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Roelants SLKW, Bovijn S, Bytyqi E, de Fooz N, Luyten G, Castelein M, Van de Craen T, Diao Z, Maes K, Delmulle T, De Mol M, De Maeseneire SL, Devreese B, Soetaert WK. Bubbling insights: unveiling the true sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway by Starmerella bombicola. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:113. [PMID: 39143561 PMCID: PMC11325757 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yeast Starmerella bombicola is renowned for its highly efficient sophorolipid production, reaching titers and productivities of (over) 200 g/L and 2 g/(L h), respectively. This inherent efficiency has led to the commercialization of sophorolipids. While the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated a few years ago, in this study, it is revisited and true key intermediates are revealed. RESULTS Recently, Starmerella bombicola strains developed and evaluated in the past were reevaluated unveiling unexpected findings. The AT enzyme encoded in the sophorolipid biosynthetic gene cluster is the only described enzyme known to acetylate sophorolipids, while the SBLE enzyme encoded by the SBLE gene is described to catalyze the conversion of (acetylated) acidic sophorolipids into lactonic sophorolipids. A double knockout of both genes was described to result in the generation of bolaform sophorolipids. However, new experiments performed with respective S. bombicola strains Δsble, Δat Δsble, and ∆at revealed inconsistencies with the current understanding of the SL pathway. It was observed that the ∆sble strain produces mainly bolaform sophorolipids with higher acetylation degrees instead of acidic sophorolipids. Furthermore, the ∆at strain produces predominantly bolaform sophorolipids and lactonic sophorolipids with lower acetylation degrees, while the ∆at ∆sble strain predominantly produces bolaform sophorolipids with lower acetylation degrees. These results indicate that the AT enzyme is not the only enzyme responsible for acetylation of sophorolipids, while the SBLE enzyme performs an intramolecular transesterification reaction on bolaform glycolipids instead of an esterification reaction on acidic sophorolipids. These findings, together with recent in vitro data, led us to revise the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Bolaform sophorolipids instead of acidic sophorolipids are the key intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway towards lactonic sophorolipids. Bolaform sophorolipids are found in very small amounts in extracellular S. bombicola wild type broths as they are very efficiently converted into lactonic sophorolipids, while acidic sophorolipids build up as they cannot be converted. Furthermore, acetylation of sophorolipids is not exclusively performed by the AT enzyme encoded in the sophorolipid biosynthetic gene cluster and acetylation of bolaform sophorolipids promotes their transesterification. These findings led to the revision of the industrially relevant sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L K W Roelants
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- R&D Department, Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP), Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042, Desteldonk, Belgium.
- R&D Department, AmphiStar, Suzanne Tassierstraat 1, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Bovijn
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elvira Bytyqi
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas de Fooz
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Goedele Luyten
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn Castelein
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibo Van de Craen
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhoujian Diao
- Laboratory of Microbiology-Protein Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien Maes
- R&D Department, Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP), Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042, Desteldonk, Belgium
| | - Tom Delmulle
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Mol
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie L De Maeseneire
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Devreese
- Laboratory of Microbiology-Protein Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim K Soetaert
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- R&D Department, Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP), Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042, Desteldonk, Belgium
- R&D Department, AmphiStar, Suzanne Tassierstraat 1, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Diao Z, Roelants SLKW, Luyten G, Goeman J, Vandenberghe I, Van Driessche G, De Maeseneire SL, Soetaert WK, Devreese B. Revision of the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway in Starmerella bombicola based on new insights in the substrate profile of its lactone esterase. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:89. [PMID: 38937850 PMCID: PMC11210130 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sophorolipids (SLs) are a class of natural, biodegradable surfactants that found their way as ingredients for environment friendly cleaning products, cosmetics and nanotechnological applications. Large-scale production relies on fermentations using the yeast Starmerella bombicola that naturally produces high titers of SLs from renewable resources. The resulting product is typically an extracellular mixture of acidic and lactonic congeners. Previously, we identified an esterase, termed Starmerella bombicola lactone esterase (SBLE), believed to act as an extracellular reverse lactonase to directly use acidic SLs as substrate. RESULTS We here show based on newly available pure substrates, HPLC and mass spectrometric analysis, that the actual substrates of SBLE are in fact bola SLs, revealing that SBLE actually catalyzes an intramolecular transesterification reaction. Bola SLs contain a second sophorose attached to the fatty acyl group that acts as a leaving group during lactonization. CONCLUSIONS The biosynthetic function by which the Starmerella bombicola 'lactone esterase' converts acidic SLs into lactonic SLs should be revised to a 'transesterase' where bola SL are the true intermediate. This insights paves the way for alternative engineering strategies to develop designer surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujian Diao
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Protein Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie L K W Roelants
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.Be), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant, Rodenhuizenkaai 1, 9042, Ghent, Belgium
- R&D Department, AmphiStar, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Goedele Luyten
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.Be), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Goeman
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S.4), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Vandenberghe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Protein Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gonzalez Van Driessche
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Protein Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie L De Maeseneire
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.Be), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- R&D Department, AmphiStar, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim K Soetaert
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.Be), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant, Rodenhuizenkaai 1, 9042, Ghent, Belgium
- R&D Department, AmphiStar, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Bart Devreese
