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Poulis N, Martin M, Hoerstrup SP, Emmert MY, Fioretta ES. Macrophage-extracellular matrix interactions: Perspectives for tissue engineered heart valve remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:952178. [PMID: 36176991 PMCID: PMC9513146 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.952178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ heart valve tissue engineering approaches have been proposed as promising strategies to overcome the limitations of current heart valve replacements. Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs) generated from in vitro grown tissue engineered matrices (TEMs) aim at mimicking the microenvironmental cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to favor integration and remodeling of the implant. A key role of the ECM is to provide mechanical support to and attract host cells into the construct. Additionally, each ECM component plays a critical role in regulating cell adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation potential. Importantly, the immune response to the implanted TEHV is also modulated biophysically via macrophage-ECM protein interactions. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the interactions and signaling networks occurring between ECM proteins and macrophages, and how these interactions may impact the long-term in situ remodeling outcomes of TEMs. First, we provide an overview of in situ tissue engineering approaches and their clinical relevance, followed by a discussion on the fundamentals of the remodeling cascades. We then focus on the role of circulation-derived and resident tissue macrophages, with particular emphasis on the ramifications that ECM proteins and peptides may have in regulating the host immune response. Finally, the relevance of these findings for heart valve tissue engineering applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Poulis
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Martin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Simon P. Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maximilian Y. Emmert, ,
| | - Emanuela S. Fioretta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Emanuela S. Fioretta,
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2
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Ground M, Waqanivavalagi S, Park YE, Callon K, Walker R, Milsom P, Cornish J. Fibroblast growth factor 2 inhibits myofibroblastic activation of valvular interstitial cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270227. [PMID: 35714127 PMCID: PMC9205485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart valve disease is a growing problem worldwide. Though very common in older adults, the mechanisms behind the development of the disease aren't well understood, and at present the only therapeutic option is valve replacement. Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) may hold the answer. These cells can undergo pathological differentiation into contractile myofibroblasts or osteoblasts, leading to thickening and calcification of the valve tissue. Our study aimed to characterise the effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) on the differentiation potential of VICs. We isolated VICs from diseased human valves and treated these cells with FGF-2 and TGF-β to elucidate effect of these growth factors on several myofibroblastic outcomes, in particular immunocytochemistry and gene expression. We used TGF-β as a positive control for myofibroblastic differentiation. We found that FGF-2 promotes a 'quiescent-type' morphology and inhibits the formation of α-smooth muscle actin positive myofibroblasts. FGF-2 reduced the calcification potential of VICs, with a marked reduction in the number of calcific nodules. FGF-2 interrupted the 'canonical' TGF-β signalling pathway, reducing the nuclear translocation of the SMAD2/3 complex. The panel of genes assayed revealed that FGF-2 promoted a quiescent-type pattern of gene expression, with significant downregulations in typical myofibroblast markers α smooth muscle actin, extracellular matrix proteins, and scleraxis. We did not see evidence of osteoblast differentiation: neither matrix-type calcification nor changes in osteoblast associated gene expression were observed. Our findings show that FGF-2 can reverse the myofibroblastic phenotype of VICs isolated from diseased valves and inhibit the calcification potential of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ground
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Steve Waqanivavalagi
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Young-Eun Park
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Karen Callon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paget Milsom
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
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3
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Tang Q, McNair AJ, Phadwal K, Macrae VE, Corcoran BM. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:872288. [PMID: 35656405 PMCID: PMC9152029 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.872288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) due to myxomatous degeneration is one of the most important chronic degenerative cardiovascular diseases in people and dogs. It is a common cause of heart failure leading to significant morbidity and mortality in both species. Human MVP is usually classified into primary or non-syndromic, including Barlow’s Disease (BD), fibro-elastic deficiency (FED) and Filamin-A mutation, and secondary or syndromic forms (typically familial), such as Marfan syndrome (MFS), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Loeys–Dietz syndrome. Despite different etiologies the diseased valves share pathological features consistent with myxomatous degeneration. To reflect this common pathology the condition is often called myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (disease) (MMVD) and this term is universally used to describe the analogous condition in the dog. MMVD in both species is characterized by leaflet thickening and deformity, disorganized extracellular matrix, increased transformation of the quiescent valve interstitial cell (qVICs) to an activated state (aVICs), also known as activated myofibroblasts. Significant alterations in these cellular activities contribute to the initiation and progression of MMVD due to the increased expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily cytokines and the dysregulation of the TGF-β signaling pathways. Further understanding the molecular mechanisms of MMVD is needed to identify pharmacological manipulation strategies of the signaling pathway that might regulate VIC differentiation and so control the disease onset and development. This review briefly summarizes current understanding of the histopathology, cellular activities, molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of MMVD in dogs and humans, and in more detail reviews the evidence for the role of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Tang
