1
|
Lipopolysaccharide of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Complex. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101410. [PMID: 34680043 PMCID: PMC8533242 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), localized in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, serves as the major surface component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope responsible for the activation of the host's innate immune system. Variations of the LPS structure utilized by Gram-negative bacteria promote survival by providing resistance to components of the innate immune system and preventing recognition by TLR4. This review summarizes studies of the biosynthesis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex LPSs, and the roles of their structural components in molecular mechanisms of yersiniae pathogenesis and immunogenesis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Z, Tang Y, Tang W, Chen Y. Heptose-containing bacterial natural products: structures, bioactivities, and biosyntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1887-1909. [PMID: 33704304 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00075b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020Glycosylated natural products hold great potential as drugs for the treatment of human and animal diseases. Heptoses, known as seven-carbon-chain-containing sugars, are a group of saccharides that are rarely observed in natural products. Based on the structures of the heptoses, the heptose-containing natural products can be divided into four groups, characterized by heptofuranose, highly-reduced heptopyranose, d-heptopyranose, and l-heptopyranose. Many of them possess remarkable biological properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and pain relief activities, thereby attracting great interest in biosynthesis and chemical synthesis studies to understand their construction mechanisms and structure-activity relationships. In this review, we summarize the structural properties, biological activities, and recent progress in the biosynthesis of bacterial natural products featuring seven-carbon-chain-containing sugars. The biosynthetic origins of the heptose moieties are emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barnawi H, Woodward L, Fava N, Roubakha M, Shaw SD, Kubinec C, Naismith JH, Creuzenet C. Structure-function studies of the C3/C5 epimerases and C4 reductases of the Campylobacter jejuni capsular heptose modification pathways. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100352. [PMID: 33524389 PMCID: PMC7949155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria produce polysaccharide-based capsules that protect them from environmental insults and play a role in virulence, host invasion, and other functions. Understanding how the polysaccharide components are synthesized could provide new means to combat bacterial infections. We have previously characterized two pairs of homologous enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of capsular sugar precursors GDP-6-deoxy-D-altro-heptose and GDP-6-OMe-L-gluco-heptose in Campylobacter jejuni. However, the substrate specificity and mechanism of action of these enzymes-C3 and/or C5 epimerases DdahB and MlghB and C4 reductases DdahC and MlghC-are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that these enzymes are highly specific for heptose substrates, using mannose substrates inefficiently with the exception of MlghB. We show that DdahB and MlghB feature a jellyroll fold typical of cupins, which possess a range of activities including epimerizations, GDP occupying a similar position as in cupins. DdahC and MlghC contain a Rossman fold, a catalytic triad, and a small C-terminal domain typical of short-chain dehydratase reductase enzymes. Integrating structural information with site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify features unique to each enzyme and provide mechanistic insight. In the epimerases, mutagenesis of H67, D173, N121, Y134, and Y132 suggested the presence of alternative catalytic residues. We showed that the reductases could reduce GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-mannulose without prior epimerization although DdahC preferred the pre-epimerized substrate and identified T110 and H180 as important for substrate specificity and catalytic efficacy. This information can be exploited to identify inhibitors for therapeutic applications or to tailor these enzymes to synthesize novel sugars useful as glycobiology tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Barnawi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Woodward
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, St Andrews University, St Andrews, UK
| | - Natalie Fava
