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Cronin EM, Bogun FM, Maury P, Peichl P, Chen M, Namboodiri N, Aguinaga L, Leite LR, Al-Khatib SM, Anter E, Berruezo A, Callans DJ, Chung MK, Cuculich P, d'Avila A, Deal BJ, Della Bella P, Deneke T, Dickfeld TM, Hadid C, Haqqani HM, Kay GN, Latchamsetty R, Marchlinski F, Miller JM, Nogami A, Patel AR, Pathak RK, Sáenz Morales LC, Santangeli P, Sapp JL, Sarkozy A, Soejima K, Stevenson WG, Tedrow UB, Tzou WS, Varma N, Zeppenfeld K. 2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias. Europace 2020; 21:1143-1144. [PMID: 31075787 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Petr Peichl
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Minglong Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Narayanan Namboodiri
- Sree Chitra Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | | | - Elad Anter
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Andre d'Avila
- Hospital Cardiologico SOS Cardio, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Barbara J Deal
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Hadid
- Hospital General de Agudos Cosme Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Haris M Haqqani
- University of Queensland, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
| | - G Neal Kay
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - John M Miller
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Akash R Patel
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - John L Sapp
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Andrea Sarkozy
- University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Cronin EM, Bogun FM, Maury P, Peichl P, Chen M, Namboodiri N, Aguinaga L, Leite LR, Al-Khatib SM, Anter E, Berruezo A, Callans DJ, Chung MK, Cuculich P, d'Avila A, Deal BJ, Bella PD, Deneke T, Dickfeld TM, Hadid C, Haqqani HM, Kay GN, Latchamsetty R, Marchlinski F, Miller JM, Nogami A, Patel AR, Pathak RK, Saenz Morales LC, Santangeli P, Sapp JL, Sarkozy A, Soejima K, Stevenson WG, Tedrow UB, Tzou WS, Varma N, Zeppenfeld K. 2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2020; 59:145-298. [PMID: 31984466 PMCID: PMC7223859 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-019-00663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Petr Peichl
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Minglong Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Narayanan Namboodiri
- Sree Chitra Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | | | - Elad Anter
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Andre d'Avila
- Hospital Cardiologico SOS Cardio, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Barbara J Deal
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Hadid
- Hospital General de Agudos Cosme Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Haris M Haqqani
- University of Queensland, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
| | - G Neal Kay
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - John M Miller
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Akash R Patel
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - John L Sapp
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Andrea Sarkozy
- University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Cronin EM, Bogun FM, Maury P, Peichl P, Chen M, Namboodiri N, Aguinaga L, Leite LR, Al-Khatib SM, Anter E, Berruezo A, Callans DJ, Chung MK, Cuculich P, d'Avila A, Deal BJ, Della Bella P, Deneke T, Dickfeld TM, Hadid C, Haqqani HM, Kay GN, Latchamsetty R, Marchlinski F, Miller JM, Nogami A, Patel AR, Pathak RK, Saenz Morales LC, Santangeli P, Sapp JL, Sarkozy A, Soejima K, Stevenson WG, Tedrow UB, Tzou WS, Varma N, Zeppenfeld K. 2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2019; 17:e2-e154. [PMID: 31085023 PMCID: PMC8453449 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Petr Peichl
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Minglong Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Narayanan Namboodiri
- Sree Chitra Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | | | - Elad Anter
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Andre d'Avila
- Hospital Cardiologico SOS Cardio, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Barbara J Deal
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Hadid
- Hospital General de Agudos Cosme Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Haris M Haqqani
- University of Queensland, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
| | - G Neal Kay
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - John M Miller
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Akash R Patel
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - John L Sapp
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Andrea Sarkozy
