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Shakeel U, Zhang Y, Topakas E, Wang W, Liang C, Qi W. Unraveling interplay between lignocellulosic structures caused by chemical pretreatments in enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 334:122037. [PMID: 38553235 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the interplay between substrate structure and enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) efficiency, poplar was pretreated with acidic sodium-chlorite (ASC), 3 % sodium-hydroxide (3-SH), and 3 % sulfuric acid (3-SA), resulting in different glucose yields of 94.10 %, 74.35 %, and 24.51 %, respectively, of pretreated residues. Residues were fractionated into cellulose, lignin and unhydrolyzed residue after EH (for lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) analysis) and analyzed using HPLC, FTIR, XPS, CP MAS 13C NMR and 2D-NMR (Lignin and LCC analysis). After delignification, holocellulose exhibited a dramatic increase in glucose yield (74.35 % to 90.82 % for 3-SH and 24.51 % to 80.0 % for 3-SA). Structural analysis of holocellulose suggested the synergistic interplay among cellulose allomorphs to limit glucose yield. Residual lignin analysis from un/pretreated residues indicated that higher β-β' contents and S/G ratios were favorable to the inhibitory effect but unfavourable to the holocellulose digestibility and followed the trend in the following order: 3-SA (L3) > 3-SH (L2) > native-lignin (L1). Analysis of enzymatically unhydrolyzed pretreated residues revealed the presence of benzyl ether (BE1,2) LCC and phenyl glycoside (PG) bond linking to xylose (X) and mannose (M), which yielded a xylan-lignin-glucomannan network. The stability, steric hindrance and hydrophobicity of this network may play a central role in defining poplar recalcitrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Shakeel
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- InduBioCat Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Wen Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Cuiyi Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Sharma R, Putera KH, Banaszak Holl MM, Garnier G, Haritos VS. Modulating the hydrophobicity of cellulose by lipase-catalyzed transesterification. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127972. [PMID: 37944725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrophobic and oil resistant cellulosic fibers usually requires severe chemical treatments and generates toxic by-products. Alternative approaches such as biocatalysis use milder conditions; lipase-catalyzed methods for grafting nanocellulose with hydrophobic ester moieties have been reported. Here, we investigate the lipase-catalyzed esterification of cellulose fibers, in native form or pretreated with 1,4-β-glucanases, and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) in solvent-free conditions. The fibers were compared for degree of ester formation after incubation with methyl myristate and lipase at 50 °C. After washing, the grafting of fatty esters on cellulose was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and the degree of substitution determined by 13C CP/MAS NMR (from 0.04 up to DS 0.1) confirming successful esterification. Optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy showed strongly localized presence of ester moieties on cellulose. Functional properties mirrored the degree of substitution of the cellulose materials whereby cellulose esters made with glucanase-pretreatment produced the highest water contact angle of 117° ± 9 and esterified cellulose blended at 10 % w/w content in paper composites showed significant differences in hydrophobicity and lipophilicity compared to plain paper. The esterification of cellulose was completely reversed by lipase treatment in aqueous media. These ester-functionalized fibers show potential in a wide range of packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kevin H Putera
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Victoria S Haritos
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Wang Y, Shao H, Pan H, Jiang Y, Qi J, Chen Q, Zhang S, Xiao H, Chen Y, Jia S, Huang X, Tu L, Su Z, Xie J. Supramolecular structure of microwave treated bamboo for production of lignin-containing nanocellulose by oxalic acid dihydrate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123251. [PMID: 36639071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular structure of cellulosic materials from microwave treatment were throughly investigated for production of lignin-containing nanocellulose. The results revealed that both the intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds were altered by microwave irradiation. Cellulose Iβ was the main component in microwave treated bamboo (MTB) with smaller interplanar spacing, and the cellulose molecules were loosely connected resulting in a loose structure. Thereafter, MTB was used to produce lignin-containing nanocellulose by using oxalic acid dihydrate (OAD) to test the feasibility on its efficiency. The chemical consumed for the preparation of lignin-containing nanocellulose (LCN) with a comparable yield (68.08-82.33 %) from MTB was merely 1/10 that from conventional cellulosic materials, indicating the supramolecular structural changes of bamboo cellulose induced by microwave treatment provided suitable conditions for the subsequent hydrolysis of OAD to prepare LCN. The LCN was further added into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix endowed excellent UV shielding property and thermal stability for the PVA/LCN films. This study was aimed to provide an environmentally friendly method on the production and application of LCN from bamboo by employing microwave treatment from the perspective of supramolecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmei Wang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huijuan Shao
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yongze Jiang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinqiu Qi
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xingyan Huang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lihua Tu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiping Su
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiulong Xie
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Gupte Y, Kulkarni A, Raut B, Sarkar P, Choudhury R, Chawande A, Kumar GRK, Bhadra B, Satapathy A, Das G, Vishnupriya B, Dasgupta S. Characterization of nanocellulose production by strains of Komagataeibacter sp. isolated from organic waste and Kombucha. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 266:118176. [PMID: 34044916 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose production is gaining popularity owing to its applications in food, cosmetics and medical industry. Three Acetobacter strains isolated from organic waste and fermented tea were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing and their ability to produce nanocellulose was studied. Strain isolated from Kombucha has 99% homology with Komagataeibacter rhaeticus DSM 16663 T. This is the first report where nanocellulose productivity of this strain with different carbon sources such as glucose, glycerol, fructose and sucrose has been studied. 1% glycerol was found to be optimal concentration, with up to 69% of the utilized carbon converted to nanocellulose. Maximum productivity of 4.5 g/L of bacterial nanocellulose was obtained. Average nitrogen and phosphorus consumption rate was 45 mg/L/day each. Physical properties such as crystallinity, fibril dimensions, and glass transition temperature were studied. Bacterial cellulose was 80% crystalline when glycerol and glucose were used as carbon source and 73% for fructose and sucrose. Renewable materials such as bacterial cellulose with their unique properties are the future for applications in the field of cosmetics, composite and wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Gupte
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India.
