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Chakraborty I, Rongpipi S, Govindaraju I, B R, Mal SS, Gomez EW, Gomez ED, Kalita RD, Nath Y, Mazumder N. An insight into microscopy and analytical techniques for morphological, structural, chemical, and thermal characterization of cellulose. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:1990-2015. [PMID: 35040538 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose obtained from plants is a bio-polysaccharide and the most abundant organic polymer on earth that has immense household and industrial applications. Hence, the characterization of cellulose is important for determining its appropriate applications. In this article, we review the characterization of cellulose morphology, surface topography using microscopic techniques including optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Other physicochemical characteristics like crystallinity, chemical composition, and thermal properties are studied using techniques including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. This review may contribute to the development of using cellulose as a low-cost raw material with anticipated physicochemical properties. HIGHLIGHTS: Morphology and surface topography of cellulose structure is characterized using microscopy techniques including optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Analytical techniques used for physicochemical characterization of cellulose include X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Chakraborty
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Indira Govindaraju
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Rakesh B
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Sib Sankar Mal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575025, India
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta Kalita
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Yuthika Nath
- Department of Serology, State Forensic Science Laboratory, Guwahati, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Solar radiation-induced synthesis of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticles (BC/AgNPs) composite using BC as reducing and capping agent. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:257-268. [PMID: 34665338 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a simple, novel, and ecofriendly method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and BC/AgNP composite using bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers soaked in AgNO3 solution under induction action of solar radiation. The photochemical reduction of silver Ag + ions into silver nanoparticles (Ago) was confirmed using UV visible spectra; the surface plasmon resonance of synthesized AgNPs was localized around 425 nm. The mean diameter of AgNPs obtained by DLS analysis was 52.0 nm with a zeta potential value of - 9.98 mV. TEM images showed a spherical shape of AgNPs. The formation of BC/AgNP composite was confirmed by FESEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD analysis. FESEM images for BC showed the 3D structures of BC nanofibers and the deposited AgNPs in the BC crystalline nanofibers. XRD measurements revealed the high crystallinity of BC and BC/AgNP composite with crystal sizes of 5.13 and 5.6 nm, respectively. BC/AgNP composite and AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The present work introduces a facile green approach for BC/AgNP composite synthesis and its utility as potential food packaging and wound dressings, as well as sunlight indicator application.
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Moradi M, Jacek P, Farhangfar A, Guimarães JT, Forough M. The role of genetic manipulation and in situ modifications on production of bacterial nanocellulose: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:635-650. [PMID: 33957199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides are well-known biomaterials because of their availability and low-cost, with applications in diverse fields. Cellulose, a renowned polysaccharide, can be obtained from different sources including plants, algae, and bacteria, but recently much attention has been paid to the microorganisms due to their potential of producing renewable compounds. In this regard, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a novel type of nanocellulose material that is commercially synthesized mainly by Komagataeibacter spp. Characteristics such as purity, porosity, and remarkable mechanical properties made BNC a superior green biopolymer with applications in pharmacology, biomedicine, bioprocessing, and food. Genetic manipulation of BNC-producing strains and in situ modifications of the culturing conditions can lead to BNC with enhanced yield/productivity and properties. This review mainly highlights the role of genetic engineering of Komagataeibacter strains and co-culturing of bacterial strains with additives such as microorganisms and nanomaterials to synthesize BNC with improved functionality and productivity rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Moradi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Paulina Jacek
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 16, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | | | - Jonas T Guimarães
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mehrdad Forough
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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Miyashiro D, Hamano R, Umemura K. A Review of Applications Using Mixed Materials of Cellulose, Nanocellulose and Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E186. [PMID: 31973149 PMCID: PMC7074973 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively studied as one of the most interesting nanomaterials for over 25 years because they exhibit excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties. In the past decade, the number of publications and patents on cellulose and nanocellulose (NC) increased tenfold. Research on NC with excellent mechanical properties, flexibility, and transparency is accelerating due to the growing environmental problems surrounding us such as CO2 emissions, the accumulation of large amounts of plastic, and the depletion of energy resources such as oil. Research on mixed materials of cellulose, NC, and CNTs has been expanding because these materials exhibit various characteristics that can be controlled by varying the combination of cellulose, NC to CNTs while also being biodegradable and recyclable. An understanding of these mixed materials is required because these characteristics are diverse and are expected to solve various environmental problems. Thus far, many review papers on cellulose, NC or CNTs have been published. Although guidance for the suitable application of these mixed materials is necessary, there are few reviews summarizing them. Therefore, this review introduces the application and feature on mixed materials of cellulose, NC and CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Miyashiro
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (R.H.); (K.U.)
