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Favere K, Van Hecke M, Eens S, Bosman M, Stobbelaar K, Hotterbeekx A, Kumar-Singh S, L Delputte P, Fransen E, De Sutter J, Guns PJ, Roskams T, Heidbuchel H. The natural history of CVB3 myocarditis in C57BL/6J mice: an extended in-depth characterization. Cardiovasc Pathol 2024; 72:107652. [PMID: 38750778 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Viral infections are the leading cause of myocarditis. Besides acute cardiac complications, late-stage sequelae such as myocardial fibrosis may develop, importantly impacting the prognosis. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB)-induced myocarditis in mice is the most commonly used translational model to study viral myocarditis and has provided the majority of our current understanding of the disease pathophysiology. Nevertheless, the late stages of disease, encompassing fibrogenesis and arrhythmogenesis, have been underappreciated in viral myocarditis research to date. The present study investigated the natural history of CVB-induced myocarditis in C57BL/6J mice, expanding the focus beyond the acute phase of disease. In addition, we studied the impact of sex and inoculation dose on the disease course. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice (12 weeks old; n=154) received a single intraperitoneal injection with CVB to induce viral myocarditis, or vehicle (PBS) as control. Male mice (n=92) were injected with 5 × 105 (regular dose) (RD) or 5 × 106 (high dose) (HD) plaque-forming units of CVB, whereas female mice received the RD only. Animals were sacrificed 1, 2, 4, 8, and 11 weeks after CVB or PBS injection. Virally inoculated mice developed viral disease with a temporary decline in general condition and weight loss, which was less pronounced in female animals (P<.001). In male CVB mice, premature mortality occurred between days 8 and 23 after inoculation (RD: 21%, HD: 20%), whereas all female animals survived. Over the course of disease, cardiac inflammation progressively subsided, with faster resolution in female mice. There were no substantial group differences in the composition of the inflammatory cell infiltrates: predominance of cytotoxic T cells at day 7 and 14, and a switch from arginase1-reactive macrophages to iNOS-reactive macrophages from day 7 to 14 were the main findings. There was concomitant development and maturation of different patterns of myocardial fibrosis, with enhanced fibrogenesis in male mice. Virus was almost completely cleared from the heart by day 14. Serum biomarkers of cardiac damage and cardiac expression of remodeling genes were temporarily elevated during the acute phase of disease. Cardiac CTGF gene upregulation was less prolonged in female CVB animals. In vivo electrophysiology studies at weeks 8 and 11 demonstrated that under baseline conditions (i.e. in the absence of proarrhythmogenic drugs), ventricular arrhythmias could only be induced in CVB animals. The cumulative arrhythmia burden throughout the entire stimulation protocol was not significantly different between CVB and control groups. CONCLUSION CVB inoculation in C57BL/6J mice represents a model of acute self-limiting viral myocarditis, with progression to different patterns of myocardial fibrosis. Sex, but not inoculation dose, seems to modulate the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Favere
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Manon Van Hecke
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Eens
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthias Bosman
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kim Stobbelaar
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Hotterbeekx
- Molecular Pathology Group, FGGW-Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Molecular Pathology Group, FGGW-Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter L Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan De Sutter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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He W, Zhou L, Xu K, Li H, Wang JJ, Chen C, Wang D. Immunopathogenesis and immunomodulatory therapy for myocarditis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2112-2137. [PMID: 37002488 PMCID: PMC10066028 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory cardiac disease characterized by the destruction of myocardial cells, infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and is becoming a major public health concern. The aetiology of myocarditis continues to broaden as new pathogens and drugs emerge. The relationship between immune checkpoint inhibitors, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vaccines against coronavirus disease-2019, and myocarditis has attracted increased attention. Immunopathological processes play an important role in the different phases of myocarditis, affecting disease occurrence, development, and prognosis. Excessive immune activation can induce severe myocardial injury and lead to fulminant myocarditis, whereas chronic inflammation can lead to cardiac remodelling and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of immunosuppressive treatments, particularly cytotoxic agents, for myocarditis, remains controversial. While reasonable and effective immunomodulatory therapy is the general trend. This review focuses on the current understanding of the aetiology and immunopathogenesis of myocarditis and offers new perspectives on immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu He
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - James Jiqi Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - DaoWen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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3
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Kumar N, Pestrak MJ, Wu Q, Ahumada OS, Dellos-Nolan S, Saljoughian N, Shukla RK, Mitchem CF, Nagareddy PR, Ganesan LP, William LP, Wozniak DJ, Rajaram MVS. Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection results in S100A8/A9-dependent cardiac dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011573. [PMID: 37624851 PMCID: PMC10484443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a.) infection accounts for nearly 20% of all cases of hospital acquired pneumonia with mortality rates >30%. P.a. infection induces a robust inflammatory response, which ideally enhances bacterial clearance. Unfortunately, excessive inflammation can also have negative effects, and often leads to cardiac dysfunction with associated morbidity and mortality. However, it remains unclear how P.a. lung infection causes cardiac dysfunction. Using a murine pneumonia model, we found that P.a. infection of the lungs led to severe cardiac left ventricular dysfunction and electrical abnormalities. More specifically, we found that neutrophil recruitment and release of S100A8/A9 in the lungs activates the TLR4/RAGE signaling pathways, which in turn enhance systemic inflammation and subsequent cardiac dysfunction. Paradoxically, global deletion of S100A8/A9 did not improve but aggravated cardiac dysfunction and mortality likely due to uncontrolled bacterial burden in the lungs and heart. Our results indicate that P.a. infection induced release of S100A8/9 is double-edged, providing increased risk for cardiac dysfunction yet limiting P.a. growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Pestrak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Omar Santiagonunez Ahumada