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Protein Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kobayashi Y, Li Q, Ushimaru K, Hirota M, Morita T, Fukuoka T. Updated component analysis method for naturally occurring sophorolipids from Starmerella bombicola. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:296. [PMID: 38607413 PMCID: PMC11009742 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Sophorolipids (SLs) are promising glycolipid biosurfactants as they are easily produced and functional. SLs from microorganisms are comprised of mixtures of multiple derivatives that have different structures and properties, including well-known acidic and lactonic SL (ASLs and LSLs, respectively). In this study, we established a method for analyzing all SL derivatives in the products of Starmerella bombicola, a typical SL-producing yeast. Detailed component analyses of S. bombicola products were carried out using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Methanol was used as the eluent as it is a good solvent for all SL derivatives. With this approach, it was possible to not only quantify the ratio of the main components of ASL, LSL, and SL glycerides but also confirm trace components such as SL mono-glyceride and bola-form SL (sophorose at both ends); notably, this is the first time these components have been isolated and identified successfully in naturally occurring SLs. In addition, our results revealed a novel SL derivative in which a fatty acid is bonded in series to the ASL, which had not been reported previously. Using the present analysis method, it was possible to easily track compositional changes in the SL components during culture. Our results showed that LSL and ASL are produced initially and that SL glycerides accumulate from the middle stage during the fermentation process. KEY POINTS: • An easy and detailed component analysis method for sophorolipids (SLs) is introduced. • Multiple SL derivatives were identified different from known SLs. • A novel hydrophobic acidic SL was isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kobayashi
- Allied Carbon Solutions Co., Ltd., 847-1 Ozuwa, Numazu, Shizuoka, 410-0873, Japan
| | - Qiushi Li
- Allied Carbon Solutions Co., Ltd., 847-1 Ozuwa, Numazu, Shizuoka, 410-0873, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ushimaru
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirota
- Allied Carbon Solutions Co., Ltd., 847-1 Ozuwa, Numazu, Shizuoka, 410-0873, Japan
| | - Tomotake Morita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tokuma Fukuoka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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Ingham B, Sung R, Kay P, Hollywood K, Wongsirichot P, Veitch A, Winterburn J. Determining the accuracy and suitability of common analytical techniques for sophorolipid biosurfactants. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 51:kuae021. [PMID: 38906848 PMCID: PMC11223654 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
To determine the performance of a sophorolipid biosurfactant production process, it is important to have accurate and specific analytical techniques in place. Among the most popular are the anthrone assay, gravimetric quantification (hexane:ethyl acetate extraction), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The choice of analytical tool varies depending on cost, availability, and ease of use; however, these techniques have never been compared directly against one another. In this work, 75 fermentation broths with varying product/substrate concentrations were comprehensively tested with the 3 techniques and compared. HPLC-ultraviolet detection (198 nm) was capable of quantifying C18:1 subterminal hydroxyl diacetylated lactonic sophorolipid down to a lower limit of 0.3 g/L with low variability (<3.21%). Gravimetric quantification of the broths following liquid:liquid extraction with hexane and ethyl acetate showed some linearity (R2 = .658) when compared to HPLC but could not quantify lower than 11.06 g/L, even when no sophorolipids were detected in the sample, highlighting the non-specificity of the method to co-extract non-sophorolipid components in the final gravimetric measure. The anthrone assay showed no linearity (R2 = .129) and was found to cross-react with media components (rapeseed oil, corn steep liquor, glucose), leading to consistent overestimation of sophorolipid concentration. The appearance of poor biomass separation during sample preparation with centrifugation was noted and resolved with a novel sample preparation method with pure ethanol. Extensive analysis and comparisons of the most common sophorolipid quantification techniques are explored and the limitations/advantages are highlighted. The findings provide a guide for scientists to make an informed decision on the suitable quantification tool that meets their needs, exploring all aspects of the analysis process from harvest, sample preparation, and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ingham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rehana Sung
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Phil Kay
- JMP Statistical Discovery LLC, Wittington House, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow SL7 2EB, UK
| | - Katherine Hollywood
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Phavit Wongsirichot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alistair Veitch
- Holiferm Ltd, Unit 15, Severnside Trading Estate, Textilose Road, Trafford Park, Stretford, Manchester M17 1WA, UK
| | - James Winterburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Al-Kashef AS, Nooman MU, Rashad MM, Hashem AH, Abdelraof M. Production and optimization of novel Sphorolipids from Candida parapsilosis grown on potato peel and frying oil wastes and their adverse effect on Mucorales fungal strains. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:79. [PMID: 37095542 PMCID: PMC10125861 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BRIEF INTRODUCTION Mucormycosis disease, which has recently expanded with the Covid 19 pandemic in many countries, endangers patients' lives, and treatment with common drugs is fraught with unfavorable side effects. AIM AND OBJECTIVES This study deals with the economic production of sophorolipids (SLs) from different eight fungal isolates strains utilizing potato peels waste (PPW) and frying oil waste (FOW). Then investigate their effect against mucormycetes fungi. RESULTS The screening of the isolates for SLs production revealed the highest yield (39 g/100 g substrate) with most efficiency was related to a yeast that have been identified genetically as Candida parapsilosis. Moreover, the characterizations studies of the produced SLs by FTIR, 1H NMR and LC-MS/MS proved the existence of both acidic and lactonic forms, while their surface activity was confirmed by the surface tension (ST) assessment. The SLs production was optimized utilizing Box-Behnken design resulting in the amelioration of yield by 30% (55.3 g/100 g substrate) and ST by 20.8% (38mN/m) with constant level of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) at 125 mg/L. The studies also revealed the high affinity toward soybean oil (E24 = 50%), in addition to maintaining the emulsions stability against broad range of pH (4-10) and temperature (10-100℃). Furthermore, the antifungal activity against Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus microsporus, and Syncephalastrum racemosum proved a high inhibition efficiency of the produced SLs. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrated the potential application of the SLs produced economically from agricultural waste as an effective and safer alternative for the treatment of infection caused by black fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S Al-Kashef
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mohamed U Nooman
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mona M Rashad
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Amr H Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abdelraof
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt.
