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Valvano MA. Remodelling of the Gram-negative bacterial Kdo 2-lipid A and its functional implications. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35394417 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a characteristic molecule of the outer leaflet of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, which consists of lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O antigen. The lipid A is embedded in outer membrane and provides an efficient permeability barrier, which is particularly important to reduce the permeability of antibiotics, toxic cationic metals, and antimicrobial peptides. LPS, an important modulator of innate immune responses ranging from localized inflammation to disseminated sepsis, displays a high level of structural and functional heterogeneity, which arise due to regulated differences in the acylation of the lipid A and the incorporation of non-stoichiometric modifications in lipid A and the core oligosaccharide. This review focuses on the current mechanistic understanding of the synthesis and assembly of the lipid A molecule and its most salient non-stoichiometric modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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2
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The Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Physiology. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010006. [PMID: 31861540 PMCID: PMC7168646 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is comprised of lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O antigen, which is a long polysaccharide chain extending into the extracellular environment. Due to the localization of LPS, it is a key molecule on the bacterial cell wall that is recognized by the host to deploy an immune defence in order to neutralize invading pathogens. However, LPS also promotes bacterial survival in a host environment by protecting the bacteria from these threats. This review explores the relationship between the different LPS glycoforms of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the ability of this organism to cause persistent infections, especially in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. We also discuss the role of LPS in facilitating biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and how LPS may be targeted by new antimicrobial therapies.
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3
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Reuschel E, Toelge M, Entleutner K, Deml L, Seelbach-Goebel B. Cytokine profiles of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells upon in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharides of different vaginal gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222465. [PMID: 31536529 PMCID: PMC6752847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory immune responses induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria play an important role in the pathogenesis of preterm labor and delivery, and in neonatal disorders. To better characterize LPS-induced inflammatory response, we determined the cytokine profile of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UBMC) stimulated with LPS of seven vaginal gram-negative bacteria commonly found in pregnant women with preterm labor and preterm rupture of membrane. UBMC from ten newborns of healthy volunteer mothers were stimulated with purified LPS of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Citrobacter freundii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UBMC supernatants were tested for the presence of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), TH1-type cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ), and chemokines (IL-8, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1) by Luminex technology. The ten cytokines were differentially induced by the LPS variants. LPS of E. coli and E. aerogenes showed the strongest stimulatory activity and P. aeruginosa the lowest. Interestingly, the ability of UBMC to respond to LPS varied greatly among donors, suggesting a strong individual heterogeneity in LPS-triggered inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Reuschel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, Hospital of the Barmherzige Brueder, Clinic St Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Martina Toelge
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Entleutner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, Hospital of the Barmherzige Brueder, Clinic St Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Deml
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Seelbach-Goebel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, Hospital of the Barmherzige Brueder, Clinic St Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Kutschera A, Dawid C, Gisch N, Schmid C, Raasch L, Gerster T, Schäffer M, Smakowska-Luzan E, Belkhadir Y, Vlot AC, Chandler CE, Schellenberger R, Schwudke D, Ernst RK, Dorey S, Hückelhoven R, Hofmann T, Ranf S. Bacterial medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid metabolites trigger immunity in
Arabidopsis
plants. Science 2019; 364:178-181. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
A fatty acid triggers immune responses
Plants and animals respond to the microbial communities around them, whether in antagonistic or mutualistic ways. Some of these interactions are mediated by lipopolysaccharide—a large, complex, and irregular molecule on the surface of most Gram-negative bacteria. Studying the small mustard plant
Arabidopsis
, Kutschera
et al.
identified a 3-hydroxydecanoyl chain as the structural element sensed by the plant's lectin receptor kinase. Indeed, synthetic 3-hydroxydecanoic acid alone was sufficient to produce a response. A small microbial metabolite may thus suffice to trigger immune responses.
Science
, this issue p.
