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Takeda-Okuda N, Yeon SJ, Matsumi Y, Matsuura Y, Hosaka YZ, Tamura JI. Quantitative, compositional, and immunohistochemical analyses of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronan in internal organs of deer (Cervus nippon centralis and C. n. yesoensis) and cattle (Bos taurus). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129680. [PMID: 38281521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) + dermatan sulfate (DS) and hyaluronan (HA) concentrations and the sulfation patterns of CS-DS in the cartilaginous tissues and alimentary canals of Honshu Sika deer, Hokkaido Sika deer, and cattle were investigated in the present study. CS + DS concentrations were high in cartilaginous tissues, namely, the trachea and scapular cartilage region (5- 12 g*), and low in the alimentary canal (~0.3 g*). HA concentrations were low in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal (~0.2 g*). All tissues mainly contained A-type [HexAGalNAc(4-sulfate)] and C-type [HexAGalNAc(6-sulfate)] CS + DS. The ratios of A-type/C-type CS + DS were 1.2- 3.1 and 0.9- 16.4 in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal, respectively. CS + DS predominantly comprised β-D-GlcA and α-L-IdoA in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal, respectively. The alimentary canal characteristically contained up to 14 % highly sulfated E-type [HexAGalNAc(4,6-disulfate)] and D-type [HexA(2-sulfate)GalNAc(6-sulfate)] CS + DS. The specific distributions of CS and DS were immunohistochemically confirmed using CS + DS-specific antibodies. Although the omasum of cattle is more likely to have higher concentrations of CS + DS and HA, no significant species differences were observed in the concentrations or sulfation patterns of CS + DS among species for Honshu Sika deer, Hokkaido Sika deer, and cattle. (*per 100 g of defatted dry tissue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Su-Jung Yeon
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumi
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuura
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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Takeda-Okuda N, Mizumoto S, Zhang Z, Kim SK, Lee CH, Jeon BT, Hosaka YZ, Kadomatsu K, Yamada S, Tamura JI. Compositional analysis of the glycosaminoglycan family in velvet antlers of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) at different growing stages. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:127-139. [PMID: 30680582 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) from the velvet antlers of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) at the different growing stages (Fukurozuno, Anshi, and Santajo) of bred and wild deer were isolated and their concentrations and sulfation patterns were analyzed. GAG were digested with chondroitinase ABC, ACI, heparinase-I and -III, and keratanase-II into the corresponding repeating disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), hyaluronan, heparan sulfate (HS), and keratan sulfate. Cartilaginous tissues contained CS-DS at high concentrations with an almost equal ratio of 4- and 6-sulfates, while 4-sulfate-type CS-DS predominantly occupied ossified tissues, but at low concentrations. High O- and N-sulfation degrees of HS correspond to high ossification. Dynamic quantitative changes in CS-DS and compositional changes in CS-DS and HS were closely associated with the mineralization of deer antlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Zui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan.
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Glycosaminoglycans from chicken muscular stomach or gizzard. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:119-126. [PMID: 27752801 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were prepared from the muscular stomach or gizzard of the chicken. The content of GAGs on a dry weight basis contains 0.4 wt.% a typical value observed for a muscle tissue. The major GAG components were chondroitin-6-sulfate and chondroitin-4-sulfate (~64 %) of molecular weight 21-22 kDa. Hyaluronan (~24 %) had a molecular weight 120 kDa. Smaller amounts (12 %) of heparan sulfate was also present which was made of more highly sulfated chains of molecular weight of 21-22 kDa and a less sulfated low molecular weight (< 10 kDa) heterogeneous partially degraded heparan sulfate. Chicken gizzard represents an inexpensive and readily available source of muscle tissue-derived GAGs.
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Identification of keratan sulfate disaccharide at C-3 position of glucuronate of chondroitin sulfate from Mactra chinensis. Biochem J 2016; 473:4145-4158. [PMID: 27647934 PMCID: PMC5103875 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate (KS) are linear sulfated repeating disaccharide sequences containing hexosamine and uronic acid [or galactose (Gal) in the case of KS]. Among the GAGs, CS shows structural variations, such as sulfation patterns and fucosylation, which are responsible for their physiological functions through CS interaction with CS-binding proteins. Here, we solved the structure of KS-branched CS-E derived from a clam, Mactra chinensis KS disaccharide [d-GlcNAc6S-(1→3)-β-d-Gal-(1→] was attached to the C-3 position of GlcA, and consecutive KS-branched disaccharide sequences were found in a CS chain. KS-branched polysaccharides clearly exhibited resistance to degradation by chondroitinase ABC or ACII (at low concentrations) compared with typical CS structures. Furthermore, KS-branched polysaccharides stimulated neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons. These results strongly suggest that M. chinensis is a rich source of KS-branched CS, and it has important biological activities.