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. McNair
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kanchan Phadwal
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky E. Macrae
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan M. Corcoran
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Brendan M. Corcoran,
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4
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Howsmon DP, Sacks MS. On Valve Interstitial Cell Signaling: The Link Between Multiscale Mechanics and Mechanobiology. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:15-27. [PMID: 33527256 PMCID: PMC11046423 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves function in one of the most mechanically demanding environments in the body to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The resident valve interstitial cells respond to this mechanical environment and maintain the structure and integrity of the heart valve tissues to preserve homeostasis. While the mechanics of organ-tissue-cell heart valve function has progressed, the intracellular signaling network downstream of mechanical stimuli has not been fully elucidated. This has hindered efforts to both understand heart valve mechanobiology and rationally identify drug targets for treating valve disease. In the present work, we review the current literature on VIC mechanobiology and then propose mechanistic mathematical modeling of the mechanically-stimulated VIC signaling response to comprehend the coupling between VIC mechanobiology and valve mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Howsmon
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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5
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Wang K, Lai C, Li T, Wang C, Wang W, Ni B, Bai C, Zhang S, Han L, Gu H, Zhao Z, Duan Y, Yang X, Xing L, Zhao L, Zhou S, Xia M, Jiang C, Wang X, Yang P. Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury by recruiting neutrophils. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:573-585. [PMID: 29121325 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IAV) infection is a major cause of severe respiratory illness that affects almost every country in the world. IAV infections result in respiratory illness and even acute lung injury and death, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for IAV pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, the basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) level was markedly increased in H1N1 virus-infected humans and mice. FGF2, which is predominately derived from epithelial cells, recruits and activates neutrophils via the FGFR2-PI3K-AKT-NFκB signaling pathway. FGF2 depletion or knockout exacerbated influenza-associated disease by impairing neutrophil recruitment and activation. More importantly, administration of the recombinant FGF2 protein significantly alleviated the severity of IAV-induced lung injury and promoted the survival of IAV-infected mice. Based on the results from experiments in which neutrophils were depleted and adoptively transferred, FGF2 protected mice against IAV infection by recruiting neutrophils. Thus, FGF2 plays a critical role in preventing IAV-induced lung injury, and FGF2 is a promising potential therapeutic target during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tieling Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changqing Bai
- Beijing 307 Hospital of PLA Affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lina Han
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqiang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingna Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Penghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,Beijing 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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6
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Lam NT, Tandon I, Balachandran K. The role of fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2 on the pathological behavior of valve interstitial cells in a three-dimensional mechanically-conditioned model. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:45. [PMID: 31149027 PMCID: PMC6537403 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More than five million Americans suffer from heart valve disease annually, a condition that worsens cardiac function and gradually leads to heart failure if appropriate treatment is not performed on time. Currently no medication can cure heart valve disease, leaving surgical intervention as the only viable option for patients at late stages of cardiac valve disease. Tremendous efforts have been undertaken to elucidate how resident cells in the valves respond to pathological stimulation as well as the underlying mechanisms that regulate these responses, to identify potential therapeutic targets for non-surgical treatment of valvular heart disease. Results Cardiac valve interstitial cells (VICs) naturally reside in a complex three-dimensional environment under varying hemodynamics, which is difficult to replicate in vitro. As a result, most cell signaling studies in the field have traditionally been conducted on two-dimensional models or in the absence of hemodynamic forces. Previously, we reported the fabrication of a hydrogel scaffold that could be used to culture valve cells under dynamic mechanical stimulation in a valve-mimetic environment. This model, therefore appeared to be suitable for VIC signaling studies as it provided cells a three-dimensional environment with the ability to incorporate