- University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Chae CB, Ha JH, Kim JH, Lee JJ, Choi HI, Park KB, Kim JH, Choi JH. The association between T wave inversion and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. KOSIN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.7180/kmj.2018.33.3.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Electrocardiograhy (ECG) is the first step in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP) diagnosis. For various reasons, the T wave inversion (TWI) and ECG change with time and HCMP is not easy to diagnosis. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between TWI on ECG and apical HCMP. Methods A total of 4,730 ECGs presenting TWI from January 2011 to March 2013 in Pusan National University Hospital were enrolled. 133 patients who were examined by both echocardiography and coronary angiogram were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (TWI ≥ 10 mm) and Group B (5 mm ≤ TWI < 10 mm). HCMP is defined by a wall thickness ≥ 15mm in one or more LV myocardial segments. Apical HCMP is defined to be hypertrophy that is confined to LV apex. The patients who had ECGs with at least one month interval were divided 3 groups: Normal T wave, Abnormal T wave, and Persistent TWI. The prevalence of Apical HCMP and coronary artery disease (CAD) was reviewed among the three groups. Results In this study there were a total 133 patients, with patients divided into Group A which had 15 patients and Group B which had 118 patients. Among the 23 patients with apical HCMP, three patients were Group A and twenty patients were Group B ( P = 0.769). Regarding constancy of TWI, persistent TWI group was higher in apical HCMP than in other groups ( P = 0.038). CAD had no difference between groups ( P = 0.889). Conclusions T wave negativity was not associated with incidence of apical HCMP. However, apical HCMP was diagnosed more frequently in patients with persistent TWI. Further follow up echocardiographic study is needed to evaluate the progression of apical HCMP in patients with TWI.
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Sano M, Satoh H, Suwa K, Saotome M, Urushida T, Katoh H, Hayashi H, Saitoh T. Intra-cardiac distribution of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac sarcoidosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:496-503. [PMID: 27721933 PMCID: PMC5037324 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i9.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac involvement of sarcoid lesions is diagnosed by myocardial biopsy which is frequently false-negative, and patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) who have impaired left ventricular (LV) systolic function are sometimes diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Late gadolinium enhancement (LE) in magnetic resonance imaging is now a critical finding in diagnosing CS, and the novel Japanese guideline considers myocardial LE to be a major criterion of CS. This article describes the value of LE in patients with CS who have impaired LV systolic function, particularly the diagnostic and clinical significance of LE distribution in comparison with DCM. LE existed at all LV segments and myocardial layers in patients with CS, whereas it was localized predominantly in the midwall of basal to mid septum in those with DCM. Transmural (nodular), circumferential, and subepicardial and subendocardial LE distribution were highly specific in patients with CS, whereas the prevalence of striated midwall LE were high both in patients with CS and with DCM. Since sarcoidosis patients with LE have higher incidences of heart failure symptoms, ventricular tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death, the analyses of extent and distribution of LE are crucial in early diagnosis and therapeutic approach for patients with CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sano
- Makoto Sano, Hiroshi Satoh, Kenichiro Suwa, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hideki Katoh, Hideharu Hayashi, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Makoto Sano, Hiroshi Satoh, Kenichiro Suwa, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hideki Katoh, Hideharu Hayashi, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Suwa
- Makoto Sano, Hiroshi Satoh, Kenichiro Suwa, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hideki Katoh, Hideharu Hayashi, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masao Saotome
- Makoto Sano, Hiroshi Satoh, Kenichiro Suwa, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hideki Katoh, Hideharu Hayashi, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Urushida
- Makoto Sano, Hiroshi Satoh, Kenichiro Suwa, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hideki Katoh, Hideharu Hayashi, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideki Katoh
