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Grisanti LA. TRAIL and its receptors in cardiac diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1256852. [PMID: 37621762 PMCID: PMC10445540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1256852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Loss of cardiomyocytes that occurs during many types of damage to the heart such as ischemic injury and stress caused by pressure overload, diminishes cardiac function due to their limited regenerative capacity and promotes remodeling, which further damages the heart. Cardiomyocyte death occurs through two primary mechanisms, necrosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated form of cell death that can occur through intrinsic (mitochondrial) or extrinsic (receptor mediated) pathways. Extrinsic apoptosis occurs through a subset of Tumor Necrosis Receptor (TNF) family receptors termed "Death Receptors." While some ligands for death receptors have been extensively studied in the heart, such as TNF-α, others have been virtually unstudied. One poorly characterized cardiac TNF related ligand is TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL). TRAIL binds to two apoptosis-inducing receptors, Death Receptor (DR) 4 and DR5. There are also three decoy TRAIL receptors, Decoy Receptor (DcR) 1, DcR2 and osteoprotegerin (OPG). While TRAIL has been extensively studied in the cancer field due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in transformed cell types, emerging clinical evidence points towards a role for TRAIL and its receptors in cardiac pathology. This article will highlight our current understanding of TRAIL and its receptors in normal and pathological conditions in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A. Grisanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Molecular Mechanisms behind Persistent Presence of Parvovirus B19 in Human Dilated Myocardium. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1376:181-202. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Although a broad range of viruses cause myocarditis, the mechanisms that underlie viral myocarditis are poorly understood. Here, we report that the M2 gene is a determinant of reovirus myocarditis. The M2 gene encodes outer capsid protein μ1, which mediates host membrane penetration during reovirus entry. We infected newborn C57BL/6 mice with reovirus strain type 1 Lang (T1L) or a reassortant reovirus in which the M2 gene from strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) was substituted into the T1L genetic background (T1L/T3DM2). T1L was non-lethal in wild-type mice, whereas greater than 90% of mice succumbed to T1L/T3DM2 infection. T1L/T3DM2 produced higher viral loads than T1L at the site of inoculation. In secondary organs, T1L/T3DM2 was detected with more rapid kinetics and reached higher peak titers than T1L. We found that hearts from T1L/T3DM2-infected mice were grossly abnormal, with large lesions indicative of substantial inflammatory infiltrate. Lesions in T1L/T3DM2-infected mice contained necrotic cardiomyocytes with pyknotic debris, and extensive lymphocyte and histiocyte infiltration. In contrast, T1L induced the formation of small purulent lesions in a small subset of animals, consistent with T1L being mildly myocarditic. Finally, more activated caspase-3-positive cells were observed in hearts from animals infected with T1L/T3DM2 compared to T1L. Together, our findings indicate that substitution of the T3D M2 allele into an otherwise T1L genetic background is sufficient to change a non-lethal infection into a lethal infection. Our results further indicate that T3D M2 enhances T1L replication and dissemination in vivo, which potentiates the capacity of reovirus to cause myocarditis. IMPORTANCE Reovirus is a non-enveloped virus with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome that serves as a model for studying viral myocarditis. The mechanisms by which reovirus drives myocarditis development are not fully elucidated. We found that substituting the M2 gene from strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) into an otherwise type 1 Lang (T1L) genetic background (T1L/T3DM2) was sufficient to convert the non-lethal T1L strain into a lethal infection in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. T1L/T3DM2 disseminated more efficiently and reached higher maximum titers than T1L in all organs tested, including the heart. T1L is mildly myocarditic and induced small areas of cardiac inflammation in a subset of mice. In contrast, hearts from mice infected with T1L/T3DM2 contained extensive cardiac inflammatory infiltration and more activated caspase-3-positive cells, which is indicative of apoptosis. Together, our findings identify the reovirus M2 gene as a new determinant of reovirus-induced myocarditis.
