1
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Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors against Mycobacteria in Activated Macrophages. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185824. [PMID: 36144572 PMCID: PMC9504936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial pathogens are intrinsically resistant to many available antibiotics, making treatment extremely challenging, especially in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying and chronic lung conditions. Even with lengthy therapy and the use of a combination of antibiotics, clinical success for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is achieved in fewer than half of the cases. The need for novel antibiotics that are effective against NTM is urgent. To identify such new compounds, a whole cell high-throughput screen (HTS) was performed in this study. Compounds from the Chembridge DIVERSet library were tested for their ability to inhibit intracellular survival of M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) expressing dtTomato protein, using fluorescence as a readout. Fifty-eight compounds were identified to significantly inhibit fluorescent readings of MAH. In subsequent assays, it was found that treatment of MAH-infected THP-1 macrophages with 27 of 58 hit compounds led to a significant reduction in intracellular viable bacteria, while 19 compounds decreased M. abscessus subsp. abscessus (Mab) survival rates within phagocytic cells. In addition, the hit compounds were tested in M. tuberculosis H37Ra (Mtb) and 14 compounds were found to exhibit activity in activated THP-1 cells. While the majority of compounds displayed inhibitory activity against both replicating (extracellular) and non-replicating (intracellular) forms of bacteria, a set of compounds appeared to be effective exclusively against intracellular bacteria. The efficacy of these compounds was examined in combination with current antibiotics and survival of both NTM and Mtb were evaluated within phagocytic cells. In time-kill dynamic studies, it was found that co-treatment promoted increased bacterial clearance when compared with the antibiotic or compound group alone. This study describes promising anti-NTM and anti-Mtb compounds with potential novel mechanisms of action that target intracellular bacteria in activated macrophages.
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2
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Oka N, Suzuki K, Mori A, Ando K. Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐
cis
‐Glycosyl Sulfones and Their Application in One‐Pot Julia Olefination for the Synthesis of
exo
‐Glycals. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuhisa Oka
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Faculty of Engineering Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences Gifu University (G-CHAIN) 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Kanna Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Faculty of Engineering Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Ayumi Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Faculty of Engineering Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Kaori Ando
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Faculty of Engineering Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
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3
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Sevrain CM, Fontaine D, Bauduin A, Guéguinou M, Zhang BL, Chantôme A, Mahéo K, Pasqualin C, Maupoil V, Couthon H, Vandier C, Jaffrès PA. Thio-ether functionalized glycolipid amphiphilic compounds reveal a potent activator of SK3 channel with vasorelaxation effect. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2753-2766. [PMID: 33687423 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of SK3 ion channels can be efficiently and selectively achieved by using the amphiphilic compound Ohmline (a glyco-glycero-ether-lipid). We report herein a series of Ohmline analogues featuring the replacement of one ether function by a thioether function located at the same position or shifted close to its initial position. The variation of the lipid chain length and the preparation of two analogues featuring either one sulfoxide or one sulfone moiety complete this series. Patch clamp measurements indicate that the presence of the thioether function (compounds 7 and 17a) produces strong activators of SK3 channels, whereas the introduction of a sulfoxide or a sulfone function at the same place produces amphiphiles devoid of an effect on SK3 channels. Compounds 7 and 17a are the first amphiphilic compounds featuring strong activation of SK3 channels (close to 200% activation). The cytosolic calcium concentration determined from fluorescence at 3 different times for compound 7b (13 min, 1 h, 24 h) revealed that the effect is different suggesting that the compound could be metabolized over time. This compound could be used as a strong SK3 activator for a short time. The capacity of 7b to activate SK3 was then used to induce vasorelaxation via an endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) pathway. For the first time, we report that an amphiphilic compound can affect the endothelium dependent vasorelaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Sevrain
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 6521, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, Brest, F-29238 Brest, France.