178
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kutschera
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Schmid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Lars Raasch
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tim Gerster
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Milena Schäffer
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Elwira Smakowska-Luzan
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Courtney E. Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Romain Schellenberger
- RIBP-EA 4707, SFR Condorcet-FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- RIBP-EA 4707, SFR Condorcet-FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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5
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Li R, Fang L, Tan S, Yu M, Li X, He S, Wei Y, Li G, Jiang J, Wu M. Type I CRISPR-Cas targets endogenous genes and regulates virulence to evade mammalian host immunity. Cell Res 2016; 26:1273-1287. [PMID: 27857054 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems in bacteria and archaea provide adaptive immunity against invading foreign nucleic acids. Previous studies suggest that certain bacteria employ their Type II CRISPR-Cas systems to target their own genes, thus evading host immunity. However, whether other CRISPR-Cas systems have similar functions during bacterial invasion of host cells remains unknown. Here we identify a novel role for Type I CRISPR-Cas systems in evading host defenses in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain UCBPP-PA14. The Type I CRISPR-Cas system of PA14 targets the mRNA of the bacterial quorum-sensing regulator LasR to dampen the recognition by toll-like receptor 4, thus diminishing the pro-inflammatory responses of the host in cell and mouse models. Mechanistically, this nuclease-mediated RNA degradation requires a "5'-GGN-3'" recognition motif in the target mRNA, and HD and DExD/H domains in Cas3 of the Type I CRISPR-Cas system. As LasR and Type I CRISPR-Cas systems are ubiquitously present in bacteria, our findings elucidate an important common mechanism underlying bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongpeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9061, USA
| | - Lizhu Fang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9061, USA
| | - Shirui Tan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9061, USA
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9061, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9061, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sisi He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9061, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646004, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9061, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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6
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Review: Conserved and variable structural features in the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to recent progress in the structural elucidation of the lipopolysaccharide of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including O-antigen biological repeats, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Data on biosynthesis, genetics and serology of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from various P. aeruginosa O-serogroups are discussed in relation to the chemical structures.
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7
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Lipopolysaccharides from Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria: Characterization and Response of the Immune System of the Host Sponge Suberites domuncula. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4985-5006. [PMID: 26262625 PMCID: PMC4557011 DOI: 10.3390/md13084985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges harbor a rich bacterioflora with which they maintain close relationships. However, the way these animals make the distinction between bacteria which are consumed to meet their metabolic needs and opportunistic and commensal bacteria which are hosted is not elucidated. Among the elements participating in this discrimination, bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) could play a role. In the present study, we investigated the LPS chemical structure of two bacteria associated with the sponge Suberites domuncula: a commensal Endozoicomonas sp. and an opportunistic Pseudoalteromonas sp. Electrophoretic patterns indicated different LPS structures for these bacteria. The immunomodulatory lipid A was isolated after mild acetic acid hydrolysis. The electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectra revealed monophosphorylated molecules corresponding to tetra- and pentaacylated structures with common structural features between the two strains. Despite peculiar structural characteristics, none of these two LPS influenced the expression of the macrophage-expressed gene S. domuncula unlike the Escherichia coli ones. Further research will have to include a larger number of genes to understand how this animal can distinguish between LPS with resembling structures and discriminate between bacteria associated with it.
