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Yang X, Mishra B, Yu H, Wei Y, Chen X. A bifunctional Pasteurella multocida β1-3-galactosyl/ N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (PmNatB) for the highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of disaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6004-6015. [PMID: 38993172 PMCID: PMC11290465 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are nature's key biocatalysts for the formation of glycosidic bonds. Discovery and characterization of new synthetically useful glycosyltransferases are critical for the development of efficient enzymatic and chemoenzymatic strategies for producing complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Herein we report the identification of Pasteurella multocida PmNatB as a bifunctional single-catalytic-domain glycosyltransferase with both β1-3-galactosyltransferase and β1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activities. It is a novel glycosyltransferase for constructing structurally diverse GalNAcβ3Galα/βOR and Galβ3GalNAcα/βOR disaccharides in one-pot multienzyme systems with in situ generation of UDP-sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Bijoyananda Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Yijun Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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2
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Gulati S, Schoenhofen IC, Lindhout-Djukic T, Schur MJ, Landig CS, Saha S, Deng L, Lewis LA, Zheng B, Varki A, Ram S. Therapeutic CMP-Nonulosonates against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3283-3295. [PMID: 32434942 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae deploys a unique immune evasion strategy wherein the lacto-N-neotetraose termini of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) are "capped" by a surface LOS sialyltransferase (Lst), using extracellular host-derived CMP-sialic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac in humans). LOS sialylation enhances complement resistance by recruiting factor H (FH; alternative complement pathway inhibitor) and also by limiting classical pathway activation. Sialylated LOS also engages inhibitory Siglecs on host leukocytes, dampening innate immunity. Previously, we showed that analogues of CMP-sialic acids (CMP-nonulosonates [CMP-NulOs]), such as CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 and CMP-Neu5Ac9N3, are also substrates for Lst. Incorporation of Leg5,7Ac2 and Neu5Ac9N3 into LOS results in N. gonorrhoeae being fully serum sensitive. Importantly, intravaginal administration of CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 attenuated N. gonorrhoeae colonization of mouse vaginas. In this study, we characterize and develop additional candidate therapeutic CMP-NulOs. CMP-ketodeoxynonulosonate (CMP-Kdn) and CMP-Kdn7N3, but not CMP-Neu4,5Ac2, were substrates for Lst, further elucidating gonococcal Lst specificity. Lacto-N-neotetraose LOS capped with Kdn and Kdn7N3 bound FH to levels ∼60% of that seen with Neu5Ac and enabled gonococci to resist low (3.3%) but not higher (10%) concentrations of human complement. CMP-Kdn, CMP-Neu5Ac9N3, and CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 administered intravaginally (10 μg/d) to N. gonorrhoeae-colonized mice were equally efficacious. Of the three CMP-NulOs above, CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 was the most pH and temperature stable. In addition, Leg5,7Ac2-fed human cells did not display this NulO on their surface. Moreover, CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 was efficacious against several multidrug-resistant gonococci in mice with a humanized sialome (Cmah-/- mice) or humanized complement system (FH/C4b-binding protein transgenic mice). CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 and CMP-Kdn remain viable leads as topical preventive/therapeutic agents against the global threat of multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Gulati
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ian C Schoenhofen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Theresa Lindhout-Djukic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Melissa J Schur
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Corinna S Landig
- Department of Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sudeshna Saha
- Department of Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lingquan Deng
- Department of Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lisa A Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Bo Zheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabita Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
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4