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | - Balu Raut
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | - Purbasha Sarkar
- Advanced Analytical Sciences, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | - Rudra Choudhury
- Advanced Analytical Sciences, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | - Akshay Chawande
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | - G Raja Krishna Kumar
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | - Bhaskar Bhadra
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | - Ajit Satapathy
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | | | - B Vishnupriya
- Advanced Analytical Sciences, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, India
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Kamdem Tamo A, Doench I, Morales Helguera A, Hoenders D, Walther A, Madrazo AO. Biodegradation of Crystalline Cellulose Nanofibers by Means of Enzyme Immobilized-Alginate Beads and Microparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1522. [PMID: 32660071 PMCID: PMC7407417 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in nanocellulose technology have revealed the potential of crystalline cellulose nanofibers to reinforce materials which are useful for tissue engineering, among other functions. However, the low biodegradability of nanocellulose can possess some problems in biomedical applications. In this work, alginate particles with encapsulated enzyme cellulase extracted from Trichoderma reesei were prepared for the biodegradation of crystalline cellulose nanofibers, which carrier system could be incorporated in tissue engineering biomaterials to degrade the crystalline cellulose nanoreinforcement in situ and on-demand during tissue regeneration. Both alginate beads and microparticles were processed by extrusion-dropping and inkjet-based methods, respectively. Processing parameters like the alginate concentration, concentration of ionic crosslinker Ca2+, hardening time, and ionic strength of the medium were varied. The hydrolytic activity of the free and encapsulated enzyme was evaluated for unmodified (CNFs) and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs) in suspension (heterogeneous conditions); in comparison to solubilized cellulose derivatives (homogeneous conditions). The enzymatic activity was evaluated for temperatures between 25-75 °C, pH range from 3.5 to 8.0 and incubation times until 21 d. Encapsulated cellulase in general displayed higher activity compared to the free enzyme over wider temperature and pH ranges and for longer incubation times. A statistical design allowed optimizing the processing parameters for the preparation of enzyme-encapsulated alginate particles presenting the highest enzymatic activity and sphericity. The statistical analysis yielded the optimum particles characteristics and properties by using a formulation of 2% (w/v) alginate, a coagulation bath of 0.2 M CaCl2 and a hardening time of 1 h. In homogeneous conditions the highest catalytic activity was obtained at 55 °C and pH 4.8. These temperature and pH values were considered to study the biodegradation of the crystalline cellulose nanofibers in suspension. The encapsulated cellulase preserved its activity for several weeks over that of the free enzyme, which latter considerably decreased and practically showed deactivation after just 10 d. The alginate microparticles with their high surface area-to-volume ratio effectively allowed the controlled release of the encapsulated enzyme and thereby the sustained hydrolysis of the cellulose nanofibers. The relative activity of cellulase encapsulated in the microparticles leveled-off at around 60% after one day and practically remained at that value for three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.K.T.); (I.D.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (D.H.); (A.W.)
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Doench
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.K.T.); (I.D.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (D.H.); (A.W.)
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aliuska Morales Helguera
- Chemical Bioactive Center CBQ, Molecular Simulation and Drug Design Group, Central University of Las Villas, Santa Clara 54830, Cuba;
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (D.H.); (A.W.)
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (D.H.); (A.W.)
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anayancy Osorio Madrazo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.K.T.); (I.D.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (D.H.); (A.W.)
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Ghosh M, Prajapati BP, Suryawanshi RK, Kishor Dey K, Kango N. Study of the effect of enzymatic deconstruction on natural cellulose by NMR measurements. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Preparation of cellulose nanomaterials via cellulose oxalates. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:208-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Yao L, Yang H, Yoo CG, Pu Y, Meng X, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, Tschaplinski T, Ragauskas AJ. Understanding the influences of different pretreatments on recalcitrance of Populus natural variants. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 265:75-81. [PMID: 29883849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Four different pretreatment technologies were applied to two Populus natural variants and the effects of each pretreatment on glucose release were compared. Physicochemical properties of pretreated biomass were analyzed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and cross polarization/magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The results revealed that hemicellulose and lignin were removed to different extents during various pretreatments. The degree of polymerization of cellulose was decreased in the order of alkali > hydrothermal > organosolv > dilute acid pretreatment. Cellulose crystallinity index was slightly increased after each pretreatment. The results also demonstrated that organosolv pretreatment resulted in the highest glucose yield. Among the tested properties of Populus, degree of polymerization of cellulose was negatively correlated with glucose release, whereas hemicellulose and lignin removal, and cellulose accessibility were positively associated with glucose release from the two Populus natural variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Haitao Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation & BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation & BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation & BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation & BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Timothy Tschaplinski
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation & BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation & BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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GH43 endo-arabinanase from Bacillus licheniformis: Structure, activity and unexpected synergistic effect on cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:7-16. [PMID: 29800670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of the plant biomass provides many interesting opportunities for the generation of building blocks for the green chemistry industrial applications. An important progress has been made for the hydrolysis of the cellulosic component of the biomass while, for the hemicellulosic components, the advances are less straightforward. Here, we describe the cloning, expression and biochemical and structural characterization of BlAbn1, a GH43 arabinanase from Bacillus licheniformis. This enzyme is selective for linear arabinan and efficiently hydrolyzes this substrate, with a specific activity of 127 U/mg. The enzyme has optimal conditions for activity at pH 8.0 and 45 °C and its activity is only partially dependent of a bound calcium ion since 70% of the maximal activity is preserved even when 1 mM EDTA is added to the reaction medium. BlAbn1 crystal structure revealed a typical GH43 fold and narrow active site, which explains the selectivity for linear substrates. Unexpectedly, the enzyme showed a synergic effect with the commercial cocktail Accellerase 1500 on cellulose hydrolysis. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Solid-State NMR and relaxometry data indicate that the enzyme weakens the interaction between cellulose fibers in filter paper, thus providing an increased access to the cellulases of the cocktail.