- Makoto Sano, Hiroshi Satoh, Kenichiro Suwa, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hideki Katoh, Hideharu Hayashi, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hayashi
- Makoto Sano, Hiroshi Satoh, Kenichiro Suwa, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hideki Katoh, Hideharu Hayashi, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takeji Saitoh
- Makoto Sano, Hiroshi Satoh, Kenichiro Suwa, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hideki Katoh, Hideharu Hayashi, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Suwa K, Saitoh T, Takehara Y, Sano M, Saotome M, Urushida T, Katoh H, Satoh H, Sugiyama M, Wakayama T, Alley M, Sakahara H, Hayashi H. Intra-left ventricular flow dynamics in patients with preserved and impaired left ventricular function: Analysis with 3D cine phase contrast MRI (4D-Flow). J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:1493-1503. [PMID: 27185516 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine how left ventricular (LV) volume and function affect flow dynamics by analyzing 3D intra-LV vortex features using 4D-Flow. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one patients with preserved (LVEF > 60%) and 14 with impaired LV function (LVEF < 40%) underwent 4D-Flow (at 3T). RESULTS In patients with preserved LV function, the intra-LV vortices developed in both the early and late diastolic phases. The shift of inflow vectors at the basal LV toward the posterior-lateral side of the LV and the mid-ventricular turn of inflow vectors toward the LV outflow could explain clearer vortex formation in the late diastolic phase. In patients with impaired LV function, the intra-LV vortices during the diastolic phase located at the more apical LV were larger and more spherically shaped. Both the distance to the vortex core and the vortex area correlated significantly with LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.66 and 0.73), LVEF (r = -0.74 and -0.68), LV sphericity index (r = -0.60 and -0.65), and peak filling rate (r = -0.61 and -0.64), respectively (P < 0.01). The intra-LV vortices developed during the systolic phase in 10 cases. In those, some of the particles at the apical LV rotated within the LV, whereas in patients with preserved LV function, all of the particles were directed straight to the ascending aorta with accelerated flow velocity (256.8 ± 120.2 cm/s vs. 414.3 ± 88.2 cm/s, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Vortex formation during the diastolic phase may be critical for both LV filling and ejection. 4D-Flow showed the 3D alterations of intra-LV flow dynamics by LV dilatation and dysfunction in a noninvasive and comprehensive manner. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1493-1503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Suwa
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takeji Saitoh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takehara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Makoto Sano
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masao Saotome
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Urushida
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideki Katoh
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masataka Sugiyama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Wakayama
- Applied Science Laboratory Asia Pacific, GE Healthcare Japan, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marcus Alley
- Division of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Harumi Sakahara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Naeger DM, Higgins C, De Marco T, Muzzarelli S, Ordovas KG. Low-intensity late gadolinium enhancement predominates in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Imaging 2015; 39:432-6. [PMID: 25724224 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Assess the extent of low- versus high-intensity late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS Low- versus high-intensity LGE indexed volumes in 19 HCM patients were compared to 23 myocardial infarction (MI) patients. RESULTS Total, low-, and high-intensity LGE volumes in HCM vs. MI were 7.6ml/m(2), 4.7, and 2.4 vs. 11.2, 2.5, and 7.1, respectively. Total LGE volume did not differ (P=.13), though low- and high-intensity did (P=.05, .004). 67% versus 26% of all LGE was low-intensity in HCM versus MI (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS LGE in HCM is predominantly low-intensity, so a low threshold may be the most appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Naeger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., M-391, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628.