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8
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Nowicki EM, O'Brien JP, Brodbelt JS, Trent MS. Extracellular zinc induces phosphoethanolamine addition to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipid A via the ColRS two-component system. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:166-78. [PMID: 25846400 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria survive harmful environmental stressors by modifying their outer membrane. Much of this protection is afforded upon remodeling of the lipid A region of the major surface molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For example, the addition of cationic substituents, such as 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoehthanolamine (pEtN) at the lipid A phosphate groups, is often induced in response to specific environmental flux stabilizing the outer membrane. The work herein represents the first report of pEtN addition to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipid A. We have identified the key pEtN transferase which we named EptAPa and characterized its strict activity on only one position of lipid A, contrasting from previously studied EptA enzymes. We further show that transcription of eptAP a is regulated by zinc via the ColRS two-component system instead of the PmrAB system responsible for eptA regulation in E. coli and Salmonella enterica. Further, although L-Ara4N is readily added to the same position of lipid A as pEtN under certain environmental conditions, ColR specifically induces pEtN addition to lipid A in lieu of L-Ara4N when Zn2+ is present. The unique, specific regulation of eptAP a transcription and enzymatic activity described in this work demonstrates the tight yet inducible control over LPS modification in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Nowicki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John P O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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9
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Di Lorenzo F, Silipo A, Bianconi I, Lore' NI, Scamporrino A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Bragonzi A, Molinaro A. Persistent cystic fibrosis isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RP73 exhibits an under-acylated LPS structure responsible of its low inflammatory activity. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:166-75. [PMID: 24856407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the major pathogen involved in lethal infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) population, is able to cause permanent chronic infections that can persist over the years. This ability to chronic colonize CF airways is related to a series of adaptive bacterial changes involving the immunostimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. The structure of LPSs isolated from several P. aeruginosa strains showed conserved features that can undergo chemical changes during the establishment of the chronic infection. In the present paper, we report the elucidation of the structure and the biological activity of the R-LPS (lipooligosaccharide, LOS) isolated from the persistent CF isolate P. aeruginosa strain RP73, in order to give further insights in the adaptation mechanism of the pathogen in the CF environment. The complete structural analysis of P. aeruginosa RP73 LOS was achieved by chemical analyses, NMR spectroscopy and MALDI MS spectrometry, while the assessment of the biological activity was attained testing the in vivo pro-inflammatory capacity of the isolated LOS molecule. While a typical CF LPS is able to trigger a high immune response and production of pro-inflammatory molecules, this P. aeruginosa RP73 LOS showed to possess a low pro-inflammatory capacity. This was possible due to a singular chemical structure possessing an under-acylated lipid A very similar to the LPS of P. aeruginosa found in chronic lung diseases such as bronchiectstasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Irene Bianconi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Ivan Lore'
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Scamporrino
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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10
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Gopal J, Abdelhamid HN, Hua PY, Wu HF. Chitosan nanomagnets for effective extraction and sensitive mass spectrometric detection of pathogenic bacterial endotoxin from human urine. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2463-2475. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Kocincova D, Lam JS. Structural diversity of the core oligosaccharide domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:755-60. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Lam JS, Taylor VL, Islam ST, Hao Y, Kocíncová D. Genetic and Functional Diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:118. [PMID: 21687428 PMCID: PMC3108286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysccharide (LPS) is an integral component of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell envelope, occupying the outer leaflet of the outer membrane in this Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen. It is important for bacterium-host interactions and has been shown to be a major virulence factor for this organism. Structurally, P. aeruginosa LPS is composed of three domains, namely, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and the distal O antigen (O-Ag). Most P. aeruginosa strains produce two distinct forms of O-Ag, one a homopolymer of D-rhamnose that is a common polysaccharide antigen (CPA, formerly termed A band), and the other a heteropolymer of three to five distinct (and often unique dideoxy) sugars in its repeat units, known as O-specific antigen (OSA, formerly termed B band). Compositional differences in the O units among the OSA from different strains form the basis of the International Antigenic Typing Scheme for classification via serotyping of different strains of P. aeruginosa. The focus of this review is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge on the genetic and resultant functional diversity of LPS produced by P. aeruginosa. The underlying factors contributing to this diversity will be thoroughly discussed and presented in the context of its contributions to host-pathogen interactions and the control/prevention of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Véronique L. Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Salim T. Islam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Youai Hao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dana Kocíncová
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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13
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Monoclonal antibody S60-4-14 reveals diagnostic potential in the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lung tissues of cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:25-33. [PMID: 20022136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been identified to contain an inner-core structure expressing a Pseudomonas-specific epitope. This target structure is characterized by a highly phosphorylated and 7-O-carbamoyl-l-glycero-alpha-d-manno-heptopyranose (CmHep) and was found to be present in all human-pathogenic Pseudomonas species of the Palleroni (RNA)-classification I scheme. We raised and selected the monoclonal antibody S60-4-14 (mAb S60-4-14, subtype IgG1) from mice immunized with heat-killed Pseudomonas bacteria. The epitope of this mAb was found to reside in the inner-core structure of P. aeruginosa and, hence, successfully evaluated for the immunohistochemical detection of P. aeruginosa in formalin- or HOPE-fixed (Hepes-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect) and paraffin-embedded human lung tissue slices. Lung specimens, mainly from explanted lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, as well as P. aeruginosa isolates from patients suffering from CF and patients with extrapulmonar Pseudomonas infections were investigated by PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis with mAb S60-4-14. The results revealed an unequivocal coincidence of PCR and immunohistochemistry. Together with the Western blot results mAb S60-4-14 displays a potential diagnostic tool for the specific identification of P. aeruginosa in infected lungs of CF.