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Bombeck PL, Khatri V, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Montplaisir D, Richel A, Beauregard M. Predicting the most appropriate wood biomass for selected industrial applications: comparison of wood, pulping, and enzymatic treatments using fluorescent-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:293. [PMID: 29225698 PMCID: PMC5718010 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass will progressively become the main source of carbon for a number of products as the Earth's oil reservoirs disappear. Technology for conversion of wood fiber into bioproducts (wood biorefining) continues to flourish, and access to reliable methods for monitoring modification of such fibers is becoming an important issue. Recently, we developed a simple, rapid approach for detecting four different types of polymer on the surface of wood fibers. Named fluorescent-tagged carbohydrate-binding module (FTCM), this method is based on the fluorescence signal from carbohydrate-binding modules-based probes designed to recognize specific polymers such as crystalline cellulose, amorphous cellulose, xylan, and mannan. RESULTS Here we used FTCM to characterize pulps made from softwood and hardwood that were prepared using Kraft or chemical-thermo-mechanical pulping. Comparison of chemical analysis (NREL protocol) and FTCM revealed that FTCM results were consistent with chemical analysis of the hemicellulose composition of both hardwood and softwood samples. Kraft pulping increased the difference between softwood and hardwood surface mannans, and increased xylan exposure. This suggests that Kraft pulping leads to exposure of xylan after removal of both lignin and mannan. Impact of enzyme cocktails from Trichoderma reesei (Celluclast 1.5L) and from Aspergillus sp. (Carezyme 1000L) was investigated by analysis of hydrolyzed sugars and by FTCM. Both enzymes preparations released cellobiose and glucose from pulps, with the cocktail from Trichoderma being the most efficient. Enzymatic treatments were not as effective at converting chemical-thermomechanical pulps to simple sugars, regardless of wood type. FTCM revealed that amorphous cellulose was the primary target of either enzyme preparation, which resulted in a higher proportion of crystalline cellulose on the surface after enzymatic treatment. FTCM confirmed that enzymes from Aspergillus had little impact on exposed hemicelluloses, but that enzymes from the more aggressive Trichoderma cocktail reduced hemicelluloses at the surface. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study indicates that treatment with enzymes from Trichoderma is appropriate for generating crystalline cellulose at fiber surface. Applications such as nanocellulose or composites requiring chemical resistance would benefit from this enzymatic treatment. The milder enzyme mixture from Aspergillus allowed for removal of amorphous cellulose while preserving hemicelluloses at fiber surface, which makes this treatment appropriate for new paper products where surface chemical responsiveness is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Bombeck
- AgroBioChem Department, Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Vinay Khatri
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Lignocellulosiques, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Lignocellulosiques, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Daniel Montplaisir
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Aurore Richel
- AgroBioChem Department, Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Lignocellulosiques, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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Cellulose with a High Fractal Dimension Is Easily Hydrolysable under Acid Catalysis. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Perras FA, Luo H, Zhang X, Mosier NS, Pruski M, Abu-Omar MM. Atomic-Level Structure Characterization of Biomass Pre- and Post-Lignin Treatment by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Enhanced Solid-State NMR. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:623-630. [PMID: 28026949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising sustainable feedstock for the production of biofuels, biomaterials, and biospecialty chemicals. However, efficient utilization of biomass has been limited by our poor understanding of its molecular structure. Here, we report a dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced solid-state (SS)NMR study of the molecular structure of biomass, both pre- and postcatalytic treatment. This technique enables the measurement of 2D homonuclear 13C-13C correlation SSNMR spectra under natural abundance, yielding, for the first time, an atomic-level picture of the structure of raw and catalytically treated biomass samples. We foresee that further such experiments could be used to determine structure-function relationships and facilitate the development of more efficient, and chemically targeted, biomass-conversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric A Perras
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, and the Center for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels (C3Bio), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ximing Zhang
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and the Center for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels (C3Bio), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nathan S Mosier
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and the Center for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels (C3Bio), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Marek Pruski
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mahdi M Abu-Omar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, and the Center for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels (C3Bio), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Nag A, Sprague MA, Griggs AJ, Lischeske JJ, Stickel JJ, Mittal A, Wang W, Johnson DK. Parameter determination and validation for a mechanistic model of the enzymatic saccharification of cellulose-Iβ. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1237-48. [PMID: 26081044 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambarish Nag
- Computational Science Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401
| | - Michael A. Sprague
- Computational Science Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401
| | - Andrew J. Griggs
- National Bioenergy Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401
| | - James J. Lischeske
- National Bioenergy Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401
| | - Jonathan J. Stickel
- National Bioenergy Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401
| | - Ashutosh Mittal
- Biosciences Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401
| | - Wei Wang
- Biosciences Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401
| | - David K. Johnson
- Biosciences Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401
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15