| | - Charles Higgins
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., M-391, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628
| | - Teresa De Marco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., M-391, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628
| | - Stefano Muzzarelli
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., M-391, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628
| | - Karen G Ordovas
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., M-391, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628
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Suwa K, Satoh H, Sano M, Nobuhara M, Saitoh T, Saotome M, Urushida T, Katoh H, Tawarahara K, Ohtani H, Wakabayashi Y, Takase H, Terada H, Takehara Y, Sakahara H, Hayashi H. Functional, morphological and electrocardiographical abnormalities in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apical aneurysm: correlation with cardiac MR. Open Heart 2014; 1:e000124. [PMID: 25332823 PMCID: PMC4189224 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The prognosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (APH) has been benign, but apical myocardial injury has prognostic importance. We studied functional, morphological and electrocardiographical abnormalities in patients with APH and with apical aneurysm and sought to find parameters that relate to apical myocardial injury. Methods Study design: a multicentre trans-sectional study. Patients: 45 patients with APH and 5 with apical aneurysm diagnosed with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in the database of Hamamatsu Circulation Forum. Measure: the apical contraction with cine-cardiac MR (CMR), the myocardial fibrotic scar with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE)-CMR, and QRS fragmentation (fQRS) defined when two ECG-leads exhibited RSR’s patterns. Results Cine-CMR revealed 27 patients with normal, 12 with hypokinetic and 11 with dyskinetic apical contraction. TTE misdiagnosed 11 (48%) patients with hypokinetic and dyskinetic contraction as those with normal contraction. Apical LGE was apparent in 10 (83%) and 11 (100%) patients with hypokinetic and dyskinetic contraction, whereas only in 11 patients (41%) with normal contraction (p<0.01). Patients with dyskinetic apical contraction had the lowest left ventricular ejection fraction, the highest prevalence of ventricular tachycardia, and the smallest ST depression and depth of negative T waves. The presence of fQRS was associated with impaired apical contraction and apical LGE (OR=8.32 and 8.61, p<0.05). Conclusions CMR is superior to TTE for analysing abnormalities of the apex in patients with APH and with apical aneurysm. The presence of fQRS can be a promising parameter for the early detection of apical myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Suwa
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.) ; Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Makoto Sano
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Mamoru Nobuhara
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Takeji Saitoh
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Masao Saotome
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Urushida
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Hideki Katoh
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Kei Tawarahara
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Hayato Ohtani
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Yasushi Wakabayashi
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Hiroyuki Takase
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Hajime Terada
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
| | - Yasuo Takehara
- Department of Radiology , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Harumi Sakahara
- Department of Radiology , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Hideharu Hayashi
- The Investigator Group , Hamamatsu Circulation Forum ; (Hamamatsu Circulation Forum consists of Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kosai General Hospital and Seirei Mikatahara Hospital.)
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Satoh H, Sano M, Suwa K, Saitoh T, Nobuhara M, Saotome M, Urushida T, Katoh H, Hayashi H. Distribution of late gadolinium enhancement in various types of cardiomyopathies: Significance in differential diagnosis, clinical features and prognosis. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:585-601. [PMID: 25068019 PMCID: PMC4110607 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i7.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent development of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques has allowed detailed analyses of cardiac function and tissue characterization with high spatial resolution. We review characteristic CMR features in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies (ICM and NICM), especially in terms of the location and distribution of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). CMR in ICM shows segmental wall motion abnormalities or wall thinning in a particular coronary arterial territory, and the subendocardial or transmural LGE. LGE in NICM generally does not correspond to any particular coronary artery distribution and is located mostly in the mid-wall to subepicardial layer. The analysis of LGE distribution is valuable to differentiate NICM with diffusely impaired systolic function, including dilated cardiomyopathy, end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cardiac sarcoidosis, and myocarditis, and those with diffuse left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy including HCM, cardiac amyloidosis and Anderson-Fabry disease. A transient low signal intensity LGE in regions of severe LV dysfunction is a particular feature of stress cardiomyopathy. In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia, an enhancement of right ventricular (RV) wall with functional and morphological changes of RV becomes apparent. Finally, the analyses of LGE distribution have potentials to predict cardiac outcomes and response to treatments.