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Khanna A, Handa S, Rana S, Suttee A, Puri S, Chatterjee M. Biosurfactant from Candida: sources, classification, and emerging applications. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:149. [PMID: 36995448 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules that are synthesized by many microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and yeast. These molecules are amphiphilic in nature, possessing emulsifying ability, detergency, foaming, and surface-activity like characteristics. Yeast species belongs to the genus Candida has gained globally enormous interest because of the diverse properties of biosurfactants produced by theme. In contrast to synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants are claimed to be biodegradable and non-toxic which labels them as a potent industrial compound. Biosurfactants produced by this genus are reported to possess certain biological activities, such as anticancer and antiviral activities. They also have potential industrial applications in bioremediation, oil recovery, agricultural, pharmaceutical, biomedical, food, and cosmetic industries. Various species of Candida have been recognized as biosurfactant producers, including Candida petrophilum, Candida bogoriensis, Candida antarctica, Candida lipolytica, Candida albicans, Candida batistae, Candida albicans, Candida sphaerica, etc. These species produce various forms of biosurfactants, such as glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids, and polymeric biosurfactants, which are distinct according to their molecular weights. Herein, we provide a detailed overview of various types of biosurfactants produced by Candida sp., process optimization for better production, and the latest updates on the applications of these biosurfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Khanna
- Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector 25, South Campus, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shristi Handa
- Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector 25, South Campus, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Samriti Rana
- Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector 25, South Campus, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ashish Suttee
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjeev Puri
- Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector 25, South Campus, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mary Chatterjee
- Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector 25, South Campus, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Pal S, Chatterjee N, Das AK, McClements DJ, Dhar P. Sophorolipids: A comprehensive review on properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 313:102856. [PMID: 36827914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are surface-active glycolipids produced by several non-pathogenic yeast species and are widely used as biosurfactants in several industrial applications. Sophorolipids provide a plethora of benefits over chemically synthesized surfactants for certain applications like bioremediation, oil recovery, and pharmaceuticals. They are, for instance less toxic, more benign and environment friendly in nature, biodegradable, freely adsorb to different surfaces, self-assembly in hydrated solutions, robustness for industrial applications etc. These miraculous properties result in valuable physicochemical attributes such as low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), reduced interfacial surface tension, and capacity to dissolve non-polar components. Moreover, they exhibit a diverse range of physicochemical, functional, and biological attributes due to their unique molecular composition and structure. In this article, we highlight the physico-chemical properties of sophorolipids, how these properties are exploited by the human community for extensive benefits and the conditions which lead to their unique tailor-made structures and how they entail their interfacial behavior. Besides, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of these sophorolipids. We also review their physiological and functional attributes, along with their potential commercial applications, in real-world scenario. Biosurfactants are compared to their man-made equivalents to show the variations in structure-property correlations and possible benefits. Those attempting to manufacture purported natural or green surfactant with innovative and valuable qualities can benefit from an understanding of biosurfactant features structured along the same principles. The uniqueness of this review article is the detailed physico-chemical study of the sophorolipid biosurfactant and how these properties helps in their usage and detailed explicit study of their applications in the current scenario and also covering their pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srija Pal
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India
| | - Niloy Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 098, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun K Das
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-IVRI, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Pubali Dhar
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 098, West Bengal, India.