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Bernardinelli OD, Lima MA, Rezende CA, Polikarpov I, deAzevedo ER. Quantitative (13)C MultiCP solid-state NMR as a tool for evaluation of cellulose crystallinity index measured directly inside sugarcane biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:110. [PMID: 26244055 PMCID: PMC4524013 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crystallinity index (CI) is often associated with changes in cellulose structure after biological and physicochemical pretreatments. While some results obtained with lignocellulosic biomass demonstrate a progressive increase in the CI as a function of pretreatments, it is also shown that the CI can significantly vary depending on the choice of the measurement method. Besides, the influence of the CI on the recalcitrance of biomass has been controversial for a long time, but the most recent results tend to point out that the efficiency of pretreatments in reducing the recalcitrance is not clearly correlated with the decrease of the CI. Much of this controversy is somewhat associated with the inability to distinguish between the CI of the cellulose inside the biomass and the CI of the full biomass, which contains other amorphous components such as lignin and hemicellulose. RESULTS Cross polarization by multiple contact periods (Multi-CP) method was used to obtain quantitative (13)C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectra of sugarcane bagasse biomass submitted to two-step pretreatments and/or enzymatic hydrolysis. By comparing the dipolar filtered Multi-CP (13)C NMR spectra of untreated bagasse samples with those of samples submitted to acid pretreatment, we show that a 1% H2SO4-assisted pretreatment was very effective in removing practically all the hemicellulose signals. This led us to propose a spectral editing procedure based on the subtraction of MultiCP spectra of acid-treated biomass from that of the extracted lignin, to obtain a virtually pure cellulose spectrum. Based on this idea, we were able to evaluate the CI of the native cellulose inside the sugarcane bagasse biomass. CONCLUSIONS The results show the validity of the proposed method as a tool for evaluating the variations in the CI of the cellulose inside biomasses of similar kinds. Despite a clear increase in the CI of biomass as measured by X-ray diffraction, no significant variations were observed in the CI of the cellulose inside the biomass after a particular 1% H2SO4/0.25-4% NaOH chemical-assisted pretreatments. The CI of cellulose inside the biomass solid fraction that remained after the enzymatic hydrolysis was also evaluated. The results show a slight increase in crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oigres Daniel Bernardinelli
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP 13660-970 Brazil
| | - Marisa Aparecida Lima
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP 13660-970 Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Rezende
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP 13660-970 Brazil
- />Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas-UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6154, Campinas, SP 13084-971 Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP 13660-970 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ribeiro deAzevedo
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP 13660-970 Brazil
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16
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Yuan X, Cheng G. From cellulose fibrils to single chains: understanding cellulose dissolution in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:31592-607. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05744b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continued improvement on the structure of elementary fibrils, simulation of larger elementary fibrils and systematic work on the solution structure of cellulose in ILs are three interacting modules to unravel the mechanism of cellulose dissolution in ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Yuan
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Gang Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
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17
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Tan L, Pu Y, Pattathil S, Avci U, Qian J, Arter A, Chen L, Hahn MG, Ragauskas AJ, Kieliszewski MJ. Changes in cell wall properties coincide with overexpression of extensin fusion proteins in suspension cultured tobacco cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115906. [PMID: 25536327 PMCID: PMC4275275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensins are one subfamily of the cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, containing characteristic SerHyp4 glycosylation motifs and intermolecular cross-linking motifs such as the TyrXaaTyr sequence. Extensins are believed to form a cross-linked network in the plant cell wall through the tyrosine-derivatives isodityrosine, pulcherosine, and di-isodityrosine. Overexpression of three synthetic genes encoding different elastin-arabinogalactan protein-extensin hybrids in tobacco suspension cultured cells yielded novel cross-linking glycoproteins that shared features of the extensins, arabinogalactan proteins and elastin. The cell wall properties of the three transgenic cell lines were all changed, but in different ways. One transgenic cell line showed decreased cellulose crystallinity and increased wall xyloglucan content; the second transgenic cell line contained dramatically increased hydration capacity and notably increased cell wall biomass, increased di-isodityrosine, and increased protein content; the third transgenic cell line displayed wall phenotypes similar to wild type cells, except changed xyloglucan epitope extractability. These data indicate that overexpression of modified extensins may be a route to engineer plants for bioenergy and biomaterial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin Qian
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Allison Arter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Suzhou, China
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Marcia J. Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
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18
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Sun Q, Foston M, Meng X, Sawada D, Pingali SV, O’Neill HM, Li H, Wyman CE, Langan P, Ragauskas AJ, Kumar R. Effect of lignin content on changes occurring in poplar cellulose ultrastructure during dilute acid pretreatment. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:150. [PMID: 25342973 PMCID: PMC4205766 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obtaining a better understanding of the complex mechanisms occurring during lignocellulosic deconstruction is critical to the continued growth of renewable biofuel production. A key step in bioethanol production is thermochemical pretreatment to reduce plant cell wall recalcitrance for downstream processes. Previous studies of dilute acid pretreatment (DAP) have shown significant changes in cellulose ultrastructure that occur during pretreatment, but there is still a substantial knowledge gap with respect to the influence of lignin on these cellulose ultrastructural changes. This study was designed to assess how the presence of lignin influences DAP-induced changes in cellulose ultrastructure, which might ultimately have large implications with respect to enzymatic deconstruction efforts. RESULTS Native, untreated hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoids) samples and a partially delignified poplar sample (facilitated by acidic sodium chlorite pulping) were separately pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid (0.10 M) at 160°C for 15 minutes and 35 minutes, respectively . Following extensive characterization, the partially delignified biomass displayed more significant changes in cellulose ultrastructure following DAP than the native untreated biomass. With respect to the native untreated poplar, delignified poplar after DAP (in which approximately 40% lignin removal occurred) experienced: increased cellulose accessibility indicated by increased Simons' stain (orange dye) adsorption from 21.8 to 72.5 mg/g, decreased cellulose weight-average degree of polymerization (DPw) from 3087 to 294 units, and increased cellulose crystallite size from 2.9 to 4.2 nm. These changes following DAP ultimately increased enzymatic sugar yield from 10 to 80%. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results indicate a strong influence of lignin content on cellulose ultrastructural changes occurring during DAP. With the reduction of lignin content during DAP, the enlargement of cellulose microfibril dimensions and crystallite size becomes more apparent. Further, this enlargement of cellulose microfibril dimensions is attributed to specific processes, including the co-crystallization of crystalline cellulose driven by irreversible inter-chain hydrogen bonding (similar to hornification) and/or cellulose annealing that converts amorphous cellulose to paracrystalline and crystalline cellulose. Essentially, lignin acts as a barrier to prevent cellulose crystallinity increase and cellulose fibril coalescence during DAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qining Sun