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sheri Dellos-Nolan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Noushin Saljoughian
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cortney F. Mitchem
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Latha P. Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lafuse P. William
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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4
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Zein ELAbdeen SG, El-Dosouky II, M ELShabrawy A, Mohammed El Maghawry L. Atrial electromechanical delay in post-COVID-19 postural orthostatic tachycardia: Innocent bystander or pathologic factor. Indian Heart J 2023; 75:292-297. [PMID: 37321349 PMCID: PMC10263230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-COVID-19 syndrome represents a wide range of ongoing symptoms that persist beyond weeks or even months, after recovery from the acute phase. Postural orthostatic tachycardia (POT) is one of these symptoms with a poorly recognized underlying pathophysiology. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate atrial electromechanical delay (AEMD), demonstrated by electrocardiographic P wave dispersion (PWD) and tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) in patients with POST-COVID-19 POT (PCPOT). METHODS 94 post-COVID-19 patients were enrolled and classified into two groups; PCPOT group, 34 (36.1%) patients, and normal heart rate (NR group), 60 (63.9%) patients. 31.9% of them were males and 68.1% were females, with a mean age of 35 ± 9 years. Both groups were compared in terms of PWD and AEMD. RESULTS As compared to the NR group, the PCPOT group showed a significant increase in PWD (49 ± 6 versus 25.6 ± 7.8, p < 0.001), higher CRP (37 ± 9 versus 30 ± 6, p = 0.04), prolonged left-atrial EMD, right-atrial EMD and inter-atrial EMD at (p = 0.006, 0.001, 0.002 respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that P wave dispersion (β 0.505, CI (0.224-1.138), p = 0.023), PA lateral (β 0.357, CI (0.214-0.697), p = 0.005), PA septal (β 0.651, CI. (0.325-0.861), p = 0.021), and intra-left atrial EMD (β 0.535, CI (0.353-1.346) p < 0.012) were independent predictors of PCPOT. CONCLUSION Atrial heterogenicity in the form of prolonged AEMD and PWD seems to be a reasonable underlying pathophysiology of PCPOT. This could provide a new concern during the management and novel pharmacological approaches in these patients.
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5
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Wu L, Jiang Z, Meulendijks ER, Baylan U, Waas ISE, Bugiani M, Tuinman PR, Fronczek J, Heunks LMA, de Groot JR, van Rossum AC, Niessen HWM, Krijnen PAJ. Atrial inflammation and microvascular thrombogenicity are increased in deceased COVID-19 patients. Cardiovasc Pathol 2023; 64:107524. [PMID: 36649811 PMCID: PMC9839463 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2023.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histopathological studies have shown inflammation, cardiomyocyte injury, and microvascular thrombosis in the ventricular myocardium of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, although atrial dysfunction is common in COVID-19, little is known about histopathological changes in the atria of the heart. We therefore analyzed inflammation, cardiomyocyte injury, and microvascular thrombogenicity in the atria of deceased patients with COVID-19. METHODS Atrial tissue was obtained from autopsied COVID-19 (n=16) patients and control patients (n=10) and analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes, CD3+ T lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages, MPO+ neutrophils, and Tryptase+ mast cells were quantified as well as cardiomyocyte damage and microvascular thrombosis. In addition, Tissue Factor (TF) and Factor XII (FXII) were quantified as markers of microvascular thrombogenicity. RESULTS The numbers of lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils were significantly increased in the atrial myocardium and epicardial atrial adipose tissue of COVID-19 patients compared with the control group. This was accompanied by dispersed cardiomyocyte injury, the occasional presence of microvascular thrombosis, and an increased presence of TF and FXII in the microvascular endothelium. CONCLUSIONS Severe COVID-19 induces inflammation, cardiomyocyte injury, and microvascular thrombosis in the atria of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghe Wu
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (AUMC), Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, AUMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, AUMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Zhu Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (AUMC), Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, AUMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, AUMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva R Meulendijks
- Department of Cardiology, AUMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Umit Baylan
- Department of Pathology, AUMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg S E Waas
- Department of Pathology, AUMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (AUMC), Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, AUMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter R Tuinman
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, AUMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Fronczek
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Monash Monash University, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leo M A Heunks
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, AUMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris R de Groot
- Department of Cardiology, AUMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (AUMC), Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, AUMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, AUMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiac Surgery, AUMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Krijnen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (AUMC), Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, AUMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, AUMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Fiet MD, Wu L, Koo A, Woudstra L, Niessen HWM, Krijnen PAJ. Clusterin is increased in morphologically normal cardiomyocytes in lymphocytic myocarditis. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e13905. [PMID: 36349473 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Fiet