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikhail Roubakha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve D Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea Kubinec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James H Naismith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, St Andrews University, St Andrews, UK; Rosalind Franklin Institute, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK; Division of Structural Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Carole Creuzenet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schubert KA, Xu Y, Shao F, Auerbuch V. The Yersinia Type III Secretion System as a Tool for Studying Cytosolic Innate Immune Surveillance. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 74:221-245. [PMID: 32660389 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens have evolved complex mechanisms to interface with host cells in order to evade host defenses and replicate. However, mammalian innate immune receptors detect the presence of molecules unique to the microbial world or sense the activity of virulence factors, activating antimicrobial and inflammatory pathways. We focus on how studies of the major virulence factor of one group of microbial pathogens, the type III secretion system (T3SS) of human pathogenic Yersinia, have shed light on these important innate immune responses. Yersinia are largely extracellular pathogens, yet they insert T3SS cargo into target host cells that modulate the activity of cytosolic innate immune receptors. This review covers both the host pathways that detect the Yersinia T3SS and the effector proteins used by Yersinia to manipulate innate immune signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Andrea Schubert
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;
| | - Yue Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu MA, Morris P, Reeves PR. Wzx flippases exhibiting complex O-unit preferences require a new model for Wzx-substrate interactions. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00655. [PMID: 29888516 PMCID: PMC6436433 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wzx flippase is a critical component of the O‐antigen biosynthesis pathway, being responsible for the translocation of oligosaccharide O units across the inner membrane in Gram‐negative bacteria. Recent studies have shown that Wzx has a strong preference for its cognate O unit, but the types of O‐unit structural variance that a given Wzx can accommodate are poorly understood. In this study, we identified two Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Wzx that can distinguish between different terminal dideoxyhexose sugars on a common O‐unit main‐chain, despite both being able to translocate several other structurally‐divergent O units. We also identified other Y. pseudotuberculosis Wzx that can translocate a structurally divergent foreign O unit with high efficiency, and thus exhibit an apparently relaxed substrate preference. It now appears that Wzx substrate preference is more complex than previously suggested, and that not all O‐unit residues are equally important determinants of translocation efficiency. We propose a new “Structure‐Specific Triggering” model in which Wzx translocation proceeds at a low level for a wide variety of substrates, with high‐frequency translocation only being triggered by Wzx interacting with one or more preferred O‐unit structural elements found on its cognate O unit(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paraskevi Morris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kenyon JJ, Cunneen MM, Reeves PR. Genetics and evolution of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O-specific polysaccharides: a novel pattern of O-antigen diversity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:200-217. [PMID: 28364730 PMCID: PMC5399914 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
O-antigen polysaccharide is a major immunogenic feature of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, and most species produce a large variety of forms that differ substantially from one another. There are 18 known O-antigen forms in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, which are typical in being composed of multiple copies of a short oligosaccharide called an O unit. The O-antigen gene clusters are located between the hemH and gsk genes, and are atypical as 15 of them are closely related, each having one of five downstream gene modules for alternative main-chain synthesis, and one of seven upstream modules for alternative side-branch sugar synthesis. As a result, many of the genes are in more than one gene cluster. The gene order in each module is such that, in general, the earlier a gene product functions in O-unit synthesis, the closer the gene is to the 5΄ end for side-branch modules or the 3΄ end for main-chain modules. We propose a model whereby natural selection could generate the observed pattern in gene order, a pattern that has also been observed in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology. Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Monica M. Cunneen
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter R. Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Taylor VL, Hoage JFJ, Thrane SW, Huszczynski SM, Jelsbak L, Lam JS. A Bacteriophage-Acquired O-Antigen Polymerase (Wzyβ) from P. aeruginosa Serotype O16 Performs a Varied Mechanism Compared to Its Cognate Wzyα. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:393. [PMID: 27065964 PMCID: PMC4815439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that produces highly varied lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures. The O antigen (O-Ag) in the LPS is synthesized through the Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathway where lipid-linked O-Ag repeats are polymerized by Wzy. Horizontal-gene transfer has been associated with O-Ag diversity. The O-Ag present on the surface of serotypes O5 and O16, differ in the intra-molecular bonds, α and β, respectively; the latter arose from the action of three genes in a serotype converting unit acquired from bacteriophage D3, including a β-polymerase (Wzyβ). To further our understanding of O-polymerases, the inner membrane (IM) topology of Wzyβ was determined using a dual phoA-lacZα reporter system wherein random 3′ gene truncations were localized to specific loci with respect to the IM by normalized reporter activities as determined through the ratio of alkaline phosphatase activity to β-galactosidase activity. The topology of Wzyβ developed through this approach was shown to contain two predominant periplasmic loops, PL3 (containing an RX10G motif) and PL4 (having an O-Ag ligase superfamily motif), associated with inverting glycosyltransferase reaction. Through site-directed mutagenesis and complementation assays, residues Arg254, Arg270, Arg272, and His300 were found to be essential for Wzyβ function. Additionally, like-charge substitutions, R254K and R270K, could not complement the wzyβ knockout, highlighting the essential guanidium side group of Arg residues. The O-Ag ligase domain is conserved among heterologous Wzy proteins that produce β-linked O-Ag repeat units. Taking advantage of the recently obtained whole-genome sequence of serotype O16 a candidate promoter was identified. Wzyβ under its native promoter was integrated in the PAO1 genome, which resulted in simultaneous production of α- and β-linked O-Ag. These observations established that members of Wzy-like family consistently exhibit a dual-periplasmic loops topology, and identifies motifs that are plausible to be involved in enzymatic activities. Based on these results, the phage-derived Wzyβ utilizes a different reaction mechanism in the P. aeruginosa host to avoid self-inhibition during serotype conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique L Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jesse F J Hoage
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Steven M Huszczynski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lars Jelsbak
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joseph S Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wong A, Lange D, Houle S, Arbatsky NP, Valvano MA, Knirel YA, Dozois CM, Creuzenet C. Role of capsular modified heptose in the virulence ofCampylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:1136-58. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; DSB 3031 London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Dirk Lange
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; DSB 3031 London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | | | - Nikolay P. Arbatsky
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Miguel A. Valvano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; DSB 3031 London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University of Belfast; Belfast UK
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | | | - Carole Creuzenet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; DSB 3031 London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beczała A, Ovchinnikova OG, Datta N, Mattinen L, Knapska K, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Holst O, Skurnik M. Structure and genetic basis of Yersinia similis serotype O:9 O-specific polysaccharide. Innate Immun 2013; 21:3-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425913514783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-polysaccharide (OPS, O-Ag) cap of LPS is a major virulence factor of Yersinia species and also serves as a receptor for the binding of lytic bacteriophage φR1-37. Currently, the OPS-based serotyping scheme for the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex includes 21 known O-serotypes that follow three distinct lineages: Y. pseudotuberculosis sensu stricto, Y. similis and the Korean group of strains. Elucidation of the Y. pseudotuberculosis complex OPS structures and characterization of the OPS genetics (altogether 18 O-serotypes studied thus far) allows a better understanding of the relationships among the various O serotypes and will facilitate the analysis of the evolutionary processes giving rise to new serotypes. Here we present the characterization of the OPS structure and gene cluster of Y. similis O:9. Bacteriophage φR1-37, which uses the Y. similis O:9 OPS as a receptor, also infects a number of Y. enterocolitica serotypes, including O:3, O:5,27, O:9 and O:50. The Y. similis O:9 OPS structure resembled none of the receptor structures of the Y. enterocolitica strains, suggesting that φR1-37 can recognize several surface receptors, thus promoting broad host specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Beczała
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Olga G Ovchinnikova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Neeta Datta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mattinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Knapska