- />School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Renewable Bioproducts Institute,
Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street, N.W. Atlanta, GA 30332-0620 USA
| | - Marcus Foston
- />Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical
Engineering, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- />School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Renewable Bioproducts Institute,
Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street, N.W. Atlanta, GA 30332-0620 USA
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- />Center for Structural Molecular Biology and the Biology and Soft Matter
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sai Venkatesh Pingali
- />Center for Structural Molecular Biology and the Biology and Soft Matter
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Hugh M O’Neill
- />Center for Structural Molecular Biology and the Biology and Soft Matter
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Hongjia Li
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology
(CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
| | - Charles E Wyman
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology
(CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- />Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Paul Langan
- />Center for Structural Molecular Biology and the Biology and Soft Matter
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Art J Ragauskas
- />School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Renewable Bioproducts Institute,
Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street, N.W. Atlanta, GA 30332-0620 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of
Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200 USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology
(CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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19
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Hydrolysis of dilute acid-pretreated cellulose under mild hydrothermal conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Foston M. Advances in solid-state NMR of cellulose. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 27:176-84. [PMID: 24590189 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a well-established analytical and enabling technology in biofuel research. Over the past few decades, lignocellulosic biomass and its conversion to supplement or displace non-renewable feedstocks has attracted increasing interest. The application of solid-state NMR spectroscopy has long been seen as an important tool in the study of cellulose and lignocellulose structure, biosynthesis, and deconstruction, especially considering the limited number of effective solvent systems and the significance of plant cell wall three-dimensional microstructure and component interaction to conversion yield and rate profiles. This article reviews common and recent applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy methods that provide insight into the structural and dynamic processes of cellulose that control bulk properties and biofuel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Foston
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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21
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Wang Z, Pecha B, Westerhof RJM, Kersten SRA, Li CZ, McDonald AG, Garcia-Perez M. Effect of Cellulose Crystallinity on Solid/Liquid Phase Reactions Responsible for the Formation of Carbonaceous Residues during Pyrolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4014259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Wang
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brennan Pecha
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Roel J. M. Westerhof
- Thermo-Chemical
Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha R. A. Kersten
- Thermo-Chemical
Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Zhu Li
- Fuels
and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Armando G. McDonald
- Department
of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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22
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Šimkovic I, Tracz A, Kelnar I, Uhliariková I, Mendichi R. Quaternized and sulfated xylan derivative films. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:356-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Lindner B, Petridis L, Schulz R, Smith JC. Solvent-Driven Preferential Association of Lignin with Regions of Crystalline Cellulose in Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3390-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400442n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lindner
- UT/ORNL
Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Building 6011, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6309, United States
- Genome
Science and Technology, University of Tennessee—Knoxville, F337 Walters Life Sciences, 1414
Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Loukas Petridis
- UT/ORNL
Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Building 6011, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6309, United States
| | - Roland Schulz
- UT/ORNL
Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Building 6011, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6309, United States
- Genome
Science and Technology, University of Tennessee—Knoxville, F337 Walters Life Sciences, 1414
Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- UT/ORNL
Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Building 6011, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6309, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, M407 Walters
Life Sciences, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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24
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Ogura T, Date Y, Kikuchi J. Differences in Cellulosic Supramolecular Structure of Compositionally Similar Rice Straw Affect Biomass Metabolism by Paddy Soil Microbiota. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66919. [PMID: 23840554 PMCID: PMC3686774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Because they are strong and stable, lignocellulosic supramolecular structures in plant cell walls are resistant to decomposition. However, they can be degraded and recycled by soil microbiota. Little is known about the biomass degradation profiles of complex microbiota based on differences in cellulosic supramolecular structures without compositional variations. Here, we characterized and evaluated the cellulosic supramolecular structures and composition of rice straw biomass processed under different milling conditions. We used a range of techniques including solid- and solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy followed by thermodynamic and microbial degradability characterization using thermogravimetric analysis, solution-state NMR, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. These measured data were further analyzed using an "ECOMICS" web-based toolkit. From the results, we found that physical pretreatment of rice straw alters the lignocellulosic supramolecular structure by cleaving significant molecular lignocellulose bonds. The transformation from crystalline to amorphous cellulose shifted the thermal degradation profiles to lower temperatures. In addition, pretreated rice straw samples developed different microbiota profiles with different metabolic dynamics during the biomass degradation process. This is the first report to comprehensively characterize the structure, composition, and thermal degradation and microbiota profiles using the ECOMICS toolkit. By revealing differences between lignocellulosic supramolecular structures of biomass processed under different milling conditions, our analysis revealed how the characteristic compositions of microbiota profiles develop in addition to their metabolic profiles and dynamics during biomass degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Ogura