mechanical stretching stimulation. Utilizing this model, we investigated the possible role of fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2 (FGF1 and FGF2) via FGFR1 receptor signaling in regulating valve cell activation under physiological (10% stretch) and pathological (20% stretch) mechanical conditions as well as in mediating cell proliferation and metabolism via the Akt/mTOR pathways. We reported that 1) FGF1 and FGF2 treatment was able to maintain the quiescent phenotype of VICs; 2) Cells increased proliferation as determined by optical redox ratios under elevated cyclic stretch via Akt/mTOR pathways; and 3) FGF1 and 2 signaling via the FGFR1 reduced VIC proliferation and activation under elevated cyclic stretch conditions. Conclusions Overall, these results suggested that targeting FGFR1 receptor signaling may represent a possible therapeutic strategy for preventing heart valve disease progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0168-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thien Lam
- 1Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Ishita Tandon
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- 1Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
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7
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Human interstitial cellular model in therapeutics of heart valve calcification. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1981-1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Stephens EH, Nguyen TC, Blazejewski JG, Vekilov DP, Connell JP, Itoh A, Ingels NB, Miller DC, Grande-Allen KJ. Extracellular matrix remodeling in wound healing of critical size defects in the mitral valve leaflet. Heart Vessels 2016; 31:1186-95. [PMID: 26563105 PMCID: PMC10578972 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-015-0768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The details of valvular leaflet healing following valvuloplasty and leaflet perforation from endocarditis are poorly understood. In this study, the synthesis and turnover of valvular extracellular matrix due to healing of a critical sized wound was investigated. Twenty-nine sheep were randomized to either CTRL (n = 11) or HOLE (n = 18), in which a 2.8-4.8 mm diameter hole was punched in the posterior mitral leaflet. After 12 weeks, posterior leaflets were harvested and histologically stained to localize extracellular matrix components. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to assess matrix components and markers of matrix turnover. A semi-quantitative grading scale was used to quantify differences between HOLE and CTRL. After 12 weeks, the hole diameter was reduced by 71.3 ± 1.4 % (p < 0.001). Areas of remodeling surrounding the hole contained more activated cells, greater expression of proteoglycans, and markers of matrix turnover (prolyl 4-hydroxylase, metalloproteases, and lysyl oxidase, each p ≤ 0.025), along with fibrin accumulation. Two distinct remodeling regions were evident surrounding the hole, one directly bordering the hole rich in versican and hyaluronan and a second adjacent region with abundant collagen and elastic fiber turnover. The remodeling also caused reduced delineation between valve layers (p = 0.002), more diffuse staining of matrix components and markers of matrix turnover (p < 0.001), and disruption of the collagenous fibrosa. In conclusion, acute valve injury elicited distinct, heterogeneous alterations in valvular matrix composition and structure, resulting in partial wound closure. Because these changes could also affect leaflet mechanics and valve function, it will be important to determine their impact on healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Stephens
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, MS142, Houston, TX, 77251-1892, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom C Nguyen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack G Blazejewski
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, MS142, Houston, TX, 77251-1892, USA
| | - Dragoslava P Vekilov
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, MS142, Houston, TX, 77251-1892, USA
| | - Jennifer P Connell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, MS142, Houston, TX, 77251-1892, USA
| | - Akinobu Itoh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neil B Ingels
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Biophysics, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - D Craig Miller
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, MS142, Houston, TX, 77251-1892, USA.
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9
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Schoen FJ, Gotlieb AI. Heart valve health, disease, replacement, and repair: a 25-year cardiovascular pathology perspective. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016; 25:341-352. [PMID: 27242130 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The past several decades have witnessed major advances in the understanding of the structure, function, and biology of native valves and the pathobiology and clinical management of valvular heart disease. These improvements have enabled earlier and more precise diagnosis, assessment of the proper timing of surgical and interventional procedures, improved prosthetic and biologic valve replacements and repairs, recognition of postoperative complications and their management, and the introduction of minimally invasive approaches that have enabled definitive and durable treatment for patients who were previously considered inoperable. This review summarizes the current state of our understanding of the mechanisms of heart valve health and disease arrived at through innovative research on the cell and molecular biology of valves, clinical and pathological features of the most frequent intrinsic structural diseases that affect the valves, and the status and pathological considerations in the technological advances in valvular surgery and interventions. The contributions of many cardiovascular pathologists and other scientists, engineers, and clinicians are emphasized, and potentially fruitful areas for research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Schoen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115; Pathology and Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115.