- ESTECH CORP., 2-7-31 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryo Hamano
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (R.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (R.H.); (K.U.)
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Green synthesis of bacterial cellulose/bioactive glass nanocomposites: Effect of glass nanoparticles on cellulose yield, biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:975-985. [PMID: 31351958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advantages of bacterial cellulose (BC) over traditional cellulose, its low yield and little bioactivity makes a limitation to be used in an industrial scale. This paper was mainly dual aimed to increase the BC yield using a nanobioactive glass (NBG), and in situ synthesize BC/NBG bioactive nanocomposites by a novel and simple green method. Accordingly, the composites were prepared via in situ fermentation approach by incorporation of NBG particles into BC producing culture medium. The effect of NBG addition on the production process of cellulose, biocompatibility, bioactivity and antimicrobial activity were investigated. The results showed that NBG was enhanced and increased the BC yield and this has been achieved by maintaining these NBG on the pH value of the culture medium during the fermentation period. Moreover, it was effectively improved biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of BC. This study evidenced that BC/NBG composite can be expected to be widely applied in biomedical industries such as bone regeneration and wound healing with the unique of being not harmful to humans.
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Hosseini H, Kokabi M, Mousavi SM. Conductive bacterial cellulose/multiwall carbon nanotubes nanocomposite aerogel as a potentially flexible lightweight strain sensor. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:228-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Santos SM, Carbajo JM, Gómez N, Ladero M, Villar JC. Modification of Bacterial Cellulose Biofilms with Xylan Polyelectrolytes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:E93. [PMID: 29182575 PMCID: PMC5746760 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the addition of two [4-butyltrimethylammonium]-xylan chloride polyelectrolytes (BTMAXs) on bacterial cellulose (BC) was evaluated. The first strategy was to add the polyelectrolytes to the culture medium together with a cell suspension of the bacterium. After one week of cultivation, the films were collected and purified. The second approach consisted of obtaining a purified and homogenized BC, to which the polyelectrolytes were added subsequently. The films were characterized in terms of tear and burst indexes, optical properties, surface free energy, static contact angle, Gurley porosity, SEM, X-ray diffraction and AFM. Although there are small differences in mechanical and optical properties between the nanocomposites and control films, the films obtained by BC synthesis in the presence of BTMAXs were remarkably less opaque, rougher, and had a much lower specular gloss. The surface free energy depends on the BTMAXs addition method. The crystallinity of the composites is lower than that of the control material, with a higher reduction of this parameter in the composites obtained by adding the BTMAXs to the culture medium. In view of these results, it can be concluded that BC-BTMAX composites are a promising new material, for example, for paper restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Santos
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Paper, INIA, Forest Research Center, Ctra. De la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Carbajo
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Paper, INIA, Forest Research Center, Ctra. De la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nuria Gómez
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Paper, INIA, Forest Research Center, Ctra. De la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ladero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan C Villar
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Paper, INIA, Forest Research Center, Ctra. De la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Avendano C, Brun N, Fontaine O, In M, Mehdi A, Stocco A, Vioux A. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Cellulose Composite: From Aqueous Dispersions to Pickering Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3907-3916. [PMID: 27052957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A mild and simple way to prepare stable aqueous colloidal suspensions of composite particles made of a cellulosic material (Sigmacell cellulose) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is reported. These suspensions can be dried and redispersed in water at pH 10.5. Starting with rather crude initial materials, commercial Sigmacell cellulose and MWCNTs, a significant fraction of composite dispersed in water could be obtained. The solid composites and their colloidal suspensions were characterized by electronic microscopy, thermal analyses, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and light scattering. The composite particles consist of tenuous aggregates of CNTs and cellulose, several hundred nanometers large, and are composed of 55 wt % cellulose and 45 wt % CNTs. Such particles were shown to stabilize cyclohexane-in-water emulsions. The adsorption and the elasticity of the layer they form at interface were characterized by the pendant drop method. The stability of the oil-in-water emulsions was attributed to the formation of an elastic network of composite particles at interface. Cyclohexane droplet diameters could be tuned from 20 to 100 μm by adjusting the concentration of composite particles. This behavior was attributed to the limited coalescence phenomenon, just as expected for Pickering emulsions. Interestingly, cyclohexane droplets were stable over time and sustained pH modifications over a wide range, although acidic pH induced accelerated creaming. This study points out the possibility of combining crude cellulose and MWCNTs through a simple process to obtain colloidal systems of interest for the design of functional conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Avendano