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Madankar CS, Borde PK. Review on sophorolipids – a promising microbial bio-surfactant. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/tsd-2022-2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules used primarily for cleaning. Petroleum-based surfactants have a high production rate, but are non-biodegradable and destructive to the environment. Environmentally friendly biosurfactants are therefore becoming increasingly important. In addition to not being toxic; they are environmentally safe and mild to the skin. Depending on their structure, there are different types of biosurfactants. One of the types are the glycolipids, they are low molecular weight biosurfactants, and consist of sophorolipids. Sophorolipids are getting more attention as alternative to petroleum-based surfactants due to excellent stability at various pH levels, temperatures, and salinities. In addition to being anti-microbial, they have excellent wetting and foaming abilities and act as emulsifiers. There are numerous applications of sophorolipids in food, agriculture, biomedicine, cosmetics and personal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandu S. Madankar
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology , Mumbai , India
| | - Priti K. Borde
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology , Mumbai , India
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Bao Q, Huang L, Xiu J, Yi L, Zhang Y, Wu B. Study on the thermal washing of oily sludge used by rhamnolipid/sophorolipid binary mixed bio-surfactant systems. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113696. [PMID: 35653969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Demulsification and crude oil desorption are usually a necessary step for the treatment of oily sludge in the petroleum industry. In this study a binary mixed bio-surfactant (rhamnolipid / sophorolipid, RL/SL) was used to strengthen the removing oil efficiency for oily sludge by thermal washing method. Surface tension values of the single and the mixed surfactants were carried out to investigate the effect of mixing systems on reducing critical micelle concentrations (CMC) value. The models proposed by Clint, Rubingh and Gibbs et al. had been employed to interpret the formation of mixed micelles and synergism and found out in case of the mass ratios of 4:6 the synergism was the strongest in RL and SL mixed surfactant systems, which was selected as the washing agents to treat the oily sludge produced from Huabei oilfield. Through the optimization of oil washing process parameters, the oil removal rate reached the maximum value (95.66%, residual oil rate 1.98%) at the condition of heating temperature of 45 °C, detergents concentration of 500 mg/L, washing time of 3 h, liquid/solid mass ratio of 1:4, stirring speed of 300 r/min, and washing 4 times. The factors affecting the oil washing effect were analyzed from the composition and performance characteristics of oily sludge samples, washing oil system and washing process parameters. The results showed that low oil content of oily sludge, small specific surface area, strong wetting and solubilization of the oil-washing system all can increase the oil-washing effect and the washing time and temperature had a great influence on the oil-washing effect. Compared with the results of other researchers, the oil washing temperature and the concentration of oil washing agent were significantly lower and high oil removal rate and low residual oil rate were obtained in this study. It was confirmed that thermal oil washing method using RT/SL binary bio-surfactant mixing system was proved to a high-efficiency, low-consumption and wide range of applications technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lixin Huang
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China
| | - Jianlong Xiu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China
| | - Lina Yi
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China
| | - Yamiao Zhang
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Institute of Porous Flow & Fluid Mechanics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Bo Wu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Institute of Porous Flow & Fluid Mechanics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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10
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A comprehensive review on natural occurrence, synthesis and biological activities of glycolipids. Carbohydr Res 2022; 516:108556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Sałek K, Euston SR, Janek T. Phase Behaviour, Functionality, and Physicochemical Characteristics of Glycolipid Surfactants of Microbial Origin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:816613. [PMID: 35155390 PMCID: PMC8830654 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.816613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing demand for biosurfactants as environmentally friendly counterparts of chemically derived surfactants enhances the extensive search for surface-active compounds of biological (microbial) origin. The understanding of the physicochemical properties of biosurfactants such as surface tension reduction, dispersion, emulsifying, foaming or micelle formation is essential for the successful application of biosurfactants in many branches of industry. Glycolipids, which belong to the class of low molecular weight surfactants are currently gaining a lot of interest for industrial applications. For this reason, we focus mainly on this class of biosurfactants with particular emphasis on rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, the most studied of the glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sałek
- Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Karina Sałek,
| | - Stephen R. Euston
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz Janek
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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12
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Camarate MC, Merma AG, Hacha RR, Torem ML. Selective bioflocculation of ultrafine hematite particles from quartz using a biosurfactant extracted from Candida stellata yeast. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1881972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Carneiro Camarate
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Gutiérrez Merma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronald Rojas Hacha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurício Leonardo Torem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Overview on Glycosylated Lipids Produced by Bacteria and Fungi: Rhamno-, Sophoro-, Mannosylerythritol and Cellobiose Lipids. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 181:73-122. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Sharma J, Sundar D, Srivastava P. Biosurfactants: Potential Agents for Controlling Cellular Communication, Motility, and Antagonism. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:727070. [PMID: 34708073 PMCID: PMC8542798 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.727070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules produced by microorganisms, either on the cell surface or secreted extracellularly. They form a thin film on the surface of microorganisms and help in their detachment or attachment to other cell surfaces. They are involved in regulating the motility of bacteria and quorum sensing. Here, we describe the various types of biosurfactants produced by microorganisms and their role in controlling motility, antagonism, virulence, and cellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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15
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Fukuoka T, Nakamura S, Morita T, Ohmura T, Kotani M, Naito Y, Sato H. Surface-assisted Laser Desorption/ionization Mass Spectrometry Analysis of the Glycolipid Biosurfactants, Mannosylerythritol Lipids, Using an Ionization-assisting Substrate. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1175-1179. [PMID: 34248100 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a promising tool for the screening of glycolipid-type biosurfactants (BSs) from a crude extract of microbial products. However, it is unsuitable for the detection of lower molecular weight products because the observed ions are overlapped with matrix-derived ions at lower mass range. In this study, we applied a "matrix-free" surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) analysis using a through-hole alumina membrane as an ionization-assisting substrate. Using this method, we could detect a variety of lower molecular weight products in an extract of a glycolipid BS producer with good sensitivity. In addition, the culture solution could be analyzed directly by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuma Fukuoka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Tomotake Morita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | | | | | - Yasuhide Naito
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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16
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From bumblebee to bioeconomy: Recent developments and perspectives for sophorolipid biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107788. [PMID: 34166752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are biobased compounds produced by the genera Starmerella and Pseudohyphozyma that gain exponential interest from academic and industrial stakeholders due to their mild and environmental friendly characteristics. Currently, industrially relevant sophorolipid volumetric productivities are reached up to 3.7 g∙L-1∙h-1 and sophorolipids are used in the personal care and cleaning industry at small scale. Moreover, applications in crop protection, food, biohydrometallurgy and medical fields are being extensively researched. The research and development of sophorolipids is at a crucial stage. Therefore, this work presents an overview of the state-of-the-art on sophorolipid research and their applications, while providing a critical assessment of scientific techniques and standardisation in reporting. In this review, the genuine sophorolipid producing organisms and the natural role of sophorolipids are discussed. Subsequently, an evaluation is made of innovations in production processes and the relevance of in-situ product recovery for process performance is discussed. Furthermore, a critical assessment of application research and its future perspectives are portrayed with a focus on the self-assembly of sophorolipid molecules. Following, genetic engineering strategies that affect the sophorolipid physiochemical properties are summarised. Finally, the impact of sophorolipids on the bioeconomy are uncovered, along with relevant future perspectives.