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14
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King JD, Kocíncová D, Westman EL, Lam JS. Review: Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Innate Immun 2009; 15:261-312. [PMID: 19710102 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes serious nosocomial infections, and an important virulence factor produced by this organism is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This review summarizes knowledge about biosynthesis of all three structural domains of LPS - lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O polysaccharides. In addition, based on similarities with other bacterial species, this review proposes new hypothetical pathways for unstudied steps in the biosynthesis of P. aeruginosa LPS. Lipid A biosynthesis is discussed in relation to Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and the biosyntheses of core sugar precursors and core oligosaccharide are summarised. Pseudomonas aeruginosa attaches a Common Polysaccharide Antigen and O-Specific Antigen polysaccharides to lipid A-core. Both forms of O polysaccharide are discussed with respect to their independent synthesis mechanisms. Recent advances in understanding O-polysaccharide biosynthesis since the last major review on this subject, published nearly a decade ago, are highlighted. Since P. aeruginosa O polysaccharides contain unusual sugars, sugar-nucleotide biosynthesis pathways are reviewed in detail. Knowledge derived from detailed studies in the O5, O6 and O11 serotypes is applied to predict biosynthesis pathways of sugars in poorly-studied serotypes, especially O1, O4, and O13/O14. Although further work is required, a full understanding of LPS biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa is almost within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D King
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Paramonov NA, Aduse-Opoku J, Hashim A, Rangarajan M, Curtis MA. Structural analysis of the core region of O-lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis from mutants defective in O-antigen ligase and O-antigen polymerase. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:5272-82. [PMID: 19525343 PMCID: PMC2725592 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00019-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis synthesizes two lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), O-LPS and A-LPS. Here, we elucidate the structure of the core oligosaccharide (OS) of O-LPS from two mutants of P. gingivalis W50, Delta PG1051 (WaaL, O-antigen ligase) and Delta PG1142 (O-antigen polymerase), which synthesize R-type LPS (core devoid of O antigen) and SR-type LPS (core plus one repeating unit of O antigen), respectively. Structural analyses were performed using one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with composition and methylation analysis. The outer core OS of O-LPS occurs in two glycoforms: an "uncapped core," which is devoid of O polysaccharide (O-PS), and a "capped core," which contains the site of O-PS attachment. The inner core region lacks L(D)-glycero-D(l)-manno-heptosyl residues and is linked to the outer core via 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, which is attached to a glycerol residue in the outer core via a monophosphodiester bridge. The outer region of the "uncapped core" is attached to the glycerol and is composed of a linear alpha-(1-->3)-linked d-Man OS containing four or five mannopyranosyl residues, one-half of which are modified by phosphoethanolamine at position 6. An amino sugar, alpha-D-allosamine, is attached to the glycerol at position 3. In the "capped core," there is a three- to five-residue extension of alpha-(1-->3)-linked Man residues glycosylating the outer core at the nonreducing terminal residue. beta-D-GalNAc from the O-PS repeating unit is attached to the nonreducing terminal Man at position 3. The core OS of P. gingivalis O-LPS is therefore a highly unusual structure, and it is the basis for further investigation of the mechanism of assembly of the outer membrane of this important periodontal bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A Paramonov
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Infectious Disease, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Veron W, Lesouhaitier O, Pennanec X, Rehel K, Leroux P, Orange N, Feuilloley MGJ. Natriuretic peptides affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa and specifically modify lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. FEBS J 2007; 274:5852-64. [PMID: 17944935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides of various forms are present in animals and plants, and display structural similarities to cyclic antibacterial peptides. Pretreatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) increases bacterium-induced glial cell necrosis. In eukaryotes, natriuretic peptides act through receptors coupled to cyclases. We observed that stable analogs of cAMP (dibutyryl cAMP) and cGMP (8-bromo-cGMP) mimicked the effect of brain natriuretic peptide and CNP on bacteria. Further evidence for the involvement of bacterial cyclases in the regulation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 cytotoxicity by natriuretic peptides is provided by the observed doubling of intrabacterial cAMP concentration after exposure to CNP. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from P. aeruginosa PAO1 treated with both dibutyryl cAMP and 8-bromo-cGMP induces higher levels of necrosis than LPS extracted from untreated bacteria. Capillary electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS analysis have shown that differences in LPS toxicity are due to specific differences in the structure of the macromolecule. Using a strain deleted in the vfr gene, we showed that the Vfr protein is essential for the effect of natriuretic peptides on P. aeruginosa PAO1 virulence. These data support the hypothesis that P. aeruginosa has a cyclic nucleotide-dependent natriuretic peptide sensor system that may affect virulence by activating the expression of Vfr and LPS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Veron
- Laboratory of Cold Microbiology, UPRES 2123, University of Rouen, Evreux, France
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Choudhury B, Carlson RW, Goldberg JB. The structure of the lipopolysaccharide from a galU mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroup-O11. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2761-72. [PMID: 16229827 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of a galU mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103, a serogroup O11 strain, was sequentially extracted with phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP) followed by hot phenol-water extraction of the bacterial pellet remaining after PCP extraction. LPS was found in both the PCP extract as well as in the water phase of the hot phenol-water extract. Analysis of the carbohydrate portion released by mild acid hydrolysis of both LPS preparations, both before and after removal of all phosphate groups by treatment with aqueous HF, was performed by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses as well as by NMR and mass spectrometric analyses. The results showed that the carbohydrate portion of these two LPS extracts contained the same structure: namely, alpha-GalN(Ala)-(1-->3)-alpha-(7-Cm)HepII-(1-->3)-alpha-HepI-(1-->5)-alpha-Kdo-(2-->. The oligosaccharide preparation from PCP-extracted LPS consisted of a variety of structures containing up to six phosphate groups present as mono-, pyro-, and possibly triphosphate, primarily located on the HepI residue with some molecules having a monophosphate on HepII. The oligosaccharide preparation from the hot phenol-water-extracted LPS contained a similar variety of structures, but with an additional structure in which HepI contained a PPEA group at O-2. In addition, PAGE immunoblot analysis of the crude cellular extract with anti-A-antibodies revealed the presence of A-band material in both PA103 and the galU mutant. The A-band material was purified and characterized by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses, as well as by NMR spectroscopy, which confirmed that the A-band rhamnan polysaccharide was present but not as typical LPS since lipid-A or LPS core oligosaccharide components were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Choudhury
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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Yuan H, Zhang W, Li X, Lü X, Li N, Gao X, Song J. Preparation and in vitro antioxidant activity of kappa-carrageenan oligosaccharides and their oversulfated, acetylated, and phosphorylated derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:685-92. [PMID: 15721341 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the relationship between chemical structure and properties of modified carrageenans versus antioxidant activity in vitro, kappa-carrageenan oligosaccharides were prepared through mild hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharide, and these were used as starting materials for the partial synthesis of their oversulfated, acetylated, and phosphorylated derivatives. The structure and substitution pattern of the oligosaccharides and their derivatives were studied using FTIR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and their in vitro antioxidant activities were investigated. Certain derivatives of the carrageenan oligosaccharides exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the polysaccharides and oligosaccharides in certain antioxidant systems. The oversulfated and acetylated derivatives, which scavenge superoxide radicals, the phosphorylated and low-DS acetylated derivatives, which scavenge hydroxyl radicals, and the phosphorylated derivatives, which scavenge DPPH radicals, all exhibited significant antioxidant activities in the systems examined. The effect of the molecular weight of the carrageenan on antioxidant activities, however, is not obvious from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamao Yuan
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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20