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Date
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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25
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Foston M, Ragauskas AJ. Biomass Characterization: Recent Progress in Understanding Biomass Recalcitrance. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2012.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Foston
- BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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26
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Huang F, Ragauskas AJ. Dilute H2SO4 and SO2 pretreatments of Loblolly pine wood residue for bioethanol production. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2011.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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27
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Cao S, Pu Y, Studer M, Wyman C, Ragauskas AJ. Chemical transformations of Populus trichocarpa during dilute acid pretreatment. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Li H, Foston MB, Kumar R, Samuel R, Gao X, Hu F, Ragauskas AJ, Wyman CE. Chemical composition and characterization of cellulose for Agave as a fast-growing, drought-tolerant biofuels feedstock. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Abstract
The focus of this study is to investigate the effect of cellulase enzyme treatment of the pulp on the reduction of energy consumption and the physical strength of old corrugated containers (OCC) fibers. Different cellulase samples including Novozyme Fibercare R, Novozyme Fibercare U and Novozyme Fibercare D used to improve the pulp beatability and physical strength of OCC fibers were comparatively studied. The effects of different cellulase samples on the breaking length and bursting index of paper were investigated. It was shown that Novozyme Fibercare D was proved to be the suitable cellulase sample used in the pretreatment of OCC fibers. It could become possible that the energy consumption of pulp beating reduced by 33.3% and the breaking length and bursting index of paper sheets increased by 50% when OCC fibers were dealt with Novozyme Fibercare D.
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30
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Huang F, Singh PM, Ragauskas AJ. Characterization of milled wood lignin (MWL) in Loblolly pine stem wood, residue, and bark. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12910-6. [PMID: 22141335 DOI: 10.1021/jf202701b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Milled wood lignin samples from Loblolly pine stem wood, forest residue, and bark were isolated and characterized by quantitative (13)C and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for molecular weight determination. Results from (13)C NMR show the stem wood and forest residue samples have similar functional group contents. However, the bark has fewer methoxyl groups, β-O-4 structures, dibenzodioxocin, and side chains than the other two lignins. The bark lignin has the highest amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (h) and C-5 condensed lignin, stem wood has the lowest, and the residue lies between. (31)P NMR analysis indicates that bark lignin contains more C-5 substituted phenolics and fewer aliphatic hydroxyl groups than the lignin isolated from stem wood or residue. The molecular weight distribution analysis indicates the bark lignin has higher weight-average molecular weight (M(w)) and polydispersity index than the lignin recovered from stem wood or residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0440, United States
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Ogeda TL, Silva IB, Fidale LC, El Seoud OA, Petri DFS. Effect of cellulose physical characteristics, especially the water sorption value, on the efficiency of its hydrolysis catalyzed by free or immobilized cellulase. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:246-52. [PMID: 22146618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellulase, an enzymatic complex that synergically promotes the degradation of cellulose to glucose and cellobiose, free or adsorbed onto Si/SiO(2) wafers at 60°C has been employed as catalyst in the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel), microcrystalline cellulose pre-treated with hot phosphoric acid (CP), cotton cellulose (CC) and eucalyptus cellulose (EC). The physical characteristics such as index of crystallinity (I(C)), degree of polymerization (DP) and water sorption values were determined for all samples. The largest conversion rates of cellulose into the above-mentioned products using free cellulase were observed for samples with the largest water sorption values; conversion rates showed no correlation with either I(C) or DP of the biopolymer. Cellulose with large water sorption value possesses large pore volumes, hence higher accessibility. The catalytic efficiency of immobilized cellulase could not be correlated with the physical characteristics of cellulose samples. The hydrolysis rates of the same cellulose samples with immobilized cellulase were lower than those by the free enzyme, due to the diffusion barrier (biopolymer chains approaching to the immobilized enzyme) and less effective contact between the enzyme active site and its substrate. Immobilized cellulase, unlike its free counterpart, can be recycled at least six times without loss of catalytic activity, leading to higher overall cellulose conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais L Ogeda
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O.B. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cellulose Isolation Methodology for NMR Analysis of Cellulose Ultrastructure. MATERIALS 2011; 4:1985-2002. [PMID: 28824119 PMCID: PMC5448851 DOI: 10.3390/ma4111985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain accurate information about the ultrastructure of cellulose from native biomass by 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy the cellulose component must be isolated due to overlapping resonances from both lignin and hemicellulose. Typically, cellulose isolation has been achieved via holocellulose pulping to remove lignin followed by an acid hydrolysis procedure to remove the hemicellulose components. Using 13C CP/MAS NMR and non-linear line-fitting of the cellulose C4 region, it was observed that the standard acid hydrolysis procedure caused an apparent increase in crystallinity of ~10% or less on the cellulose isolated from Populus holocellulose. We have examined the effect of the cellulose isolation method, particularly the acid treatment time for hemicellulose removal, on cellulose ultrastructural characteristics by studying these effects on cotton, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and holocellulose pulped Populus. 13C CP/MAS NMR of MCC indicated that holocellulose pulping and acid hydrolysis has little effect on the crystalline ultrastructural components of cellulose. Although any chemical method to isolate cellulose from native biomass will invariably alter substrate characteristics, especially those related to regions accessible to solvents, we found those changes to be minimal and consistent in samples of typical crystallinity and lignin/hemicellulose content. Based on the rate of the hemicellulose removal, as determined by HPLC-carbohydrate analysis and magnitude of cellulose ultrastructural alteration, the most suitable cellulose isolation methodology utilizes a treatment of 2.5 M HCl at 100 °C for a standard residence time between 1.5 and 4 h. However, for the most accurate crystallinity results this residence time should be determined empirically for a particular sample.