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17
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Sophorolipid-Based Oligomers as Polyol Components for Polyurethane Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122001. [PMID: 34207206 PMCID: PMC8234575 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to reasons of sustainability and conservation of resources, polyurethane (PU)-based systems with preferably neutral carbon footprints are in increased focus of research and development. The proper design and development of bio-based polyols are of particular interest since such polyols may have special property profiles that allow the novel products to enter new applications. Sophorolipids (SL) represent a bio-based toolbox for polyol building blocks to yield diverse chemical products. For a reasonable evaluation of the potential for PU chemistry, however, further investigations in terms of synthesis, derivatization, reproducibility, and reactivity towards isocyanates are required. It was demonstrated that SL can act as crosslinker or as plasticizer in PU systems depending on employed stoichiometry. (ω-1)-hydroxyl fatty acids can be derived from SL and converted successively to polyester polyols and PU. Additionally, (ω-1)-hydroxyl fatty acid azides can be prepared indirectly from SL and converted to A/B type PU by Curtius rearrangement.
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18
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19
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Lodens S, Roelants SLKW, Luyten G, Geys R, Coussement P, De Maeseneire SL, Soetaert W. Unraveling the regulation of sophorolipid biosynthesis in Starmerella bombicola. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5824630. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTStarmerella bombicola very efficiently produces the secondary metabolites sophorolipids (SLs). Their biosynthesis is not-growth associated and highly upregulated in the stationary phase. Despite high industrial and academic interest, the underlying regulation of SL biosynthesis remains unknown. In this paper, potential regulation of SL biosynthesis through the telomere positioning effect (TPE) was investigated, as the SL gene cluster is located adjacent to a telomere. An additional copy of this gene cluster was introduced elsewhere in the genome to investigate if this results in a decoy of regulation. Indeed, for the new strain, the onset of SL production was shifted to the exponential phase. This result was confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. The TPE effect was further investigated by developing and applying a suitable reporter system for this non-conventional yeast, enabling non-biased comparison of gene expression between the subtelomeric CYP52M1- and the URA3 locus. This was done with a constitutive endogenous promotor (pGAPD) and one of the endogenous promotors of the SL biosynthetic gene cluster (pCYP52M1). A clear positioning effect was observed for both promotors with significantly higher GFP expression levels at the URA3 locus. No clear GFP upregulation was observed in the stationary phase for any of the new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lodens
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie L K W Roelants
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Goedele Luyten
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robin Geys
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Coussement
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie L De Maeseneire
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Correa HT, Vieira WF, Pinheiro TMA, Cardoso VL, Silveira E, Sette LD, Pessoa A, Filho UC. L-asparaginase and Biosurfactants Produced by Extremophile Yeasts from Antarctic Environments. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2019.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Higor Tulio Correa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Santa Monica, Santa Mônica, Brazil
| | - William Fernando Vieira
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Santa Monica, Santa Mônica, Brazil
| | | | - Vicelma Luis Cardoso
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Santa Monica, Santa Mônica, Brazil
| | - Edgar Silveira
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Lara Durães Sette
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ubirajara Coutinho Filho
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Santa Monica, Santa Mônica, Brazil
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21
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Zerhusen C, Bollmann T, Gödderz A, Fleischer P, Glüsen B, Schörken U. Microbial Synthesis of Nonionic Long‐Chain Sophorolipid Emulsifiers Obtained from Fatty Alcohol and Mixed Lipid Feeding. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zerhusen
- TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences CHEMPARK Leverkusen, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Allee 51368 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Timo Bollmann
- TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences CHEMPARK Leverkusen, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Allee 51368 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Andreas Gödderz
- TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences CHEMPARK Leverkusen, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Allee 51368 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Peter Fleischer
- TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences CHEMPARK Leverkusen, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Allee 51368 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Birgit Glüsen
- TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences CHEMPARK Leverkusen, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Allee 51368 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Ulrich Schörken
- TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences CHEMPARK Leverkusen, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Allee 51368 Leverkusen Germany
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22
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Bollmann T, Zerhusen C, Glüsen B, Schörken U. Structures and Properties of Sophorolipids in Dependence of Microbial Strain, Lipid Substrate and Post-Modification. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Starmerella bombicola and Candida kuoi are known to secrete structurally divergent sophorolipid type glycolipids (SLs) under nitrogen limitation. In the present work SLs were produced in titers of 3.9–78.6 g L−1 with the two yeast strains utilizing stearic, oleic and linoleic acid as substrates. HPLC-ELSD combined with HPLC-MS and NMR spectroscopy was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the SL mixtures. While S. bombicola almost exclusively produced lactonic diacetylated SLs with a preference for subterminal fatty acid hydroxylation, C. kuoi synthesized diacetylated, terminally hydroxylated open chain SLs with up to 25% of dimeric and trimeric products. Surface tension measurements showed a higher surface and interface activity of the lactonic products from S. bombicola in comparison to open chain C. kuoi based SLs. The lowest CMC of 5.4 mg L−1 and minimum surface tension at the CMC of 35.9 mN m−1 were obtained for the stearic acid based lactones. Similar tendencies were observed in interfacial tension analysis with 3.6 mN m−1 for oleic acid based lactonic SLs at the interface water/paraffin oil in comparison to 9.4 mN m−1 for the corresponding open-chain SL. The acidic C. kuoi SL mixtures directly exhibited foaming properties whereas the S. bombicola SLs needed alkaline deacetylation and ring opening to display foaming comparable to that of the structurally related alkyl polyglycosides.