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Université de Montpellier, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Brun
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Université de Montpellier, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Fontaine
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Université de Montpellier, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Martin In
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS-UM, Université de Montpellier, CC069, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmad Mehdi
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Université de Montpellier, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Antonio Stocco
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS-UM, Université de Montpellier, CC069, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - André Vioux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Université de Montpellier, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Zheng X, Zhang Q, Liu J, Pei Y, Tang K. A unique high mechanical strength dialdehyde microfibrillated cellulose/gelatin composite hydrogel with a giant network structure. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12517d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A giant network structure was constructed throughout the dialdehyde microfibrillated cellulose (DAMFC)/gelatin composite hydrogel by Schiff base formed through the crosslinking reaction between the aldehyde groups of DAMFC and amino groups of gelatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Ying Pei
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Keyong Tang
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
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Santos FAD, Iulianelli GCV, Tavares MIB. The Use of Cellulose Nanofillers in Obtaining Polymer Nanocomposites: Properties, Processing, and Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/msa.2016.75026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose in the presence of different nanoparticles to create novel hybrid materials. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 129:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Erbas Kiziltas E, Kiziltas A, Gardner DJ. Synthesis of bacterial cellulose using hot water extracted wood sugars. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:131-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ahmadzadeh S, Keramat J, Nasirpour A, Hamdami N, Behzad T, Aranda L, Vilasi M, Desobry S. Structural and mechanical properties of clay nanocomposite foams based on cellulose for the food-packaging industry. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Javad Keramat
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Ali Nasirpour
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Nasser Hamdami
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Tayebeh Behzad
- College of Chemical Engineering; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Lionel Aranda
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies; Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine; Boîte Postal (BP) 70239 F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Michel Vilasi
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies; Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine; Boîte Postal (BP) 70239 F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Stephane Desobry
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules; École Nationale Supérieure d' Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, Université de Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye; Tri spécial à l'arrivée (TSA) 40602 54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex France
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Algar I, Fernandes SCM, Mondragon G, Castro C, Garcia-Astrain C, Gabilondo N, Retegi A, Eceiza A. Pineapple agroindustrial residues for the production of high value bacterial cellulose with different morphologies. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Itxaso Algar
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department; ‘Materials + Technologies’ Research Group, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country; Plza. Europa 1 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department; ‘Materials + Technologies’ Research Group, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country; Plza. Europa 1 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián
| | - Gurutz Mondragon
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department; ‘Materials + Technologies’ Research Group, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country; Plza. Europa 1 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián
| | - Cristina Castro
- School of Engineering, Textile Engineering Department, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; Circular 1 # 70-01; Medellín Colombia
| | - Clara Garcia-Astrain
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department; ‘Materials + Technologies’ Research Group, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country; Plza. Europa 1 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián
| | - Nagore Gabilondo