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Sano M, Satoh H, Suwa K, Nobuhara M, Saitoh T, Saotome M, Urushida T, Katoh H, Shimoyama K, Suzuki D, Ogawa N, Takehara Y, Sakahara H, Hayashi H. Characteristics and clinical relevance of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with systemic sclerosis. Heart Vessels 2014; 30:779-88. [PMID: 24996373 PMCID: PMC4648959 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-014-0539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is considerably frequent in autopsy, but the early identification is clinically difficult. Recent advantages in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) enabled to detect myocardial fibrotic scar as late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). We aimed to examine the prevalence and distribution of LGE in patients with SSc, and associate them with clinical features, electrocardiographic abnormalities and cardiac function. Forty patients with SSc (58 ± 14 years-old, 35 females, limited/diffuse 25/15, disease duration 106 ± 113 months) underwent serological tests, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and CMR. Seven patients (17.5 %) showed LGE in 26 segments of left ventricle (LV). LGE distributed mainly in the basal to mid inter-ventricular septum and the right ventricular (RV) insertion points, but involved all the myocardial regions. More patients with LGE showed NYHA functional class II and more (71 vs. 21 %, p < 0.05), bundle branch blocks (57 vs. 6 %, p < 0.05), LV ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50 % (72 vs. 6 %, p < 0.01), LV asynergy (43 vs. 0 %, p < 0.01) and RVEF < 40 % (100 vs. 39 %, p < 0.01). There was no difference in disease duration, disease types, or prevalence of positive autoimmune antibodies or high serum NT-proBNP level (>125 pg/ml). When cardiac involvement of SSc was defined as low LVEF, ECG abnormalities or high NT-proBNP, the sensitivity, specificity positive and negative predictive values of LGE were 36, 92, 71 and 72 %, respectively. We could clarify the prevalence and distribution of LGE in Japanese patients with SSc. The presence of LGE was associated with cardiac symptom, conduction disturbance and impaired LV/RV contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sano
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Suwa
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nobuhara
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takeji Saitoh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masao Saotome
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Urushida
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideki Katoh
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shimoyama
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Ogawa
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takehara
- Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Harumi Sakahara
- Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ward, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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Yamada T, Hirashiki A, Cheng XW, Okumura T, Shimazu S, Okamoto R, Shinoda N, Isobe S, Takeshita K, Naganawa S, Kondo T, Murohara T. Relationship of myocardial fibrosis to left ventricular and mitochondrial function in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy--a comparison of focal and interstitial fibrosis. J Card Fail 2014; 19:557-64. [PMID: 23910585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial damage is associated with histologic myocardial fibrosis. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can be used to identify focal fibrosis. We examined whether myocardial fibrosis on CMR and collagen volume fraction (CVF) from biopsies correlated with left ventricular (LV) and mitochondrial function in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-nine DCM patients underwent CMR, cardiac catheterization, and endomyocardial biopsy. Minimum first derivative of LV pressure (LVdP/dt(min)) was measured as an index of LV relaxation. Mitochondrial RNA expression was also analyzed. For quantitative analysis of myocardial fibrosis, percentage LGE (%LGE) and CVF were calculated. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of the presence (LGE group; n = 27) or absence (non-LGE group; n = 32) of LGE. Mean CVF and absolute value of LVdP/dt(min) were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the LGE group than in the non-LGE group. Multivariate analysis revealed that %LGE was an independent determinant of LVdP/dt(min). The abundance of mitochondrial enzyme mRNA was significantly lower in the LGE group. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive CMR imaging is more useful in predicting diastolic dysfunction than invasive histologic assessments. In addition, it might indicate mitochondrial dysfunction in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Machii M, Satoh H, Shiraki K, Saotome M, Urushida T, Katoh H, Takehara Y, Sakahara H, Ohtani H, Wakabayashi Y, Ukigai H, Tawarahara K, Hayashi H. Distribution of late gadolinium enhancement in end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy: Differential diagnosis and prediction of cardiac outcome. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Delcrè SDL, Di Donna P, Leuzzi S, Miceli S, Bisi M, Scaglione M, Caponi D, Conte MR, Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Gaita F. Relationship of ECG findings to phenotypic expression in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A cardiac magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:1038-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Delayed Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Nonischemic Myocardial Disease. J Thorac Imaging 2013; 28:84-92; quiz 93-5. [DOI: 10.1097/rti.0b013e3182828f89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Song BG, Yang HS, Hwang HK, Kang GH, Park YH, Chun WJ, Oh JH. Correlation of electrocardiographic changes and myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Cardiol 2012; 36:31-5. [PMID: 23070984 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several electrophysiologic and pathologic studies, the cause of electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains unclear. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging can detect myocardial fibrosis. We aimed to assess the relationship between ECG findings and LGE in such patients. HYPOTHESIS Myocardial LGE may be associated with ECG changes in HCM. METHODS Seventy consecutive patients with HCM (mean age, 55.5 ± 10.7 years; 47 males) underwent CMR and 12-lead ECG. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the type of hypertrophy: the asymmetric septal hypertrophy group (ASH group, n = 31), the apical hypertrophy group (AP group, n = 22), and concentric hypertrophy group (CH group, n = 17). The transmural and segmental extent, pattern, and location of myocardial LGE were assessed and analyzed in relation to ECG changes. RESULTS All of the subjects showed some degree of LGE on CMR. The AP group showed significantly higher prevalence of negative T-wave (P = 0.028) and deep negative T-wave inversion (P = 0.001) than the ASH and CH groups. The total volume of LGE did not show any significant association with ECG changes. LGE detected at the interventricular septum was associated with increased QRS duration (P = 0.009) and was found in 94% of the ASH group, 59% of the AP group, and 77% of the CH group. LGE at the apex of the heart was present in 32% of the ASH group, 73% of the AP group, and 35% of the CH group and was also associated with negative T-wave (P = 0.006) and deep negative T-wave inversion (P = 0.018). Multifocal LGE lesions were associated with increased QRS duration (P = 0.039) as opposed to single nodular or patchy pattern of presence. CONCLUSIONS The location of myocardial LGE in HCM shows significant association with various ECG changes. This may be useful information for initially evaluating subjects with HCM and adds pathophysiological insight into understanding ECG changes in myocardial diseases that cannot be explained otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Gun Song
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Department of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul
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Ordovas KG, Higgins CB. Delayed contrast enhancement on MR images of myocardium: past, present, future. Radiology 2011; 261:358-74. [PMID: 22012903 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differential enhancement of myocardial infarction was first recognized on computed tomographic (CT) images obtained with iodinated contrast material in the late 1970s. Gadolinium enhancement of myocardial infarction was initially reported for T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in 1984. The introduction of an inversion-recovery gradient-echo MR sequence for accentuation of the contrast between normal and necrotic myocardium was the impetus for widespread clinical use for demonstrating the extent of myocardial infarction. This sequence has been called delayed-enhancement MR and MR viability imaging. The physiologic basis for differential enhancement of myocardial necrosis is the greater distribution volume of injured myocardium compared with that of normal myocardium. It is now recognized that delayed enhancement occurs in both acute and chronic (scar) infarctions and in an array of other myocardial processes that cause myocardial necrosis, infiltration, or fibrosis. These include myocarditis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and other myocardial conditions. In several of these diseases, the presence and extent of delayed enhancement has prognostic implications. Future applications of delayed enhancement with development of MR imaging and CT techniques will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G Ordovas
- Department of Radiology, UCSF Medical Center, 505 Parnassus Ave, Room L308, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA
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Al-Mallah MH, Shareef MN. The role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev 2011; 16:369-80. [PMID: 21170585 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-010-9221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) plays an increasing role in the assessment of patients with various cardiovascular disorders. Given its enhanced spatial resolution, improved tissue characterization, and lack of ionizing radiation, it has become the test of choice in the evaluation of patients with new-onset cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology. In this paper, we will review the role of CMR in the evaluation of patients with various types of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouaz H Al-Mallah
- King Abdul-Aziz Cardiac Center, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Department Mail Code 1413, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Ueda A, Fukamizu S, Soejima K, Tejima T, Nishizaki M, Nitta T, Kobayashi Y, Hiraoka M, Sakurada H. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics in patients with sustained monomorphic reentrant ventricular tachycardia associated with dilated-phase hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Europace 2011; 14:734-40. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eur344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Lakkireddy D, Burkhardt JD, Pillarisetti J, Michowitz Y, Sanchez JE, Horton R, Mohanty P, Gallinghouse GJ, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Pelargonio G, Santarelli P, Verma A, Narasimhan C, Shivkumar K, Natale A. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: safety and feasibility. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7:1036-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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