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Guo Y, Hinchman MM, Lewandrowski M, Cross ST, Sutherland DM, Welsh OL, Dermody TS, Parker JSL. The multi-functional reovirus σ3 protein is a virulence factor that suppresses stress granule formation and is associated with myocardial injury. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009494. [PMID: 34237110 PMCID: PMC8291629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian orthoreovirus double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding protein σ3 is a multifunctional protein that promotes viral protein synthesis and facilitates viral entry and assembly. The dsRNA-binding capacity of σ3 correlates with its capacity to prevent dsRNA-mediated activation of protein kinase R (PKR). However, the effect of σ3 binding to dsRNA during viral infection is largely unknown. To identify functions of σ3 dsRNA-binding activity during reovirus infection, we engineered a panel of thirteen σ3 mutants and screened them for the capacity to bind dsRNA. Six mutants were defective in dsRNA binding, and mutations in these constructs cluster in a putative dsRNA-binding region on the surface of σ3. Two recombinant viruses expressing these σ3 dsRNA-binding mutants, K287T and R296T, display strikingly different phenotypes. In a cell-type dependent manner, K287T, but not R296T, replicates less efficiently than wild-type (WT) virus. In cells in which K287T virus demonstrates a replication deficit, PKR activation occurs and abundant stress granules (SGs) are formed at late times post-infection. In contrast, the R296T virus retains the capacity to suppress activation of PKR and does not mediate formation of SGs at late times post-infection. These findings indicate that σ3 inhibits PKR independently of its capacity to bind dsRNA. In infected mice, K287T produces lower viral titers in the spleen, liver, lungs, and heart relative to WT or R296T. Moreover, mice inoculated with WT or R296T viruses develop myocarditis, whereas those inoculated with K287T do not. Overall, our results indicate that σ3 functions to suppress PKR activation and subsequent SG formation during viral infection and that these functions correlate with virulence in mice. The σ3 protein of mammalian orthoreoviruses is a double-stranded RNA binding protein that has classically been thought to function by scavenging dsRNA within infected cells and thus prevents activation of cellular sensors of dsRNA such as the kinase PKR. Here we used mutagenesis to identify the region of σ3 responsible for binding dsRNA. Characterization of mutant viruses expressing σ3 proteins incapable of binding dsRNA show that contrary to expectation, dsRNA binding is not required for σ3-mediated inhibition of PKR. We show that one mutant virus (R296T) despite being deficient in dsRNA-binding can inhibit PKR and replicates similar to WT virus. In contrast, another mutant virus (K287T) that bears a σ3 protein that cannot prevent dsRNA-mediated activation of PKR induces stress granules in infected cells and replicates less efficiently than WT virus. In vivo, the K287T mutant is attenuated in its replication and unlike WT virus and the R296T mutant virus does not cause heart disease (myocarditis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Meleana M. Hinchman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Lewandrowski
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Shaun T. Cross
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Danica M. Sutherland
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Olivia L. Welsh
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John S. L. Parker
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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β-asarone induces cell apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation and decreases migration and invasion of glioma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:655-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Ai F, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Fan T. Inhibition of 12/15-LO ameliorates CVB3-induced myocarditis by activating Nrf2. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Choudhary AK, Devi RS. Effects of aspartame on hsp70, bcl-2 and bax expression in immune organs of Wistar albino rats. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:427-435. [PMID: 27845306 PMCID: PMC5044715 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20140097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame, a “first generation sweetener”, is widely used in a variety of foods, beverages, and medicine. The FDA has determined the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of aspartame to be 50 mg/kg·day, while the JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) has set this value at 40 mg/kg of body weight/day. Safety issues have been raised about aspartame due to its metabolites, specifically toxicity from methanol and/or its systemic metabolites formaldehyde and formic acid. The immune system is now recognized as a target organ for many xenobiotics, such as drugs and chemicals, which are able to trigger unwanted apoptosis or to alter the regulation of apoptosis. Our previous studies has shown that oral administration of aspartame [40 mg/(kg·day)] or its metabolites for 90 days increased oxidative stress in immune organs of Wistar albino rats. In this present study, we aimed to clarify whether aspartame consumption over a longer period (90-days) has any effect on the expression of hsp70, bcl-2 and bax at both mRNA transcript and protein expression levels in immune organs. We observed that oral administration of aspartame for 90 days did not cause any apparent DNA fragmentation in immune organs of aspartame treated animals; however, there was a significant increase in hsp70 expression, apart from significant alteration in bcl-2 and bax at both mRNA transcript and protein expression level in the immune organs of aspartame treated animals compared to controls. Hence, the results indicated that hsp70 levels increased in response to oxidative injury induced by aspartame metabolites; however, these metabolites did not induce apoptosis in the immune organs. Furthermore, detailed analyses are needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms involved in these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM.PG. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rathinasamy Sheela Devi
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM.PG. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India;
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DNA Repair Gene Polymorphism and the Risk of Mitral Chordae Tendineae Rupture. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:825020. [PMID: 26604426 PMCID: PMC4641204 DOI: 10.1155/2015/825020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in Lys939Gln XPC gene may diminish DNA repair capacity, eventually increasing the risk of carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the significance of polymorphism Lys939Gln in XPC gene in patients with mitral chordae tendinea rupture (MCTR). Twenty-one patients with MCTR and thirty-seven age and sex matched controls were enrolled in the study. Genotyping of XPC gene Lys939Gln polymorphism was carried out using polymerase chain reaction- (PCR-) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The frequencies of the heterozygote genotype (Lys/Gln-AC) and homozygote genotype (Gln/Gln-CC) were significantly different in MCTR as compared to control group, respectively (52.4% versus 43.2%, p = 0.049; 38.15% versus 16.2%, p = 0.018). Homozygote variant (Gln/Gln) genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of MCTR (OR = 2.059; 95% CI: 1.097-3.863; p = 0.018). Heterozygote variant (Lys/Gln) genotype was also highly significantly associated with increased risk of MCTR (OR = 1.489; 95% CI: 1.041-2.129; p = 0.049). The variant allele C was found to be significantly associated with MCTR (OR = 1.481; 95% CI: 1.101-1.992; p = 0.011). This study has demonstrated the association of XPC gene Lys939Gln polymorphism with MCTR, which is significantly associated with increased risk of MCTR.