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department; ‘Materials + Technologies’ Research Group, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country; Plza. Europa 1 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián
| | - Aloña Retegi
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department; ‘Materials + Technologies’ Research Group, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country; Plza. Europa 1 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián
| | - Arantxa Eceiza
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department; ‘Materials + Technologies’ Research Group, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country; Plza. Europa 1 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián
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15
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Xu C, Ma X, Chen S, Tao M, Yuan L, Jing Y. Bacterial cellulose membranes used as artificial substitutes for dural defection in rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10855-67. [PMID: 24937688 PMCID: PMC4100185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy and safety of dural repair in neurosurgical procedures, a new dural material derived from bacterial cellulose (BC) was evaluated in a rabbit model with dural defects. We prepared artificial dura mater using bacterial cellulose which was incubated and fermented from Acetobacter xylinum. The dural defects of the rabbit model were repaired with BC membranes. All surgeries were performed under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. All animals were humanely euthanized by intravenous injection of phenobarbitone, at each time point, after the operation. Then, the histocompatibility and inflammatory effects of BC were examined by histological examination, real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western Blot. BC membranes evenly covered the surface of brain without adhesion. There were seldom inflammatory cells surrounding the membrane during the early postoperative period. The expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as iNOS and COX-2 were lower in the BC group compared to the control group at 7, 14 and 21 days after implantation. BC can repair dural defects in rabbit and has a decreased inflammatory response compared to traditional materials. However, the long-term effects need to be validated in larger animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Yishan Road 600, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Xia Ma
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Haiquan Road 100, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Yishan Road 600, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Meifeng Tao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lutao Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Yishan Road 600, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Yao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Yishan Road 600, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Lopes TD, Riegel-Vidotti IC, Grein A, Tischer CA, Faria-Tischer PCDS. Bacterial cellulose and hyaluronic acid hybrid membranes: Production and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:401-8. [PMID: 24704166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the addition of hyaluronic acid (HA) on bacterial cellulose (BC) production, under static conditions was evaluated in terms of the properties of the resulting BC hybrid membranes. HA was added to the fermentation process in three distinct time points: first day (BC-T0), third day (BC-T3) and sixth day (BC-T6). Analyses of FT-IR and CP/MAS (13)C NMR confirmed the presence of HA in bacterial cellulose membranes. The crystal structure, crystallinity index (Ic) surface roughness, thermal stability and hybrophobic/hydrophilic character changed. Membranes with higher roughness were produced with HA added on the first and third day of fermentation process. The surface energy of BC/HA membranes was calculated and more hydrophilic membranes were produced by the addition of HA on the third and sixth day, also resulting in more thermally stable materials. The results demonstrate that bacterial cellulose/hyaluronic acid hybrid membranes can be produced in situ and suggest that HA interacts with the sub-elementary bacterial cellulose fibrils, changing the properties of the membranes. The study and understanding of the factors that affect those properties are of utmost importance for the safe and efficient use of BC as biomaterials in numerous applications, specifically in the biological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyane Duran Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, PO Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Grein
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CxP 19081, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cesar Augusto Tischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, PO Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Fu L, Chen S, Yi J, Hou Z. Effects of different fermentation methods on bacterial cellulose and acid production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus in Cantonese-style rice vinegar. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2013; 20:321-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013213486663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A strain of acidogenic bacterium was isolated from the fermentation liquid of Cantonese-style rice vinegar produced by traditional surface fermentation. 