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Fasciano JM, Danielson ND. Ion chromatography for the separation of heparin and structurally related glycoaminoglycans: A review. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1118-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil D. Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University; Oxford OH USA
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Higashi K, Okamoto Y, Mukuno A, Wakai J, Hosoyama S, Linhardt RJ, Toida T. Functional chondroitin sulfate from Enteroctopus dofleini containing a 3- O -sulfo glucuronic acid residue. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:557-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Optimization of hot water extraction and ultra high pressure extraction for deer antler. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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First Evaluation of the Biologically Active Substances and Antioxidant Potential of Regrowth Velvet Antler by means of Multiple Biochemical Assays. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/975292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the biologically active substances contained in RVA (regrowth velvet antler) by comparing the composition of biologically active substances and antioxidant potential of different antler segments. RVA was subjected to extraction using DW (distilled water). RVA was divided into 3 segments: T-RVA (top RVA), M-RVA (middle RVA), and B-RVA (base RVA). The T-RVA section possessed the greatest amounts of uronic acid (36.251 mg/g), sulfated GAGs (sulfated glycosaminoglycans) (555.76 mg/g), sialic acid (111.276 mg/g), uridine (0.957 mg/g), uracil (1.084 mg/g), and hypoxanthine (1.2631 mg/g). In addition, the T-RVA section possessed the strongest antioxidant capacity as determined by DPPH, H2O2(hydrogen peroxide), hydroxyl, and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical scavenging activity as well as FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). The values of those were 53.44, 23.09, 34.12, 60.31, and 35.81 TE/μM at 1 mg/mL and 113.57 TE/μM at 20 μg/mL. These results indicate that the T-RVA section possesses the greatest amount of biologically active substances and highest antioxidant potential. This is the first report on the biologically active substances and antioxidant potential of RVA.
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Puvirajesinghe TM, Turnbull JE. Glycomics approaches for the bioassay and structural analysis of heparin/heparan sulphates. Metabolites 2012; 2:1060-89. [PMID: 24957775 PMCID: PMC3901230 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2041060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan heparan sulphate (HS) has a heterogeneous structure; evidence shows that specific structures may be responsible for specific functions in biological processes such as blood coagulation and regulation of growth factor signalling. This review summarises the different experimental tools and methods developed to provide more rapid methods for studying the structure and functions of HS. Rapid and sensitive methods for the facile purification of HS, from tissue and cell sources are reviewed. Data sets for the structural analysis are often complex and include multiple sample sets, therefore different software and tools have been developed for the analysis of different HS data sets. These can be readily applied to chromatographic data sets for the simplification of data (e.g., charge separation using strong anion exchange chromatography and from size separation using gel filtration techniques. Finally, following the sequencing of the human genome, research has rapidly advanced with the introduction of high throughput technologies to carry out simultaneous analyses of many samples. Microarrays to study macromolecular interactions (including glycan arrays) have paved the way for bioassay technologies which utilize cell arrays to study the effects of multiple macromolecules on cells. Glycan bioassay technologies are described in which immobilisation techniques for saccharides are exploited to develop a platform to probe cell responses such as signalling pathway activation. This review aims at reviewing available techniques and tools for the purification, analysis and bioassay of HS saccharides in biological systems using "glycomics" approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Puvirajesinghe
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 10039 Marseille, France.
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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Yang Z, Gu L, Zhang D, Li Z, Li J, Lee M, Wang C, Wang Z, Cho J, Sung C. Red Deer Antler Extract Accelerates Hair Growth by Stimulating Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Full-thickness Wound Healing Rat Model. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:708-16. [PMID: 25049617 PMCID: PMC4093112 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on hair growth in the full-thickness wound healing model, Sprague-Dawley rats were given incision wounds through the full thickness of their dorsal skin and deer antler was applied for 40 days. At specified intervals thereafter (4, 8, 16, 32 and 40 days), the animals were sacrificed and the wound site skins were excised, processed, and sectioned. At post-injury days 16, 32 and 40, longer and more active new hair appeared around the healing wound of antler-treated skin. Histological studies showed that the antler extract markedly increases the depth, size, and number of hair follicles. Expression of IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR. The result showed that the expression of IGF-I (days 16, 32, and 40) was obviously up-regulated in antler-treated skins compared to control skins. Similar results were seen in the ELISA analysis to quantify the IGF-I expression. These results support the notion that wound healing can cause hair growth by enhancing the expression of IGF-I. Deer antler extract appears to have the potential to promote hair growth and could be used in hair growth products.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiHong Yang
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - LiJuan Gu
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - DongLiang Zhang
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - JingJie Li
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - MiRa Lee
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - ChunYan Wang
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - JeongHee Cho
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
| | - Changkeun Sung
- Colloge of life science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 31300, China
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Jeon BT, Kim KH, Cheong SH, Kang SK, Park PJ, Kim DH, Jung HS, Park JH, Thomas DG, Moon SH. Effects of growth stage and position within the beam in the structure and chemical composition of sika deer (Cervus nippon) antlers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/an11183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in structural and chemical properties of sika deer antler at different stages of its growth in order to improve scientific assessment of antler’s quality. Eighteen antler samples, harvested on 40, 50 and 60 days after casting were collected from randomly selected deer farms, and the structural properties of antlers were examined. The chemical composition of each antler was determined in the upper, middle and basal section. Our results showed that the crude protein, crude fat (ether extract), uronic acid and sialic acid increased markedly from the base to the upper section, but the ash was higher in the basal section. Collagen content increased significantly from the upper to the basal section in all groups. The structural factors, including length and girth were positively or negatively correlated with the chemical composition such as glycosaminoglycans, ether extract-fat, ash, uronic acid, sialic acid, total sugar and collagen content. These findings may provide useful basic information and identify biomarkers for the association between structural properties and chemical composition during antler growth period, which should facilitate efficient production of high quality antlers for food consumption and as pharmaceutical agents.