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23
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Characterisation and Application Studies of Sophorolipid Biosurfactant by Candida tropicalis RA1. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Silveira VAI, Nishio EK, Freitas CA, Amador IR, Kobayashi RK, Caretta T, Macedo F, Celligoi MAP. Production and antimicrobial activity of sophorolipid against Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter jejuni and their additive interaction with lactic acid. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Boekhout T. A tribute to Cletus P. Kurtzman (1938-2017). FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5531062. [PMID: 31294788 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Zulkifli WNFWM, Razak NNA, Yatim ARM, Hayes DG. Acid Precipitation
versus
Solvent Extraction: Two Techniques Leading to Different Lactone/Acidic Sophorolipid Ratios. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdul Rashid M. Yatim
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board 43650, Bandar Baru Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Douglas G. Hayes
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science University of Tennessee 2506 E. J. Chapman Drive, Knoxville TN 37996‐2531 USA
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27
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The Impact of Biosurfactants on Microbial Cell Properties Leading to Hydrocarbon Bioavailability Increase. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids2030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The environment pollution with hydrophobic hydrocarbons is a serious problem that requires development of efficient strategies that would lead to bioremediation of contaminated areas. One of the common methods used for enhancement of biodegradation of pollutants is the addition of biosurfactants. Several mechanisms have been postulated as responsible for hydrocarbons bioavailability enhancement with biosurfactants. They include solubilization and desorption of pollutants as well as modification of bacteria cell surface properties. The presented review contains a wide discussion of these mechanisms in the context of alteration of bioremediation efficiency with biosurfactants. It brings new light to such a complex and important issue.
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28
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Abdel-Mawgoud AM, Stephanopoulos G. Simple glycolipids of microbes: Chemistry, biological activity and metabolic engineering. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:3-19. [PMID: 29911195 PMCID: PMC5884252 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylated lipids (GLs) are added-value lipid derivatives of great potential. Besides their interesting surface activities that qualify many of them to act as excellent ecological detergents, they have diverse biological activities with promising biomedical and cosmeceutical applications. Glycolipids, especially those of microbial origin, have interesting antimicrobial, anticancer, antiparasitic as well as immunomodulatory activities. Nonetheless, GLs are hardly accessing the market because of their high cost of production. We believe that experience of metabolic engineering (ME) of microbial lipids for biofuel production can now be harnessed towards a successful synthesis of microbial GLs for biomedical and other applications. This review presents chemical groups of bacterial and fungal GLs, their biological activities, their general biosynthetic pathways and an insight on ME strategies for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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29
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Van Renterghem L, Roelants SL, Baccile N, Uyttersprot K, Taelman MC, Everaert B, Mincke S, Ledegen S, Debrouwer S, Scholtens K, Stevens C, Soetaert W. From lab to market: An integrated bioprocess design approach for new-to-nature biosurfactants produced byStarmerella bombicola. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1195-1206. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Van Renterghem
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be); Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Sophie L.K.W. Roelants
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be); Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant; Ghent Belgium
| | - Niki Baccile
- Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (UMR 7574); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France; Paris Île-de-France France
| | | | | | | | - Stein Mincke
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Sam Ledegen
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be); Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | | | | | - Christian Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be); Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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30
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Jezierska S, Claus S, Van Bogaert I. Yeast glycolipid biosurfactants. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1312-1329. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jezierska
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Centre for Synthetic Biology Gent Belgium
| | - Silke Claus
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Centre for Synthetic Biology Gent Belgium
| | - Inge Van Bogaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Centre for Synthetic Biology Gent Belgium
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31
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Claus S, Van Bogaert IN. Sophorolipid production by yeasts: a critical review of the literature and suggestions for future research. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7811-7821. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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33
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Paulino BN, Pessôa MG, Mano MCR, Molina G, Neri-Numa IA, Pastore GM. Current status in biotechnological production and applications of glycolipid biosurfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10265-10293. [PMID: 27844141 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are natural compounds with surface activity and emulsifying properties produced by several types of microorganisms and have been considered an interesting alternative to synthetic surfactants. Glycolipids are promising biosurfactants, due to low toxicity, biodegradability, and chemical stability in different conditions and also because they have many biological activities, allowing wide applications in different fields. In this review, we addressed general information about families of glycolipids, rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, and trehalose lipids, describing their chemical and surface characteristics, recent studies using alternative substrates, and new strategies to improve of production, beyond their specificities. We focus in providing recent developments and trends in biotechnological process and medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nicolau Paulino