16S rDNA identification confirmed the bacterium as Gluconacetobacter xylinus, which synthesizes bacterial cellulose, and the acid productivity of the strain was investigated. In the study, the effects of the membrane integrity and the comparison of the air–liquid interface membrane with immerged membrane on total acidity, cellulose production, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and number of bacteria were investigated. The cellulose membrane and the bacteria were observed under SEM for discussing their relationship. The correlations between oxygen consumption and total acid production rate were compared in surface and shake flask fermentation. The results showed the average acid productivity of the strain was 0.02 g/(100 mL/h), and the integrity of cellulose membrane in surface fermentation had an important effect on total acidity and cellulose production. With a higher membrane integrity, the total acidity after 144 h of fermentation was 3.75 g/100 mL, and the cellulose production was 1.71 g/100 mL after 360 h of fermentation. However, when the membrane was crushed by mechanical force, the total acidity and the cellulose production were as low as 0.36 g/100 mL and 0.14 g/100 mL, respectively. When the cellulose membrane was forced under the surface of fermentation liquid, the total acid production rate was extremely low, but the activity of ADH in the cellulose membrane was basically the same with the one above the liquid surface. The bacteria were mainly distributed in the cellulose membrane during the fermentation. The bacterial counts in surface fermentation were more than in the shake flask fermentation and G. xylinus consumed the substrate faster in surface fermentation than in shake flask fermentation. The oxygen consumption rate and total acid production rate of surface fermentation were respectively 26.13 times and 2.92 times that of shake flask fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Siqian Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiulong Yi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zongxia Hou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Abstract
Cellulose-based electroconductive composites can be prepared by combining conducting electroactive materials with hydrophilic biocompatible cellulose. Inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal ions and oxides, carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide, conducting polymers, and ionic liquids (through doping, blending or coating) can be introduced into the cellulose matrix. Such composites can form a biocompatible interface for microelectronic devices, and provide a biocompatible matrix or scaffold for electrically stimulated drug release devices, implantable biosensors, and neuronal prostheses. Here the benefits of combining conventional and bacterial cellulose with these electroactive composites are described and future applications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Wesarg F, Schlott F, Grabow J, Kurland HD, Heßler N, Kralisch D, Müller FA. In situ synthesis of photocatalytically active hybrids consisting of bacterial nanocellulose and anatase nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13518-13525. [PMID: 22925063 DOI: 10.1021/la302787z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is an extraordinary biopolymer with a wide range of potential technical applications. The high specific surface area and the interconnected pore system of the nanofibrillar BNC network suggest applications as a carrier of catalysts. The present paper describes an in situ modification route for the preparation of a hybrid material consisting of BNC and photocatalytically active anatase (TiO(2)) nanoparticles (NPs). The influence of different NP concentrations on the BNC biosynthesis and the resulting supramolecular structure of the hybrids was investigated. It was found that the number of colony forming units (CFUs) and the consumption of glucose during biosynthesis remained unaffected compared to unmodified BNC. During the formation of the BNC network, the NPs were incorporated in the whole volume of the accruing hybrid. Their distribution within the hybrid material is affected by the anisotropic structure of BNC. The photocatalytic activity (PCA) of the BNC-TiO(2) hybrids was determined by methanol conversion (MC) under UV irradiation. These tests demonstrated that the NPs retained their PCA after incorporation into the BNC carrier structure. The PCA of the hybrid material depends on the amount of incorporated NPs. No alteration of the photocatalyst's efficiency was found during repeated PCA tests. In conclusion, the in situ integration of photocatalytically active NPs into BNC represents an attractive possibility to extend its fields of application to porous filtering media for drinking water purification and air cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Wesarg
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
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21
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Chang ST, Chen LC, Lin SB, Chen HH. Nano-biomaterials application: Morphology and physical properties of bacterial cellulose/gelatin composites via crosslinking. Food Hydrocoll 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Feng Y, Zhang X, Shen Y, Yoshino K, Feng W. A mechanically strong, flexible and conductive film based on bacterial cellulose/graphene nanocomposite. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:644-649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Khajavi R, Esfahani EJ, Sattari M. Crystalline Structure of Microbial Cellulose Compared with Native and Regenerated Cellulose. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2010.551372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Peng K, Wang B, Chen S, Zhong C, Wang H. Preparation and Properties of Polystyrene/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites by In Situ Polymerization. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2011.556931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Peng