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12
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Parra A, Veraldi N, Locatelli M, Fini M, Martini L, Torri G, Sangiorgi L, Bisio A. Heparin-like heparan sulfate from rabbit cartilage. Glycobiology 2011; 22:248-57. [PMID: 21933839 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans were extracted from both young rabbit growth plate (GRP) and articular (ART) cartilage tissues and enzymatically treated to selectively eliminate chondroitin sulfates and hyaluronic acid. The procedure avoided any fractionation step that could enrich the extract with over- or under-sulfated species. Isolated heparan sulfate (HS) was characterized by mono- and bidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to quantify their specific structural features and/or by mass spectrometry to establish the disaccharide composition. Both GRP and ART HSs, despite differing in their yield (GRP at least 100 times greater than ART), exhibited a surprisingly high degree of sulfation. Quantitative two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence-NMR analysis of GRP HS revealed unusually high N-sulfated glucosamine and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid contents, similar to heparin. The unique pentasaccharide sequence of the binding site for antithrombin was also detected in a significant amount. High-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of the enzymatic digests with a cocktail of heparin lyases of both cartilaginous HSs confirmed the NMR results. As well as the discovery of an unusual HS structure in the two different types of rabbit cartilage, the feasibility of the analytical method adopted here has been demonstrated within this study. Such a method can be used to isolate and analyze HS from both normal and pathologic tissues. Characterization of healthy and pathological HS structures will contribute to improve the understanding of diseases related to malfunctions of HS biosynthesis and/or metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parra
- S.S.D. Genetica Medica e Malattie Rare Ortopediche, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, Italy
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Characterization of chondroitin sulfate from deer tip antler and osteogenic properties. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:473-80. [PMID: 21894464 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Deer antler is a highly regenerative tissue that involves cellular differentiation, osteogenesis and ossification processes. Chondroitin sulfate is the major glycosaminoglycan contained in antler connective tissue and has been isolated from cartilaginous antler by 4 M GuHCl extraction, gradient ultracentrifugation and chromatography techniques. We examined the disaccharide composition by 2-AB labeling and anion exchange HPLC analysis of the three resultant fractions (high, medium and low density fractions). The high density fraction consists of A-unit and D-unit disaccharide in the ratio of 1:1, whereas, the CS disaccharide composition ratio of A- unit:C-unit:D-Unit:E-unit contained in medium and low density fractions are 3:4:3:1 and 2:2:2:1, respectively. The only intact CS oligosaccharides of the medium density fraction upregulated gene expression of bone-specific proteins of a human osteoblastic cell line (hFOB1.19). Thus, CS oligosaccharides from cartilaginous deer antler, with their oversulfated chondroitin sulfate composition, demonstrated the physiological properties and may be good candidates for osteogenetic agents in humans.
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Pita-Thomas W, Nieto-Sampedro M, Maza RM, Nieto-Diaz M. Factors promoting neurite outgrowth during deer antler regeneration. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3034-47. [PMID: 20629188 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Every year male deers completely regenerate their antlers. During this process, antlers are reinnervated by sensory fibers, growing at the highest rate recorded for any adult mammal. Despite its clinical potential, only a few studies have dealt with this fascinating phenomenon. Among the possible factors underlying fast growth of the antler's innervation, the effects of the antler's endocrine and paracrine factors were evaluated, using an in vitro assay for sensory neurite growth. We found that soluble molecules secreted by the velvet, the modified skin that covers the antler, strongly promote neurite outgrowth. Using specific blocking antibodies, we demonstrated that nerve growth factor is partially responsible for these effects, although other unidentified molecules are also involved. On the contrary, neither endocrine serum factors nor antler substrates promoted neurite outgrowth, although antler substrata from deep velvet layers cause neurite outgrowth orientation. Taken together, our results point to the existence in the deep velvet of an environment that promotes oriented axon growth, in agreement with the distribution of the antler innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Pita-Thomas
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain.