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Radziejewska-Lebrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McCallum M, Shaw SD, Shaw GS, Creuzenet C. Complete 6-deoxy-D-altro-heptose biosynthesis pathway from Campylobacter jejuni: more complex than anticipated. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29776-88. [PMID: 22787156 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.390492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Campylobacter jejuni capsule is important for colonization and virulence in various infection models. In most strains, the capsule includes a modified heptose whose biological role and biosynthetic pathway are unknown. To decipher the biosynthesis pathway for the 6-deoxy-D-altro-heptose of strain 81-176, we previously showed that the 4,6-dehydratase WcbK and the reductase WcaG generated GDP-6-deoxy-D-manno-heptose, but the C3 epimerase necessary to form GDP-6-deoxy-D-altro-heptose was not identified. Herein, we characterized the putative C3/C5 epimerase Cjj1430 and C3/C5 epimerase/C4 reductase Cjj1427 from the capsular cluster. We demonstrate that GDP-6-deoxy-D-altro-heptose biosynthesis is more complex than anticipated and requires the sequential action of WcbK, Cjj1430, and Cjj1427. We show that Cjj1430 serves as C3 epimerase devoid of C5 epimerization activity and that Cjj1427 has no epimerization activity and only serves as a reductase to produce GDP-6-deoxy-D-altro-heptose. Cjj1430 and Cjj1427 are the only members of the C3/C5 epimerases and C3/C5 epimerase/C4 reductase families shown to have activity on a heptose substrate and to exhibit only one of their two to three potential activities, respectively. Furthermore, we show that although the reductase WcaG is not part of the main pathway, its presence and its product affect the outcome of the pathway in a complex regulatory loop involving Cjj1427. This work provides the grounds for the elucidation of similar pathways found in other C. jejuni strains and other pathogens. It provides new molecular tools for the synthesis of carbohydrate antigens useful for vaccination and for the screening of enzymatic inhibitors that may have antibacterial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McCallum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infectious Diseases Research Group, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kondakova AN, Sevillano AM, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Lindner B, Komandrova NA, Dentovskaya SV, Shashkov AS, Anisimov AP, Skurnik M, Knirel YA. Revision of the O-polysaccharide structure of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1a; confirmation of the function of WbyM as paratosyltransferase. Carbohydr Res 2012; 350:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Skurnik M, Toivonen S. Identification of distinct lipopolysaccharide patterns among Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:823-31. [PMID: 21999544 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of strains representing various serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria was studied by deoxycholate-PAGE and silver staining analysis. Four main types of LPS were detected based on the O-polysaccharide (O-PS): (i) LPS with homopolymeric O-PS, (ii) LPS with ladder-forming heteropolymeric O-PS, (iii) LPS with single-length O-PS, and (iv) semi-rough LPS without O-PS. Within the first three types, several subvariants were detected. Selected serotypes representing all above LPS types are sensitive to bacteriophage φR1-37 indicating that they share the phage receptor, a hexasaccharide called outer core in Y. enterocolitica O:3. Whereas phage φR1-37-resistant mutants of homopolymeric O-PS have lost only the outer core, those of ladder-forming or single-length O-PS have lost also the O-PS suggesting that in the latter ones the outer core is bridging between O-PS and lipid A-core. This work forms a basis of further structural, biochemical and genetic studies of these LPSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Infection Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Skurnik M. Yersinia surface structures and bacteriophages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 954:293-301. [PMID: 22782776 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Characterization of the dehydratase WcbK and the reductase WcaG involved in GDP-6-deoxy-manno-heptose biosynthesis in Campylobacter jejuni. Biochem J 2011; 439:235-48. [PMID: 21711244 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The capsule of Campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 comprises the unusual 6-deoxy-α-D-altro-heptose, whose biosynthesis and function are not known. In the present study, we characterized enzymes of the capsular cluster, WcbK and WcaG, to determine their role in 6-deoxy-altro-heptose synthesis. These enzymes are similar to the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis GDP-manno-heptose dehydratase/reductase DmhA/DmhB that we characterized previously. Capillary electrophoresis and MS analyses showed that WcbK is a GDP-manno-heptose dehydratase whose product can be reduced by WcaG, and that WcbK/WcaG can use the substrate GDP-mannose, although with lower efficiency than heptose. Comparison of kinetic parameters for WcbK and DmhA indicated that the relaxed substrate specificity of WcbK comes at the expense of catalytic performance on GDP-manno-heptose. Moreover, although WcbK/WcaG and DmhA/DmhB are involved in altro- versus manno-heptose synthesis respectively, the enzymes can be used interchangeably in mixed reactions. NMR spectroscopy analyses indicated conservation of the sugar manno configuration during catalysis by WcbK/WcaG. Therefore additional capsular enzymes may perform the C3 epimerization necessary to generate 6-deoxy-altro-heptose. Finally, a conserved residue (Thr(187) in WcbK) potentially involved in substrate specificity was identified by structural modelling of mannose and heptose dehydratases. Site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analyses demonstrated its importance for enzymatic activity on heptose and mannose substrates.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kenyon JJ, De Castro C, Cunneen MM, Reeves PR, Molinaro A, Holst O, Skurnik M. The genetics and structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:10 and its relationship with Escherichia coli O111 and Salmonella enterica O35. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1131-9. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