- a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers , Donghua University , Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers , Donghua University , Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers , Donghua University , Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- b Hainan Yeguo Foods Co. Ltd. , Xiuying District, Hainan, China
| | - Huaping Wang
- a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers , Donghua University , Shanghai, China
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25
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Sensing the structural differences in cellulose from apple and bacterial cell wall materials by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. SENSORS 2011; 11:5543-60. [PMID: 22163913 PMCID: PMC3231429 DOI: 10.3390/s110605543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for assessment of structural differences of celluloses of various origins. Investigated celluloses were: bacterial celluloses cultured in presence of pectin and/or xyloglucan, as well as commercial celluloses and cellulose extracted from apple parenchyma. FT-IR spectra were used to estimate of the Iβ content, whereas Raman spectra were used to evaluate the degree of crystallinity of the cellulose. The crystallinity index (XCRAMAN%) varied from −25% for apple cellulose to 53% for microcrystalline commercial cellulose. Considering bacterial cellulose, addition of xyloglucan has an impact on the percentage content of cellulose Iβ. However, addition of only xyloglucan or only pectins to pure bacterial cellulose both resulted in a slight decrease of crystallinity. However, culturing bacterial cellulose in the presence of mixtures of xyloglucan and pectins results in an increase of crystallinity. The results confirmed that the higher degree of crystallinity, the broader the peak around 913 cm−1. Among all bacterial celluloses the bacterial cellulose cultured in presence of xyloglucan and pectin (BCPX) has the most similar structure to those observed in natural primary cell walls.
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Corgié SC, Smith HM, Walker LP. Enzymatic transformations of cellulose assessed by quantitative high-throughput fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (QHT-FTIR). Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1509-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) material was obtained through fermentation by Acetobacter xylinumis with superior functional properties. BC is an interesting material for using as a wound dressing since it provides moist environment to a wound and results in a better wound healing. With the aim of using BC as a wound dressing material, moisture content, swelling ratio, purity and antimicrobial activity were investigated. Fresh prepared BC membrane was smooth, colorless, jelly alike, and it showed translucence after NaOH treatment. The purity of the cellulosic pellicle reached 98.32%, and it had good water holding capacity (98.02%) and high swelling ratio (69.88%). Antimicrobial activity test showed that BC material had excellent sterilizing efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The surface of BC membranes was porous network structure observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Infrared spectroscopy (IR) results showed that this membrane belong to bio-cellulose materials. BC displayed higher water content and water holding capacity, as well as higher purity and antimicrobial activity. It has an extensive usage in biomedicine areas.
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Huang HC, Chen LC, Lin SB, Hsu CP, Chen HH. In situ modification of bacterial cellulose network structure by adding interfering substances during fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6084-6091. [PMID: 20363121 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to obtain bacterial cellulose (BC) with improved rehydration ability, Tween 80, urea, fluorescent brightener, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were introduced into BC fermentation medium. Measurements of the mechanical strength of the resulting BCs (TBC, UBC, FBC, HBC and CBC) showed a decline except for UBC. SEM images showed that, although the cellulose bundle widths of FBC, HBC and CBC increase, the cellulose network void in FBC grew, while those in HBC and CBC shrank. X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analysis demonstrated that the addition of HPMC and CMC reduced the degree of crystallinity in their corresponding MBCs from 70.54% to 52.23% and 45.38%, respectively. HBC and CBC also exhibited the highest rehydration ability among all MBCs as well as the lowest crystallinity. The in situ modification with HPMC and CMC during fermentation can effectively improve rehydration ability of BC by altering its network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Chan Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Ilan University, 1 Sec. 1, Shen Nung Rd., Ilan City, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Brackmann C, Bodin A, Akeson M, Gatenholm P, Enejder A. Visualization of the cellulose biosynthesis and cell integration into cellulose scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:542-8. [PMID: 20158282 DOI: 10.1021/bm901153t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By controlling the microarchitecture of bioengineered scaffolds for artificial tissues, their material and cell-interaction properties can be designed to mimic native correspondents. Current understanding of this relationship is sparse and based on microscopy requiring harsh sample preparation