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4
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Ratthachag T, Buntasana S, Vilaivan T, Padungros P. Surfactant-mediated thioglycosylation of 1-hydroxy sugars in water. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:822-836. [PMID: 33403378 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thioglycosides are an important class of sugars, since they can be used as non-ionic biosurfactants, biomimetic glycosides, and building blocks for carbohydrate synthesis. Previously, Brønsted- or Lewis-acid-catalyzed dehydrative glycosylations between a 1-hydroxy sugar and a thiol have been reported to yield open-chain dithioacetal sugars as the major products instead of the desired thioglycosides. These dithioacetal sugars are by-products derived from the endocyclic bond cleavage of the thioglycosides. Herein, we report dehydrative glycosylation in water mediated by a Brønsted acid-surfactant combined catalyst (BASC). Glycosylations between 1-hydroxy furanosyl/pyranosyl sugars and primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic/aromatic thiols in the presence of dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) provided the thioglycoside products in moderate to good yields. Microwave irradiation led to improvements in the yields and a shortening of the reaction time. Remarkably, open-chain dithioacetal sugars were not detected in the DBSA-mediated glycosylations in water. This method is a simple, convenient, and rapid approach to produce a library of thioglycosides without the requirement of anhydrous conditions. Moreover, this work also provides an excellent example of complementary reactivity profiles of glycosylation in organic solvents and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trichada Ratthachag
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supanat Buntasana
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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5
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Nieto-Domínguez M, Fernández de Toro B, de Eugenio LI, Santana AG, Bejarano-Muñoz L, Armstrong Z, Méndez-Líter JA, Asensio JL, Prieto A, Withers SG, Cañada FJ, Martínez MJ. Thioglycoligase derived from fungal GH3 β-xylosidase is a multi-glycoligase with broad acceptor tolerance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4864. [PMID: 32978392 PMCID: PMC7519651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of customized glycoconjugates constitutes a major goal for biocatalysis. To this end, engineered glycosidases have received great attention and, among them, thioglycoligases have proved useful to connect carbohydrates to non-sugar acceptors. However, hitherto the scope of these biocatalysts was considered limited to strong nucleophilic acceptors. Based on the particularities of the GH3 glycosidase family active site, we hypothesized that converting a suitable member into a thioglycoligase could boost the acceptor range. Herein we show the engineering of an acidophilic fungal β-xylosidase into a thioglycoligase with broad acceptor promiscuity. The mutant enzyme displays the ability to form O-, N-, S- and Se- glycosides together with sugar esters and phosphoesters with conversion yields from moderate to high. Analyses also indicate that the pKa of the target compound was the main factor to determine its suitability as glycosylation acceptor. These results expand on the glycoconjugate portfolio attainable through biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Fernández de Toro
- NMR and Molecular Recognition Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura I de Eugenio
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés G Santana
- Glycochemistry and Molecular recognition group, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Bejarano-Muñoz
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zach Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Juan Antonio Méndez-Líter
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Asensio
- Glycochemistry and Molecular recognition group, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Francisco Javier Cañada
- NMR and Molecular Recognition Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Oka N, Mori A, Ando K. Stereoselective Synthesis of 1-Thio-α-d
-Ribofuranosides Using Ribofuranosyl Iodides as Glycosyl Donors. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuhisa Oka
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu Japan
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences; Gifu University (G-CHAIN); 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu Japan
| | - Ayumi Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu Japan
| | - Kaori Ando
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu Japan
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7
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Evaluation of the Mycobactericidal Effect of Thio-functionalized Carbohydrate Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050812. [PMID: 28509874 PMCID: PMC6154314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugars with heteroatoms other than oxygen have attained considerable importance in glycobiology and in drug design since they are often more stable in blood plasma due to their resistance to enzymes, such as glycosidases, phosphorylases and glycosyltransferases. The replacement of oxygen atoms in sugars with sulfur forms thio-sugars, which are potentially useful for the treatment of diabetes and some bacterial and viral infections. Here, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of thio-functionalized carbohydrate derivatives. A set of 21 compounds was screened against acid-fast Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The tested carbohydrate derivatives were most effective against tubercle bacilli, with as many as five compounds (thioglycoside 6, thiosemicarbazone 16A, thiosemicarbazone 20, aminothiadiazole 23, and thiazoline 26) inhibiting its growth with MIC50 ≤ 50 µM/CFU. Only two compounds (aminothiadiazole 23 and thiazoline 26) were able to inhibit the growth of E. coli at concentrations below 1 mM, and one of them, aminothiadiazole 23, inhibited the growth of S. aureus at a concentration ≤1 mM. The five compounds affecting the growth of mycobacteria were either thiodisaccharides (6, 16A, and 20) or thioglycosides (23 and 26). All of these compounds (6, 16A, 20, 23, and 26) were able to inhibit the growth of Mtb deposited within human macrophages. However, three of the five selected compounds (6, 23, and 26) exhibited relatively high cytotoxicity in mouse fibroblasts at micromolar concentrations. The selected thio-sugars are very promising compounds, thus making them candidates for further modifications that would decrease their cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells without affecting their antimycobacterial potential.