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McDonald ND, DeMeester KE, Lewis AL, Grimes CL, Boyd EF. Structural and functional characterization of a modified legionaminic acid involved in glycosylation of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19113-19126. [PMID: 30315110 PMCID: PMC6295735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonulosonic acids (NulOs) are a diverse family of α-keto acid carbohydrates present across all branches of life. Bacteria biosynthesize NulOs among which are several related prokaryotic-specific isomers and one of which, N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid), is common among all vertebrates. Bacteria display various NulO carbohydrates on lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the identities of these molecules tune host-pathogen recognition mechanisms. The opportunistic bacterial pathogen Vibrio vulnificus possesses the genes for NulO biosynthesis; however, the structures and functions of the V. vulnificus NulO glycan are unknown. Using genetic and chemical approaches, we show here that the major NulO produced by a clinical V. vulnificus strain CMCP6 is 5-N-acetyl-7-N-acetyl-d-alanyl-legionaminic acid (Leg5Ac7AcAla). The CMCP6 strain could catabolize modified legionaminic acid, whereas V. vulnificus strain YJ016 produced but did not catabolize a NulO without the N-acetyl-d-alanyl modification. In silico analysis suggested that Leg5Ac7AcAla biosynthesis follows a noncanonical pathway but appears to be present in several bacterial species. Leg5Ac7AcAla contributed to bacterial outer-membrane integrity, as mutant strains unable to produce or incorporate Leg5Ac7AcAla into the LPS have increased membrane permeability, sensitivity to bile salts and antimicrobial peptides, and defects in biofilm formation. Using the crustacean model, Artemia franciscana, we demonstrate that Leg5Ac7AcAla-deficient bacteria have decreased virulence potential compared with WT. Our data indicate that different V. vulnificus strains produce multiple NulOs and that the modified legionaminic acid Leg5Ac7AcAla plays a critical role in the physiology, survivability, and pathogenicity of V. vulnificus CMCP6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen E DeMeester
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 and
| | - Amanda L Lewis
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Catherine Leimkuhler Grimes
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 and
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5
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Santra A, Xiao A, Yu H, Li W, Li Y, Ngo L, McArthur JB, Chen X. A Diazido Mannose Analogue as a Chemoenzymatic Synthon for Synthesizing Di-N
-acetyllegionaminic Acid-Containing Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Santra
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Linh Ngo
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - John B. McArthur
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
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6
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Santra A, Xiao A, Yu H, Li W, Li Y, Ngo L, McArthur JB, Chen X. A Diazido Mannose Analogue as a Chemoenzymatic Synthon for Synthesizing Di-N-acetyllegionaminic Acid-Containing Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2929-2933. [PMID: 29349857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic synthon was designed to expand the scope of the chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates. The synthon was enzymatically converted into carbohydrate analogues, which were readily derivatized chemically to produce the desired targets. The strategy is demonstrated for the synthesis of glycosides containing 7,9-di-N-acetyllegionaminic acid (Leg5,7Ac2 ), a bacterial nonulosonic acid (NulO) analogue of sialic acid. A versatile library of α2-3/6-linked Leg5,7Ac2 -glycosides was built by using chemically synthesized 2,4-diazido-2,4,6-trideoxymannose as a chemoenzymatic synthon for highly efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation followed by downstream chemical conversion of the azido groups into acetamido groups. The syntheses required 10 steps from commercially available d-fucose and had an overall yield of 34-52 %, thus representing a significant improvement over previous methods. Free Leg5,7Ac2 monosaccharide was also synthesized by a sialic acid aldolase-catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Linh Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John B McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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7
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Friedrich V, Janesch B, Windwarder M, Maresch D, Braun ML, Megson ZA, Vinogradov E, Goneau MF, Sharma A, Altmann F, Messner P, Schoenhofen IC, Schäffer C. Tannerella forsythia strains display different cell-surface nonulosonic acids: biosynthetic pathway characterization and first insight into biological implications. Glycobiology 2018; 27:342-357. [PMID: 27986835 PMCID: PMC5378307 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic, Gram-negative periodontal pathogen. A unique O-linked oligosaccharide decorates the bacterium's cell surface proteins and was shown to modulate the host immune response. In our study, we investigated the biosynthesis of the nonulosonic acid (NulO) present at the terminal position of this glycan. A bioinformatic analysis of T. forsythia genomes revealed a gene locus for the synthesis of pseudaminic acid (Pse) in the type strain ATCC 43037 while strains FDC 92A2 and UB4 possess a locus for the synthesis of legionaminic acid (Leg) instead. In contrast to the NulO in ATCC 43037, which has been previously identified as a Pse derivative (5-N-acetimidoyl-7-N-glyceroyl-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-NulO), glycan analysis of strain UB4 performed in this study indicated a 350-Da, possibly N-glycolyl Leg (3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-NulO) derivative with unknown C5,7 N-acyl moieties. We have expressed, purified and