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Yang B, Solakyildirim K, Chang Y, Linhardt RJ. Hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:541-57. [PMID: 20853165 PMCID: PMC3235348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the structure of glycosaminoglycan has proven to be challenging for analytical chemists. Molecules of glycosaminoglycan have a high negative charge and are polydisperse and microheterogeneous, thus requiring the application of multiple analytical techniques and methods. Heparin and heparan sulfate are the most structurally complex of the glycosaminoglycans and are widely distributed in nature. They play critical roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes through their interaction with heparin-binding proteins. Moreover, heparin and low-molecular weight heparin are currently used as pharmaceutical drugs to control blood coagulation. In 2008, the health crisis resulting from the contamination of pharmaceutical heparin led to considerable attention regarding their analysis and structural characterization. Modern analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, played critical roles in this effort. A successful combination of separation and spectral techniques will clearly provide a critical advantage in the future analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. This review focuses on recent efforts to develop hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yuqing Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Biochemical and thermodynamic characterization of mutated β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 involved in the progeroid form of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Biochem J 2010; 432:303-11. [PMID: 20809901 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three mutations of the B4GALT7 gene [encoding β1,4-GalT7 (β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7)], corresponding to A186D, L206P and R270C, have been identified in patients with the progeroid form of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and are described as being associated with the reduction or loss of β1,4-GalT7 activity. However, the molecular basis of the reduction or loss of activity remained to be determined. In the present study, wild-type, A186D, L206P and R270C β1,4-GalT7 were expressed in CHO618 cells as membrane proteins and in Escherichia coli as soluble proteins fused to MBP (maltose-binding protein). The ability of the expressed proteins to transfer galactose from donor to acceptor substrates was systematically characterized by kinetic analysis. The physicochemical properties of soluble proteins were explored by isothermal titration calorimetry, which is a method of choice when determining the thermodynamic parameters of the binding of substrates. Together, the results showed that: (i) the L206P mutation abolished the activity when L206P β1,4GalT7 was either inserted in the membrane or expressed as a soluble MBP-full-length fusion protein; (ii) the A186D mutation weakly impaired the binding of the donor substrate; and (iii) the R270C mutation strongly impaired the binding of the acceptor substrate. Moreover, the ex vivo consequences of the mutations were investigated by evaluating the priming efficiency of xylosides on GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chain initiation. The results demonstrate a quantitative effect on GAG biosynthesis, depending on the mutation; GAG biosynthesis was fully inhibited by the L206P mutation and decreased by the R270C mutation, whereas the A186D mutation did not affect GAG biosynthesis severely.
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Gene expression of axon growth promoting factors in the deer antler. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15706. [PMID: 21187928 PMCID: PMC3004953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual regeneration cycle of deer (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) antlers represents a unique model of epimorphic regeneration and rapid growth in adult mammals. Regenerating antlers are innervated by trigeminal sensory axons growing through the velvet, the modified form of skin that envelopes the antler, at elongation velocities that reach one centimetre per day in the common deer (Cervus elaphus). Several axon growth promoters like NT-3, NGF or IGF-1 have been described in the antler. To increase the knowledge on the axon growth environment, we have combined different gene-expression techniques to identify and characterize the expression of promoting molecules not previously described in the antler velvet. Cross-species microarray analyses of deer samples on human arrays allowed us to build up a list of 90 extracellular or membrane molecules involved in axon growth that were potentially being expressed in the antler. Fifteen of these genes were analysed using PCR and sequencing techniques to confirm their expression in the velvet and to compare it with the expression in other antler and skin samples. Expression of 8 axon growth promoters was confirmed in the velvet, 5 of them not previously described in the antler. In conclusion, our work shows that antler velvet provides growing axons with a variety of promoters of axon growth, sharing many of them with deer's normal and pedicle skin.
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Zhang F, Sun P, Muñoz E, Chi L, Sakai S, Toida T, Zhang H, Mousa S, Linhardt RJ. Microscale isolation and analysis of heparin from plasma using an anion-exchange spin column. Anal Biochem 2006; 353:284-6. [PMID: 16529709 PMCID: PMC4120047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zhang
- Biotechnology Center and Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemical Biology, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Peilong Sun
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Eva Muñoz
- Biotechnology Center and Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemical Biology, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Lianli Chi
- Biotechnology Center and Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemical Biology, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Shinobu Sakai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Albany College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany, NY 12280, USA
| | - Shaker Mousa
- Albany College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany, NY 12280, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Biotechnology Center and Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemical Biology, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 518 276 3404. (R.J. Linhardt)
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