16
|
Cunneen MM, Pacinelli E, Song WC, Reeves PR. Genetic analysis of the O-antigen gene clusters of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:6 and O:7. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1140-6. [PMID: 21325338 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the 21 O-polysaccharide (OPS) O-antigen-based serotypes described for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, those of O:6 and O:7 are unusual in that both contain colitose (4-keto-3,6-dideoxy-d-mannose or 4-keto-3,6-dideoxy-l-xylo-hexose), which has not otherwise been reported for this species, and the O:6 OPS also contains yersiniose A (4-C[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,6-dideoxy-d-xylo-hexose), another unusual dideoxyhexose sugar. In Y. pseudotuberculosis, the genes for OPS synthesis generally cluster together between the hemH and gsk loci. Here, we present the sequences of the OPS gene clusters of Y. pseudotuberculosis O:6 and O:7, and the location of the genes required for synthesis of these OPSs, except that there is still ambiguity regarding allocation of some of the glycosyltransferase functions. The O:6 and O:7 gene clusters have much in common with each other, but differ substantially from the group of 13 gene clusters already sequenced, which share several features and sequence similarities. We also present a possible sequence of events for the derivation of the O:6 and O:7 gene clusters from the most closely related set of 13 sequenced previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Cunneen
- Division of Microbiology, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
De Castro C, Kenyon JJ, Cunneen MM, Reeves PR, Molinaro A, Holst O, Skurnik M. Genetic characterisation and structural analysis of the O-specific polysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:1c. Innate Immun 2010; 17:183-90. [PMID: 20418261 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910364425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many, but not all, of the current 21 serotypes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis have been investigated with regard to the chemical structures of their O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) and the genetic basis of their biosynthesis. Completion of the genetics and structures of the remaining serotypes will enhance our understanding of the emerging relationship between genetics and structures within this species. Here, we present a structural and genetic analysis of the Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype O:1c OPS. Our results showed that this OPS has the same backbone as Y. pseudotuberculosis O:2b, but with a 3,6-dideoxy-D-ribo-hexofuranose (paratofuranose, Parf) side-branch instead of a 3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexopyranose (abequopyranose, Abep). The 3'-end of the gene cluster is the same as for O:2b and has the genes for synthesis of the backbone and for processing the completed repeat unit. The 5'-end of the cluster consists of the same genes as O:1b for synthesis of Parf and a related gene for its transfer to the repeating unit backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina De Castro
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang L, Huang H, Nguyen HH, Allen KN, Mariano PS, Dunaway-Mariano D. Divergence of biochemical function in the HAD superfamily: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase (GmhB). Biochemistry 2010; 49:1072-81. [PMID: 20050615 DOI: 10.1021/bi902018y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-Glycero-d-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase (GmhB) is a member of the histidinol-phosphate phosphatase (HisB) subfamily of the haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (HAD) enzyme superfamily. GmhB supports two divergent biochemical pathways in bacteria: the d-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1alpha-GDP pathway (in S-layer glycoprotein biosynthesis) and the l-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1beta-ADP pathway (in lipid A biosynthesis). Herein, we report the comparative analysis of substrate recognition in selected GmhB orthologs. The substrate specificity of the l-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1beta-ADP pathway GmhB from Escherichia coli K-12 was evaluated using hexose and heptose bisphosphates, histidinol phosphate, and common organophosphate metabolites. Only d-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1beta,7-bisphosphate (k(cat)/K(m) = 7 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) and d-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1alpha,7-bisphosphate (k(cat)/K(m) = 7 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)) displayed physiologically significant substrate activity. (31)P NMR analysis demonstrated that E. coli GmhB selectively