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linghe Wu
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Koo
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Woudstra
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Krijnen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Faisal S, Badshah SL, Kubra B, Emwas AH, Jaremko M. Alkaloids as potential antivirals. A comprehensive review. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:4. [PMID: 36598588 PMCID: PMC9812014 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are a diverse group of natural phytochemicals. These phytochemicals in plants provide them protection against pests, and herbivorous organisms and also control their development. Numerous of these alkaloids have a variety of biological effects, and some have even been developed into medications with different medicinal properties. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the numerous naturally occurring alkaloids (isolated from both terrestrial and aquatic species) along with synthetically produced alkaloid compounds having prominent antiviral properties. Previous reviews on this subject have focused on the biological actions of both natural and synthetic alkaloids, but they have not gone into comprehensive detail about their antiviral properties. We reviewed here several antiviral alkaloids that have been described in the literature in different investigational environments i.e. (in-vivo, in-ovo, in-vitro, and in-silico), and found that these alkaloid compounds have significant antiviral properties against several infectious viruses. These alkaloids repressed and targeted various important stages of viral infection at non-toxic doses while some of the alkaloids reported here also exhibited comparable inhibitory activities to commercially used drugs. Overall, these anti-viral effects of alkaloids point to a high degree of specificity, implying that they could serve as effective and safe antiviral medicines if further pursued in medicinal and pharmacological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Syed Lal Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Bibi Kubra
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. PM 2.5 Exposure Lowers Mitochondrial Endurance During Cardiac Recovery in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:545-557. [PMID: 35404004 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported the negative effect of PM2.5 exposure on heart function which is likely to impair postcardiac surgery rehabilitation that is involved in recovery and wound healing, yet the direct effects of PM2.5 from diesel exhaust (DPM) on cardiac recovery is unknown. To study the impact of DPM on cardiac recovery and repair, we utilized isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction (MI) model where female rats were exposed to DPM prior and after MI induction. The experimental groups comprise of normal, ISO control, DPM control (42 days of exposure), DPM exposed prior (21 days) and after (21 days) MI induction (D + I + D) and DPM exposed (21 days) after MI (I + D). Post-MI rat hearts from D + I + D group exhibited higher fibrosis, elevated cardiac injury and altered electrophysiology, where this pathology was also observed in I + D group animals which was mild. Loss of mitochondrial quality was evident in DPM exposed animals with and without MI, where severe mitochondrial damage persisted in D + I + D group. In addition, these animals showed striking decline in ETC enzyme activity, ATP levels, mitochondrial copy number and down regulation of PGC1-α, TFAM and POLG along with the genes involved in mitophagy and mitofusion. Besides, the MI associated inactivation of cardio protective signalling pathways like PI3K and Akt were persistent in D + I + D group. In fact, I + D group animals also showed a similar pattern of change, but in a mild form. Taken together, exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk, frequency or progression of MI by impairing the recovery potential of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India. .,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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9
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Wu L, Fiet MD, Raaijmakers DR, Woudstra L, van Rossum AC, Niessen HWM, Krijnen PAJ. Transient atrial inflammation in a murine model of Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:149-155. [PMID: 35363404 PMCID: PMC9264345 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial dysfunction is a relatively common complication of acute myocarditis, although its pathophysiology is unclear. There is limited information on myocarditis‐associated histological changes in the atria and how they develop in time. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate inflammation, fibrosis and viral genome in the atria in time after mild CVB3‐induced viral myocarditis (VM) in mice. C3H mice (n = 68) were infected with 105 PFU of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and were compared with uninfected mice (n = 10). Atrial tissue was obtained at days 4, 7, 10, 21, 35 or 49 post‐infection. Cellular infiltration of CD45+ lymphocytes, MAC3+ macrophages, Ly6G+ neutrophils and mast cells was quantified by (immuno)histochemical staining. The CVB3 RNA was determined by in situ hybridization, and fibrosis was evaluated by elastic van Gieson (EvG) staining. In the atria of VM mice, the numbers of lymphocytes on days 4 and 7 (p < .05) and days 10 (p < .01); macrophages on days 7 (p < .01) and 10 (p < .05); neutrophils on days 4 (p < .05); and mast cells on days 4 and 7 (p < .05) increased significantly compared with control mice and decreased thereafter to basal levels. No cardiomyocyte death was observed, and the CVB3 genome was detected in only one infected mouse on Day 4 post‐infection. No significant changes in the amount of atrial fibrosis were found between VM and control mice. A temporary increase in inflammation is induced in the atria in the acute phase of CVB3‐induced mild VM, which may facilitate the development of atrial arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghe Wu
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell D Fiet
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan R Raaijmakers
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Woudstra
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Voorburg, The Netherlands
| | - Albert C van Rossum
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Krijnen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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