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Gutierrez FRS, Sesti-Costa R, Silva GK, Trujillo ML, Guedes PMM, Silva JS. Regulation of the immune response during infectious myocarditis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:187-200. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.879824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Horio Y, Sun Y, Liu C, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Aspartame-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:158-165. [PMID: 24355796 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aspartame is an artificial sweetner added to many low-calorie foods. The safety of aspartame remains controversial even though there are many studies on its risks. In this study, to understand the physiological effects of trace amounts of artificial sweetners on cells, the effects of aspartame on apoptosis were investigated using a PC12 cell system. In addition, the mechanism of apoptosis induced by aspartame in PC12 cells and effects on apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, and caspase family proteins were studied by Western blotting and RT-PCR. Aspartame-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, aspartame exposure increased the expressions of caspases 8 and 9, and cytochrome c. These results indicate that aspartame induces apoptosis mainly via mitochondrial pathway involved in apoptosis due to oxigen toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Horio
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Division of Environmental Science Development, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yongkun Sun
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Division of Environmental Science Development, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Chuang Liu
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Division of Environmental Science Development, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Division of Environmental Science Development, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Group of Environmental Adaptation Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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Arumugam S, Thandavarayan RA, Palaniyandi SS, Giridharan VV, Arozal W, Sari FR, Soetikno V, Harima M, Suzuki K, Kodama M, Watanabe K. Candesartan cilexetil protects from cardiac myosin induced cardiotoxicity via reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in rats: Involvement of ACE2-Ang (1–7)-mas axis. Toxicology 2012; 291:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dong K, Sun X. Targeting death receptor induced apoptosis and necroptosis: A novel therapeutic strategy to prevent neuronal damage in retinal detachment. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:144-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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The proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bax plays an important role in the pathogenesis of reovirus encephalitis. J Virol 2011; 85:3858-71. [PMID: 21307199 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01958-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitis induced by reovirus serotype 3 (T3) strains results from the apoptotic death of infected neurons. Extrinsic apoptotic signaling is activated in reovirus-infected neurons in vitro and in vivo, but the role of intrinsic apoptosis signaling during encephalitis is largely unknown. Bax plays a key role in intrinsic apoptotic signaling in neurons by allowing the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. We found Bax activation and cytochrome c release in neurons following infection of neonatal mice with T3 reoviruses. Bax(-/-) mice infected with T3 Abney (T3A) have reduced central nervous system (CNS) tissue injury and decreased apoptosis, despite viral replication that is similar to that in wild-type (WT) Bax(+/+) mice. In contrast, in the heart, T3A-infected Bax(-/-) mice have viral growth, caspase activation, and injury comparable to those in WT mice, indicating that the role of Bax in pathogenesis is organ specific. Nonmyocarditic T3 Dearing (T3D)-infected Bax(-/-) mice had delayed disease and enhanced survival compared to WT mice. T3D-infected Bax(-/-) mice had significantly lower viral titers and levels of activated caspase 3 in the brain despite unaffected transneuronal spread of virus. Cytochrome c and Smac release occurred in some reovirus-infected neurons in the absence of Bax; however, this was clearly reduced compared to levels seen in Bax(+/+) wild-type mice, indicating that Bax is necessary for efficient activation of proapoptotic mitochondrial signaling in infected neurons. Our studies suggest that Bax is important for reovirus growth and pathogenesis in neurons and that the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, mediated by Bax, is important for full expression of disease, CNS tissue injury, apoptosis, and viral growth in the CNS of reovirus-infected mice.
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