Factors
- Aging
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/diagnostic imaging
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Connectin
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sarcomeres/metabolism
- Sarcomeres/pathology
- Stroke Volume
- Ultrasonography
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Ventricular Pressure
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellani Lefta
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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