| | - Avrum I Gotlieb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Rm. 6275A, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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10
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Latif N, Quillon A, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Lozanoski A, Yacoub MH, Chester AH. Modulation of human valve interstitial cell phenotype and function using a fibroblast growth factor 2 formulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127844. [PMID: 26042674 PMCID: PMC4456368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells (VICs) are fibroblastic in nature however in culture it is widely accepted that they differentiate into a myofibroblastic phenotype. This study assessed a fibroblast culture media formulation for its ability to maintain the phenotype and function of VICs as in the intact healthy valve. Normal human VICs were cultured separately in standard DMEM and in fibroblast media consisting of FGF2 (10ng/ml), insulin (50ng/ml) and 2% FCS for at least a week. Cell morphology, aspect ratio, size, levels and distribution of protein expression, proliferation, cell cycle, contraction and migration were assessed. Some VICs and some valve endothelial cells expressed FGF2 in valve tissue and this expression was increased in calcified valves. VICs in DMEM exhibited large, spread cells whereas VICs in fibroblast media were smaller, elongated and spindly. Aspect ratio and size were both significantly higher in DMEM (p<0.01). The level of expression of α-SMA was significantly reduced in fibroblast media at day 2 after isolation (p<0.01) and the expression of α-SMA, SM22 and EDA-fibronectin was significantly reduced in fibroblast media at days 7 and 12 post-isolation (p<0.01). Expression of cytoskeletal proteins, bone marker proteins and extracellular matrix proteins was reduced in fibroblast media. Proliferation of VICs in fibroblast media was significantly reduced at weeks 1 (p<0.05) and 2 (p<0.01). Collagen gel contraction was significantly reduced in fibroblast media (p<0.05). VICs were found to have significantly fewer and smaller focal adhesions in fibroblast media (p<0.01) with significantly fewer supermature focal adhesions in fibroblast media (p<0.001). Ultrastructurally, VICs in fibroblast media resembled native VICs from intact valves. VICs in fibroblast media demonstrated a slower migratory ability after wounding at 72 hours (p<0.01). Treatment of human VICs with this fibroblast media formulation has the ability to maintain and to dedifferentiate the VICs back to a fibroblastic phenotype with phenotypic and functional characteristics ascribed to cells in the intact valve. This methodology is fundamental in the study of normal valve biology, pathology and in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Latif
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
- QCRC, Qatar Cardiovascular Research Centre, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Alfred Quillon
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon1, 46 Allée d’Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Ann McCormack
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Alec Lozanoski
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
- QCRC, Qatar Cardiovascular Research Centre, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adrian H. Chester
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
- QCRC, Qatar Cardiovascular Research Centre, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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11
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Duan B, Hockaday LA, Das S, Xu C, Butcher JT. Comparison of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Source Differentiation Toward Human Pediatric Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells within 3D Engineered Matrices. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:795-807. [PMID: 25594437 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Living tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHV) would be a major benefit for children who require a replacement with the capacity for growth and biological integration. A persistent challenge for TEHV is accessible human cell source(s) that can mimic native valve cell phenotypes and matrix remodeling characteristics that are essential for long-term function. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BMMSC) or adipose tissue (ADMSC) are intriguing cell sources for TEHV, but they have not been compared with pediatric human aortic valve interstitial cells (pHAVIC) in relevant 3D environments. In this study, we compared the spontaneous and induced multipotency of ADMSC and BMMSC with that of pHAVIC using different induction media within three-dimensional (3D) bioactive hybrid hydrogels with material modulus comparable to that of aortic heart valve leaflets. pHAVIC possessed some multi-lineage differentiation capacity in response to induction media, but limited to the earliest stages and much less potent than either ADMSC or BMMSC. ADMSC expressed cell phenotype markers more similar to pHAVIC when conditioned in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) containing HAVIC growth medium, while BMMSC generally expressed similar extracellular matrix remodeling characteristics to pHAVIC. Finally, we covalently attached bFGF to PEG monoacrylate linkers and further covalently immobilized in the 3D hybrid hydrogels. Immobilized bFGF upregulated vimentin expression and promoted the fibroblastic differentiation of pHAVIC, ADMSC, and BMMSC. These findings suggest that stem cells retain a heightened capacity for osteogenic differentiation in 3D culture, but can be shifted toward fibroblast differentiation through matrix tethering of bFGF. Such a strategy is likely important for utilizing stem cell sources in heart valve tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Duan
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Laura A Hockaday
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Shoshana Das
- 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Charlie Xu
- 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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12
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Abstract
The aortic valve is highly responsive to cyclical and continuous mechanical forces, at the macroscopic and cellular levels. In this report, we delineate mechanokinetics (effects of mechanical inputs on the cells) and mechanodynamics (effects of cells and pathologic processes on the mechanics) of the aortic valve, with a particular focus on how mechanical inputs synergize with the inflammatory cytokine and other biomolecular signaling to contribute to the process of aortic valve calcification.
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Li C, Xu S, Gotlieb AI. The progression of calcific aortic valve disease through injury, cell dysfunction, and disruptive biologic and physical force feedback loops. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 22:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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