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8
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Suthagar K, Fairbanks AJ. Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of glycosyl sulfamides of arabinofuranose. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1748-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series ofarabino N-glycosyl sulfamides, forced to adopt the furanose form by removal of the 5-hydroxyl group, were synthesised as putative isosteric mimics of decaprenolphosphoarabinose, the donor processed by arabinosyltransferases during mycobacterial cell wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajitha Suthagar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - Antony J. Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre
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9
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Mallick A, Mallikharjunarao Y, Rajasekaran P, Roy R, Vankar YD. AuIII-Halide/Phenylacetylene-Catalysed Glycosylations Using 1-O-Acetylfuranoses and Pyranose 1,2-Orthoesters as Glycosyl Donors. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Suthagar K, Watson AJ, Wilkinson BL, Fairbanks AJ. Synthesis of arabinose glycosyl sulfamides as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:153-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Suthagar K, Polson MIJ, Fairbanks AJ. Unexpected furanose/pyranose equilibration of N-glycosyl sulfonamides, sulfamides and sulfamates. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6573-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00851d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arabino N-glycosyl sulfamides, sulfonamides and sulfamates convert from the furanose to the thermodynamically preferred pyranose form in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajitha Suthagar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | | | - Antony J. Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre
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12
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Dureau R, Gicquel M, Artur I, Guégan JP, Carboni B, Ferrières V, Berrée F, Legentil L. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2-trans alkyl galactofuranoside mimetics as mycobacteriostatic agents. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4940-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00296f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The strong interaction of an octyl chain with M. smegmatis cells was paired with high specificity of the galactofuranose ring against mycobacteria growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Dureau
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS
- UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7
- France
| | - Maxime Gicquel
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS
- UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7
- France
| | - Isabelle Artur
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS
- UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7
- France
| | - Jean-Paul Guégan
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS
- UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7
- France
| | - Bertrand Carboni
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- UMR 6226 CNRS – Université de Rennes1
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
- France
- Université européenne de Bretagne
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS
- UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7
- France
| | - Fabienne Berrée
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- UMR 6226 CNRS – Université de Rennes1
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
- France
- Université européenne de Bretagne
| | - Laurent Legentil
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS
- UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7
- France
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13
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Aparaschivei R, Şunel V, Popa M, Desbrieres J. Sulfonic Derivatives of 2-Mercaptobenzoxazole and Its Conjugates with Poly(Maleic anhydride-alt-vinyl acetate) with Potential Pharmacological Applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2013.830254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Poláková M, Jankovič Ľ, Kucková L, Kožíšek J. Application of oxone immobilized on montmorillonite for an efficient oxidation of mannose thioglycoside. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-0964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Won WS, Knapp S. β-D-Arabinosyl 1-C-sulfonic acid . J Sulphur Chem 2013; 34:33-37. [PMID: 28966658 DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2012.706814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A short synthetic route to β,d-arabinofuranosyl 1-C-sulfonic acid (7), a possible biomimetic for the arabinofuranosyl anomeric phosphate, is described. The furanosyl 1-C-sulfonate was prepared by buffered DMDO oxidation of an S-acetyl-1-thio-β-arabinofuranose derivative. Deprotection under mild conditions allowed isolation of the free sulfonic acid without desulfonylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter S Won
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey
| | - Spencer Knapp
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey
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16
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Ishiwata A, Ito Y. Synthesis of docosasaccharide arabinan motif of mycobacterial cell wall. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2275-91. [PMID: 21287985 DOI: 10.1021/ja109932t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial arabinan is a common constituent of both arabinogalactan (AG) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). In this study, synthesis of β-Araf containing common arabinan docosasaccharide motif (22 Araf monomer units) of mycobacterial cell wall was achieved. Our synthetic strategy toward arabinan involves (1) the stereoselective β-arabinofuranosylation using both 3,5-O-TIPDS-protected and NAP-protected arabinofuranosyl donors for straightforward intermolecular glycosylation and intramolecular aglycon delivery (IAD), respectively, and (2) the convergent fragment coupling with branched fragments at the linear sequence using thioglycoside donor obtained from the corresponding acetonide at the reducing terminal of each fragment through a three-step procedure. Because the acetonide at the reducing terminal of all fragments would be converted to thioglycoside as the glycosyl donor, and mainly Bn ether protections were used, our strategy will be readily applicable to the synthesis of more complex arabinan, arabinogalactan, and arabinomycolate derived from mycobacterial CWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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17
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Cao B, Williams SJ. Chemical approaches for the study of the mycobacterial glycolipids phosphatidylinositol mannosides, lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:919-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c000604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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