removes the C(7) phosphate. Steady-state kinetic inhibition studies showed that d-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1beta-phosphate (K(is) = 60 microM, and K(ii) = 150 microM) and histidinol phosphate (K(is) = 1 mM, and K(ii) = 6 mM), while not hydrolyzed, do in fact bind to E. coli GmhB, which leads to the conclusion that nonproductive binding contributes to substrate discrimination. High catalytic efficiency and a narrow substrate range are characteristic of a well-evolved metabolic enzyme, and as such, E. coli GmhB is set apart from most HAD phosphatases (which are typically inefficient and promiscuous). The specialization of the biochemical function of GmhB was examined by measuring the kinetic constants for hydrolysis of the alpha- and beta-anomers of d-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1beta,7-bisphosphate catalyzed by the GmhB orthologs of the l-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1beta-ADP pathways operative in Bordetella bronchiseptica and Mesorhizobium loti and by the GmhB of the d-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1alpha-GDP pathway operative in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The results show that although each of these representatives possesses physiologically significant catalytic activity toward both anomers, each displays substantial anomeric specificity. Like E. coli GmhB, B. bronchiseptica GmhB and M. loti GmhB prefer the beta-anomer, whereas B. thetaiotaomicron GmhB is selective for the alpha-anomer. By determining the anomeric configuration of the physiological substrate (d-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate) for each of the four GmhB orthologs, we discovered that the anomeric specificity of GmhB correlates with that of the pathway kinase. The conclusion drawn from this finding is that the evolution of the ancestor to GmhB in the HisB subfamily provided for specialization toward two distinct biochemical functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The O antigen, consisting of many repeats of an oligosaccharide unit, is part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is on the cell surface and appears to be a major target for both immune system and bacteriophages, and therefore becomes one of the most variable cell constituents. The variability of the O antigen provides the major basis for serotyping schemes of Gram-negative bacteria. The genes responsible for the synthesis of O antigen are usually in a single cluster known as O antigen gene cluster, and their location on the chromosome within a species is generally conserved. Three O antigen biosynthesis pathways including Wzx/Wzy, ABC-transporter and Synthase have been discovered. In this chapter, the traditional and molecular O serotyping schemes are compared, O antigen structures and gene clusters of well-studied species are described, processes for formation and distribution of the variety of O antigens are discussed, and finally, the role of O antigen in bacterial virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cunneen MM, De Castro C, Kenyon J, Parrilli M, Reeves PR, Molinaro A, Holst O, Skurnik M. The O-specific polysaccharide structure and biosynthetic gene cluster of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:11. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Butty FD, Aucoin M, Morrison L, Ho N, Shaw G, Creuzenet C. Elucidating the Formation of 6-Deoxyheptose: Biochemical Characterization of the GDP-d-glycero-d-manno-heptose C6 Dehydratase, DmhA, and Its Associated C4 Reductase, DmhB. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7764-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901065t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank D. Butty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infectious Diseases Research Group
| | - Monique Aucoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infectious Diseases Research Group
| | - Leslie Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infectious Diseases Research Group
| | - Nathan Ho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infectious Diseases Research Group
| | | | - Carole Creuzenet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infectious Diseases Research Group
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Dentovskaya SV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP. Structure of the O-antigen of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:4a revised. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:531-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
23
|
Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Dentovskaya SV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:2b. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:405-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Dentovskaya SV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP. Structure of the O-antigen of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:4b. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:152-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Dentovskaya SV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP. Reinvestigation of the O-antigens of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: revision of the O2c and confirmation of the O3 antigen structures. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2486-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|