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Zdorovenko EL, Vinogradov E, Zdorovenko GM, Lindner B, Bystrova OV, Shashkov AS, Rudolph K, Zähringer U, Knirel YA. Structure of the core oligosaccharide of a rough-type lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 271:4968-77. [PMID: 15606785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The core structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from a rough strain of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, GSPB 711, was investigated by sugar and methylation analyses, Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance ESI MS, and one- and two-dimensional 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Strong alkaline deacylation of the LPS resulted in two core-lipid A backbone undecasaccharide pentakisphosphates in the ratio approximately 2.5 : 1, which corresponded to outer core glycoforms 1 and 2 terminated with either L-rhamnose or 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo), respectively. Mild acid degradation of the LPS gave the major glycoform 1 core octasaccharide and a minor truncated glycoform 2 core heptasaccharide, which resulted from the cleavage of the terminal Kdo residues. The inner core of P. syringae is distinguished by a high degree of phosphorylation of L-glycero-D-manno-heptose residues with phosphate, diphosphate and ethanolamine diphosphate groups. The glycoform 1 core is structurally similar but not identical to one of the core glycoforms of the human pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The outer core composition and structure may be useful as a chemotaxonomic marker for the P. syringae group of bacteria, whereas a more conserved inner core structure appears to be representative for the whole genus Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia.
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Bystrova OV, Lindner B, Moll H, Kocharova NA, Knirel YA, Zahringer U, Pier GB. Full structure of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 69:170-5. [PMID: 15000683 PMCID: PMC1317305 DOI: 10.1023/b:biry.0000018947.60328.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5 was delipidated by mild acid hydrolysis, and the products were separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and analyzed by ESI MS and NMR spectroscopy. LPS species of three types were found, including those with an unsubstituted core and the core substituted with one O-polysaccharide repeating unit or with an O-polysaccharide of a variable number of repeating units. The core region is highly phosphorylated, the major species containing two monophosphate groups and one ethanolamine diphosphate group. Based on these and published data on the O-polysaccharide structure, the full structure of the LPS of P. aeruginosa immunotype 5 was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. V. Bystrova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia; fax: (7-095) 135-5328; E-mail:
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - B. Lindner
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - H. Moll
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - N. A. Kocharova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia; fax: (7-095) 135-5328; E-mail:
| | - Y. A. Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia; fax: (7-095) 135-5328; E-mail:
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - U. Zahringer
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - G. B. Pier
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Leone S, Izzo V, Silipo A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Molinaro A, Di Donato A. A novel type of highly negatively charged lipooligosaccharide from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 possessing two 4,6-O-(1-carboxy)-ethylidene residues in the outer core region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2691-704. [PMID: 15206934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas stutzeri OXI is a Gram-negative microorganism able to grow in media containing aromatic hydrocarbons. A novel lipo-oligosaccharide from P. stutzeri OX1 was isolated and characterized. For the first time, the presence of two moieties of 4,6-O-(1-carboxy)-ethylidene residues (pyruvic acid) was identified in a core region; these two residues were found to possess different absolute configuration. The structure of the oligosaccharide backbone was determined using either alkaline or acid hydrolysis. Alkaline treatment, aimed at recovering the complete carbohydrate backbone, was carried out by mild hydrazinolysis (de-O-acylation) followed by de-N-acylation using hot KOH. The lipo-oligosaccharide was also analyzed after acid treatment, attained by mild hydrolysis with acetic acid, to obtain information on the nature of the phosphate and acyl groups. The two resulting oligosaccharides were isolated by gel permeation chromatography, and investigated by compositional and methylation analyses, by MALDI mass spectrometry, and by 1H-, 31P- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. These experiments led to the identification of the major oligosaccharide structure representative of core region-lipid A. All sugars are D-pyranoses and alpha-linked, if not stated otherwise. Based on the structure found, the hypothesis can be advanced that pyruvate residues are used to block elongation of the oligosaccharide chain. This would lead to a less hydrophilic cellular surface, indicating an adaptive response of P. sutzeri OX1 to a hydrocarbon-containing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Leone
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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