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Marina Gabriel Pessôa
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Mario Cezar Rodrigues Mano
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Institute of Science and Technology, Food Engineering, UFVJM, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iramaia Angélica Neri-Numa
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Maria Pastore
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
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Van Bogaert INA, Buyst D, Martins JC, Roelants SLKW, Soetaert WK. Synthesis of bolaform biosurfactants by an engineeredStarmerella bombicolayeast. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2644-2651. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge N. A. Van Bogaert
- Laboratory for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- NMR and Structure Analysis; Faculty of Sciences; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - José C. Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis; Faculty of Sciences; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Wim K. Soetaert
- Laboratory for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 Ghent 9000 Belgium
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Haque F, Alfatah M, Ganesan K, Bhattacharyya MS. Inhibitory Effect of Sophorolipid on Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Hyphal Growth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23575. [PMID: 27030404 PMCID: PMC4876995 DOI: 10.1038/srep23575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans causes superficial and life-threatening systemic infections.
These are difficult to treat often due to drug resistance, particularly because
C. albicans biofilms are inherently resistant to most antifungals.
Sophorolipid (SL), a glycolipid biosurfactant, has been shown to have antimicrobial
and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of SL on C.
albicans biofilm formation and preformed biofilms. SL was found to inhibit
C. albicans biofilm formation as well as reduce the viability of
preformed biofilms. Moreover, SL, when used along with amphotericin B (AmB) or
fluconazole (FLZ), was found to act synergistically against biofilm formation and
preformed biofilms. Effect of SL on C. albicans biofilm formation was further
visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning
microscopy (CLSM), which revealed absence of hyphae, typical biofilm architecture
and alteration in the morphology of biofilm cells. We also found that SL
downregulates the expression of hypha specific genes HWP1, ALS1,
ALS3, ECE1 and SAP4, which possibly explains the inhibitory
effect of SL on hyphae and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farazul Haque
- Biocatalysis and Fermentation Science Laboratory, Biochemical Engineering Research &Process Development Center (BERPDC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-160 036, India
| | - Md Alfatah
- Yeast Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-160 036, India
| | - K Ganesan
- Yeast Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-160 036, India
| | - Mani Shankar Bhattacharyya
- Biocatalysis and Fermentation Science Laboratory, Biochemical Engineering Research &Process Development Center (BERPDC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-160 036, India
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36
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Kurtzman CP, Mateo RQ, Kolecka A, Theelen B, Robert V, Boekhout T. Advances in yeast systematics and phylogeny and their use as predictors of biotechnologically important metabolic pathways. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov050. [PMID: 26136514 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection, identification and classification of yeasts have undergone a major transformation in the last decade and a half following application of gene sequence analyses and genome comparisons. Development of a database (barcode) of easily determined DNA sequences from domains 1 and 2 (D1/D2) of the nuclear large subunit rRNA gene and from ITS now permits many laboratories to identify species quickly and accurately, thus replacing the laborious and often inaccurate phenotypic tests previously used. Phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences is leading to a major revision of yeast systematics that will result in redefinition of nearly all genera. This new understanding of species relationships has prompted a change of rules for naming and classifying yeasts and other fungi, and these new rules are presented in the recently implemented International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). The use of molecular methods for species identification and the impact of Code changes on classification will be discussed, as will use of phylogeny for prediction of biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus P Kurtzman
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Raquel Quintilla Mateo
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Anna Kolecka
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Theelen
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Robert
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Mao X, Jiang R, Xiao W, Yu J. Use of surfactants for the remediation of contaminated soils: a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 285:419-35. [PMID: 25528485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the great harm caused by soil contamination, there is an increasing interest to apply surfactants to the remediation of a variety of contaminated soils worldwide. This review article summarizes the findings of recent literatures regarding remediation of contaminated soils/sites using surfactants as an enhancing agent. For the surfactant-based remedial technologies, the adsorption behaviors of surfactants onto soil, the solubilizing capability of surfactants, and the toxicity and biocompatibility of surfactants are important considerations. Surfactants can enhance desorption of pollutants from soil, and promote bioremediation of organics by increasing bioavailability of pollutants. The removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from soils involves the mechanisms of dissolution, surfactant-associated complexation, and ionic exchange. In addition to the conventional ionic and nonionic surfactants, gemini surfactants and biosurfactants are also applied to soil remediation due to their benign features like lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) values and better biocompatibility. Mixed surfactant systems and combined use of surfactants with other additives are often adopted to improve the overall performance of soil washing solution for decontamination. Worldwide the field studies and full-scale remediation using surfactant-based technologies are yet limited, however, the already known cases reveal the good prospect of applying surfactant-based technologies to soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Mao