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Hu Z, Foston MB, Ragauskas AJ. Biomass characterization of morphological portions of alamo switchgrass. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7765-7772. [PMID: 21714578 DOI: 10.1021/jf104844r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies between the leaf and internode portions of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., were performed by compositional analysis and structural determination. GC-MS, ICP, and HPAEC-PAD were employed to analyze the chemical compositions of the fractionated switchgrass samples. Quantitative (13)C NMR and CP/MAS (13)C NMR techniques were employed to determine the structures of lignin and cellulose, respectively. These results indicated that the leaves and internodes differed chemically in the amounts of inorganic elements, hot-water extractives, benzene/ethanol extractives, carbohydrates, and lignin content. However, the ultrastructure of isolated cellulose was comparable between leaves and internodes. Ball-milled lignins isolated from leaves and internodes were found to have H/G/S ratios of 12.4/53.9/33.7 and 8.6/54.8/36.6, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujian Hu
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Shi J, Pu Y, Yang B, Ragauskas A, Wyman CE. Comparison of microwaves to fluidized sand baths for heating tubular reactors for hydrothermal and dilute acid batch pretreatment of corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5952-61. [PMID: 21463933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Heating of batch tubular reactors with fluidized sand baths and with microwaves resulted in distinctive sugar yield profiles from pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover at the same time, temperature, and dilute sulfuric acid concentration combinations and hydrothermal pretreatment conditions. Microwave heated pretreatment led to faster xylan, lignin, and acetyl removal as well as earlier xylan degradation than sand baths, but maximum sugar recoveries were similar. Solid state CP/MAS NMR revealed that microwave heating was more effective in altering cellulose structural features especially in breakdown of amorphous regions of corn stover than sand bath heating. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated corn stover was improved by microwave heating compared to sand bath heating. Mechanisms were proposed to explain the differences in results for the two systems and provide new insights into pretreatment that can help advance this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- University of California, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
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Lu J, Rao S, Le T, Mora S, Banerjee S. Increasing cake solids of cellulosic sludge through enzyme-assisted dewatering. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Mihranyan A. Cellulose from cladophorales green algae: From environmental problem to high-tech composite materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Park S, Baker JO, Himmel ME, Parilla PA, Johnson DK. Cellulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2010; 3:10. [PMID: 20497524 PMCID: PMC2890632 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although measurements of crystallinity index (CI) have a long history, it has been found that CI varies significantly depending on the choice of measurement method. In this study, four different techniques incorporating X-ray diffraction and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were compared using eight different cellulose preparations. We found that the simplest method, which is also the most widely used, and which involves measurement of just two heights in the X-ray diffractogram, produced significantly higher crystallinity values than did the other methods. Data in the literature for the cellulose preparation used (Avicel PH-101) support this observation. We believe that the alternative X-ray diffraction (XRD) and NMR methods presented here, which consider the contributions from amorphous and crystalline cellulose to the entire XRD and NMR spectra, provide a more accurate measure of the crystallinity of cellulose. Although celluloses having a high amorphous content are usually more easily digested by enzymes, it is unclear, based on studies published in the literature, whether CI actually provides a clear indication of the digestibility of a cellulose sample. Cellulose accessibility should be affected by crystallinity, but is also likely to be affected by several other parameters, such as lignin/hemicellulose contents and distribution, porosity, and particle size. Given the methodological dependency of cellulose CI values and the complex nature of cellulase interactions with amorphous and crystalline celluloses, we caution against trying to correlate relatively small changes in CI with changes in cellulose digestibility. In addition, the prediction of cellulase performance based on low levels of cellulose conversion may not include sufficient digestion of the crystalline component to be meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyu Park
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - John O Baker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Philip A Parilla
- National Center for Photovoltaics, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - David K Johnson
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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Sannigrahi P, Miller SJ, Ragauskas AJ. Effects of organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on cellulose structure and crystallinity in Loblolly pine. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:965-70. [PMID: 20307873 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol organosolv pretreatment was performed on Loblolly pine to enhance the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy coupled with line shape analysis was used to determine the structure and crystallinity of cellulose isolated from pretreated and enzyme-hydrolyzed Loblolly pine. The results indicate reduced crystallinity of the cellulose following the organosolv pretreatment, which renders the substrate easily hydrolyzable by cellulase. The degree of crystallinity increases and the relative proportion of para-crystalline and amorphous cellulose decreases after enzymatic hydrolysis, indicating preferential hydrolysis of these regions by cellulase. The structural and compositional changes in this material resulting from the organosolv pretreatment and cellulase enzyme hydrolysis of the pretreated wood were studied with solid-state CP/MAS (13)C NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectra of the solid material before and after the treatments show that hemicelluloses and lignin are degraded during the organosolv pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Sannigrahi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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Bai Y, Wang J, Zhang Z, Shi P, Luo H, Huang H, Feng Y, Yao B. Extremely acidic beta-1,4-glucanase, CelA4, from thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus sp. A4 with high protease resistance and potential as a pig feed additive. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1970-5. [PMID: 20070105 DOI: 10.1021/jf9035595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An acidic endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, denoted CelA4 ( approximately 48 kDa), was purified from thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus sp. A4. Two internal peptides of CelA4 showed strong sequence identity to the Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius cellulase precursor and contained the conserved domain and catalytic region of glycoside hydrolase family 51 beta-1,4-glucanases, and the N-terminal and three other internal peptides had no close glucanase or cellulase relatives, suggesting that the enzyme might be novel. CelA4 had broad substrate specificity, exhibited maximum activity at 65 degrees C and pH 2.6, was stable over pH 1.8-7.6, and showed strong resistance to acidic and neutral proteases, notably pepsin. In comparison to the commercial endo-beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase, CelA4 was more stable, released more reducing sugar from barley beta-glucan, and under simulated gastric conditions, decreased the viscosity of barley-soybean feed to a greater extent. These properties make CelA4 a good candidate as a new commercial glucanase to improve the nutrient bioavailability of pig feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute
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40
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Hallac BB, Sannigrahi P, Pu Y, Ray M, Murphy RJ, Ragauskas AJ. Effect of Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Buddleja davidii Stem Biomass. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie900683q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bassem B. Hallac
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, Division of Biology, Imperial College London and Porter Alliance U.K., and Forest Products and Chemical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Poulomi Sannigrahi
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, Division of Biology, Imperial College London and Porter Alliance U.K., and Forest Products and Chemical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, Division of Biology, Imperial College London and Porter Alliance U.K., and Forest Products and Chemical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Michael Ray
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, Division of Biology, Imperial College London and Porter Alliance U.K., and Forest Products and Chemical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Richard J. Murphy
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, Division of Biology, Imperial College London and Porter Alliance U.K., and Forest Products and Chemical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, Division of Biology, Imperial College London and Porter Alliance U.K., and Forest Products and Chemical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden
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Rajalaxmi D, Jiang N, Leslie G, Ragauskas AJ. Synthesis of novel water-soluble sulfonated cellulose. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bommarius AS, Katona A, Cheben SE, Patel AS, Ragauskas AJ, Knudson K, Pu Y. Cellulase kinetics as a function of cellulose pretreatment. Metab Eng 2008; 10:370-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chandra RP, Bura R, Mabee WE, Berlin A, Pan X, Saddler JN. Substrate pretreatment: the key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics? ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 108:67-93. [PMID: 17530205 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the structure and function of cellulase systems continue to be the subject of intense research, it is widely acknowledged that the rate and extent of the cellulolytic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates is influenced not only by the effectiveness of the enzymes but also by the chemical, physical and morphological characteristics of the heterogeneous lignocellulosic substrates. Although strategies such as site-directed mutagenesis or directed evolution have been successfully employed to improve cellulase properties such as binding affinity, catalytic activity and thermostability, complementary goals that we and other groups have studied have been the determination of which substrate characteristics are responsible for limiting hydrolysis and the development of pretreatment methods that maximize substrate accessibility to the cellulase complex. Over the last few years we have looked at the various lignocellulosic substrate characteristics at the fiber, fibril and microfibril level that have been modified during pretreatment and subsequent hydrolysis. The initial characteristics of the woody biomass and the effect of subsequent pretreatment play a significant role on the development of substrate properties, which in turn govern the efficacy of enzymatic hydrolysis. Focusing particularly on steam pretreatment, this review examines the influence that pretreatment conditions have on substrate characteristics such as lignin and hemicellulose content, crystallinity, degree of polymerization and specific surface, and the resulting implications for effective hydrolysis by cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Chandra
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Den Haan R, Rose SH, Lynd LR, van Zyl WH. Hydrolysis and fermentation of amorphous cellulose by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2007; 9:87-94. [PMID: 17112757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we expressed two cellulase encoding genes, an endoglucanase of Trichoderma reesei (EGI) and the beta-glucosidase of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera (BGL1), in combination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting strain was able to grow on phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) through simultaneous production of sufficient extracellular endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase activity. Anaerobic growth (0.03h(-1)) up to 0.27gl(-1) DCW was observed on medium containing 10gl(-1) PASC as sole carbohydrate source with concomitant ethanol production of up to 1.0gl(-1). We have thus demonstrated the construction of a yeast strain capable of growth on and one-step conversion of amorphous cellulose to ethanol, representing significant progress towards realization of one-step processing of cellulosic biomass in a consolidated bioprocessing configuration. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a recombinant strain of S. cerevisiae growing on pure cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaan Den Haan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Park S, Venditti RA, Abrecht DG, Jameel H, Pawlak JJ, Lee JM. Surface and pore structure modification of cellulose fibers through cellulase treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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