and labeling, leaving it open to which extent the natural morphology is studied. This work introduces multimodal nonlinear microscopy for label-free imaging of tissue scaffolds, exemplified by bacterial cellulose. Unique three-dimensional images visualizing the formation of nanofiber networks throughout the biosynthesis, revealing that supra-structures (layered structures, cavities) are formed. Cell integration in compact scaffolds was visualized and compared with porous scaffolds. While the former showed distinct boundaries to the native tissue, gradual cell integration was observed for the porous material. Thus, the degree of cell integration can be controlled through scaffold supra-structures. This illustrates the potential of nonlinear microscopy for noninvasive imaging of the intriguing interaction mechanisms between scaffolds and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brackmann
- Molecular Microscopy and Biotechnology/Biopolymer Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivagen 10, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden
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30
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Ma MG, Zhu JF, Jia N, Li SM, Sun RC, Cao SW, Chen F. Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of cellulose-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites in N,N-dimethylacetamide solvent. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1046-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Donini ÍAN, Salvi DTBD, Fukumoto FK, Lustri WR, Barud HS, Marchetto R, Messaddeq Y, Ribeiro SJL. Biossíntese e recentes avanços na produção de celulose bacteriana. ECLÉTICA QUÍMICA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-46702010000400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O presente trabalho discute os recentes avanços na biossíntese e na produção de celulose bacteriana (CB) pela gram-negativa, aeróbia e aceto-ácida Gluconacetobacter. xylinus. A CB se difere de seu par vegetal, principalmente devido ao seu caráter de fibras nanométricas, contra o caráter micrométrico da vegetal, são extruídas através da parede celular de G. xylinus, com isso sua estrutura macroscópica é mecanicamente e fisicamente mais resistente, abrindo grandes oportunidades de aplicações tecnológicas e biológicas, muito além das obtidas pela celulose vegetal. O desafio atual está no aumento da produção de CB, que se debruça num maior entendimento de sua biossíntese para que seja possível uma posterior manipulação genético-bioquímica oriundas do recente avanço na biologia molecular e nos bioprocessos. São relacionados trabalhos utilizando a CB como base para produção de compósitos como também o que a está sendo feito de mais atual com este material biológico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabiana K. Fukumoto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
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33
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Lin SB, Hsu CP, Chen LC, Chen HH. Adding enzymatically modified gelatin to enhance the rehydration abilities and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose. Food Hydrocoll 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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35
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Nanocomposites of bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1605-15. [PMID: 19246264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a nanocomposite material formed by bacterial cellulose (BC) networks and calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (HAp) powders was synthesized and characterized. The HAp nanoparticles were previously prepared by a wet chemical precipitation method, starting from aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate and di-ammonium phosphate salts. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy reveals that the prepared HAp corresponds to calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. BC-HAp nanocomposites were prepared by introducing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) into the bacteria culture media. HAp nanoparticles were then introduced and remained suspended in the culture medium during the formation of cellulose nanofibrils. The maximum gel thickness was obtained after 21 days of bacteria cultivation. X-ray diffractograms showed the difference of crystallinity among the materials involved in the formation of nanocomposites. The inorganic and organic bonds that corresponded to hydroxyapatite and bacterial cellulose respectively, were depicted by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed the formation of networks and fibres with smaller diameter corresponding to BC synthesized in the presence of CMC. Image analysis was also used to assess the orientation distributions and Feret diameters for networks of BC and BC-CMC. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the amount of the mineral phase is 23.7% of the total weight of the nanocomposite. Moreover, HEK cells were cultivated and the biocompatibility of the materials and the cell viability was demonstrated.
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36
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Goelzer F, Faria-Tischer P, Vitorino J, Sierakowski MR, Tischer C. Production and characterization of nanospheres of bacterial cellulose from Acetobacter xylinum from processed rice bark. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Yan Z, Chen S, Wang H, Wang B, Jiang J. Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose/multi-walled carbon nanotubes in agitated culture. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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