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Rui Jiang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Konishi M, Yoshida Y, Horiuchi JI. Efficient production of sophorolipids by Starmerella bombicola using a corncob hydrolysate medium. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Production and Characterization of a Biosurfactant fromCyberlindnera samutprakarnensisJP52T. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2362-70. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Roelants SLKW, De Maeseneire SL, Ciesielska K, Van Bogaert INA, Soetaert W. Biosurfactant gene clusters in eukaryotes: regulation and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3449-61. [PMID: 24531239 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biosurfactants (BSs) are a class of secondary metabolites representing a wide variety of structures that can be produced from renewable feedstock by a wide variety of micro-organisms. They have (potential) applications in the medical world, personal care sector, mining processes, food industry, cosmetics, crop protection, pharmaceuticals, bio-remediation, household detergents, paper and pulp industry, textiles, paint industries, etc. Especially glycolipid BSs like sophorolipids (SLs), rhamnolipids (RLs), mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) and cellobioselipids (CBLs) have been described to provide significant opportunities to (partially) replace chemical surfactants. The major two factors currently limiting the penetration of BSs into the market are firstly the limited structural variety and secondly the rather high production price linked with the productivity. One of the keys to resolve the above mentioned bottlenecks can be found in the genetic engineering of natural producers. This could not only result in more efficient (economical) recombinant producers, but also in a diversification of the spectrum of available BSs as such resolving both limiting factors at once. Unraveling the genetics behind the biosynthesis of these interesting biological compounds is indispensable for the tinkering, fine tuning and rearrangement of these biological pathways with the aim of obtaining higher yields and a more extensive structural variety. Therefore, this review focuses on recent developments in the investigation of the biosynthesis, genetics and regulation of some important members of the family of the eukaryotic glycolipid BSs (MELs, CBLs and SLs). Moreover, recent biotechnological achievements and the industrial potential of engineered strains are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L K W Roelants
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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41
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Protocols for the Detection and Chemical Characterisation of Microbial Glycolipids. SPRINGER PROTOCOLS HANDBOOKS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/8623_2014_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Structural characterization of novel extracellular liamocins (mannitol oils) produced by Aureobasidium pullulans strain NRRL 50380. Carbohydr Res 2013; 370:24-32. [PMID: 23435167 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans is a common, ubiquitous fungus, which is used industrially to produce the polysaccharide pullulan. We have previously shown that A. pullulans produces various heavier-than-water oils, first named here as liamocins, that accumulate in fermentations. Here we report the structural characterization of four liamocins, A1, A2, B1, and B2, produced by A. pullulans strain NRRL 50380 using a combination of MALDI-TOF/MS, quadrupole-TOF/MS, isotopic labeling, NMR, GC/MS, and classical carbohydrate analysis. The data showed that the liamocins are composed of a single mannitol headgroup partially O-acylated with three (for liamocin A1 and A2) or four (for liamocin B1 and B2) 3,5-dihydroxydecanoic ester groups. Liamocins A1 and B1 are non-acetylated, whereas A2 and B2 each contain a single 3'-O-acetyl group. Each of these compounds is characterized by pseudomolecular [M+Na](+) ions in the MALDI-TOF/MS spectra at m/z 763.22, 949.35, 805.22, and 991.37, respectively. The 186Da mass difference between A-type and B-type liamocins corresponds to one O-linked 3,5-dihydroxydecanoate group. HMBC NMR showed that one 3,5-dihydroxydecanoate carbonyl group is ester linked to a primary hydroxyl on the mannitol. Other long range (13)C-(1)H couplings across 1,5-ester bridges showed that the 3,5-dihydroxydecanoate groups form 1-5-linked polyester chains, similar in structure to the antibiotic substance exophilin A. Moreover, the MS analysis identified several non-conjugated poly-3,5-dihydroxydecanoate esters as minor components that are tentatively assigned as exophilins A1, A2, B1, and B2. The liamocins, and three of the exophilins, are new, previously unreported structures.
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Sophorolipids: improvement of the selective production by Starmerella bombicola through the design of nutritional requirements. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1875-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kurtzman CP. Candida kuoi sp. nov., an anamorphic species of the Starmerella yeast clade that synthesizes sophorolipids. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:2307-2311. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.039479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strain of anamorphic yeast, designated strain NRRL Y-27208T, was isolated from concentrated grape juice in Cape Province, South Africa. Analysis of nuclear large subunit rRNA gene sequences from the D1/D2 domains separated the novel isolate from strains of Starmerella bombicola and Starmerella
meliponinorum, as well as from species of the genus Candida that are members of the Starmerella clade. Compared to previously described species, strain NRRL Y-27208T is most closely related to S. bombicola but can be separated from this species by its ability to grow on d-ribose and erythritol. Strain NRRL Y-27208T produced sophorolipids that have an open chain structure similar to Candida
batistae, Candida
riodocensis and Candida
stellata, which is in contrast to the closed chain sophorolipids produced by S. bombicola and Candida
apicola. The analyses showed that NRRL Y-27208T ( = CBS 7267T) represents a novel species distinct from previously described species, for which the name Candida kuoi sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus P. Kurtzman
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, USA
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