characterized enzymes of both NulO pathways to confirm these genes’ functions. Using capillary electrophoresis (CE), CE–mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, our studies revealed that Pse biosynthesis in ATCC 43037 essentially follows the UDP-sugar route described in Helicobacter pylori, while the pathway in strain FDC 92A2 corresponds to Leg biosynthesis in Campylobacter jejuni involving GDP-sugar intermediates. To demonstrate that the NulO biosynthesis enzymes are functional in vivo, we created knockout mutants resulting in glycans lacking the respective NulO. Compared to the wild-type strains, the mutants exhibited significantly reduced biofilm formation on mucin-coated surfaces, suggestive of their involvement in host-pathogen interactions or host survival. This study contributes to understanding possible biological roles of bacterial NulOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Friedrich
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Janesch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Windwarder
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias L Braun
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoë A Megson
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-France Goneau
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 311 Foster Hall, 3435 Main St. Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian C Schoenhofen
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Popik O, Dhakal B, Crich D. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Equatorial Glycosides of Legionaminic Acid. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6142-6152. [PMID: 28530837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a legionaminic acid donor from N-acetylneuraminic acid in 15 steps and 17% overall yield is described. Activation of the adamantanyl thioglycoside in the donor with N-iodosuccinimide and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in dichloromethane and acetonitrile at -78 °C in the presence of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols affords the corresponding glycosides in excellent yield and good to excellent equatorial selectivity. In particular, coupling to the 4-OH of a suitably protected neuraminic acid derivative affords a disaccharide that closely resembles the glycosidic linkage in the polylegionaminic acid from the lipopolysaccharide of the Legionella pneumophila virulence factor. A straightforward deprotection sequence enables conversion of the protected glycosides to the free N,N-diacetyllegionaminic acid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Popik
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Bibek Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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9
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Giguère D. Surface polysaccharides from Acinetobacter baumannii : Structures and syntheses. Carbohydr Res 2015; 418:29-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Kodali S, Vinogradov E, Lin F, Khoury N, Hao L, Pavliak V, Jones CH, Laverde D, Huebner J, Jansen KU, Anderson AS, Donald RGK. A Vaccine Approach for the Prevention of Infections by Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19512-26. [PMID: 26109072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.655852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium hospital infections has been steadily increasing. With the goal of discovering new vaccine antigens, we systematically fractionated and purified four distinct surface carbohydrates from E. faecium endocarditis isolate Tx16, shown previously to be resistant to phagocytosis in the presence of human serum. The two most abundant polysaccharides consist of novel branched heteroglycan repeating units that include signature sugars altruronic acid and legionaminic acid, respectively. A minor high molecular weight polysaccharide component was recognized as the fructose homopolymer levan, and a glucosylated lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was identified in a micellar fraction. The polysaccharides were conjugated to the CRM197 carrier protein, and the resulting glycoconjugates were used to immunize rabbits. Rabbit immune sera were evaluated for their ability to kill Tx16 in opsonophagocytic assays and in a mouse passive protection infection model. Although antibodies raised against levan failed to mediate opsonophagocytic killing, the other glycoconjugates induced effective opsonic antibodies, with the altruronic acid-containing polysaccharide antisera showing the greatest opsonophagocytic assay activity. Antibodies directed against either novel heteroglycan or the LTA reduced bacterial load in mouse liver or kidney tissue. To assess antigen prevalence, we screened a diverse collection of blood isolates (n = 101) with antibodies to the polysaccharides. LTA was detected on the surface of 80% of the strains, and antigens recognized by antibodies to the two major heteroglycans were co-expressed on 63% of these clinical isolates. Collectively, these results represent the first steps toward identifying components of a glycoconjugate vaccine to prevent E. faecium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Kodali
- From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
| | | | - Fiona Lin
- From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
| | - Nancy Khoury
- From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
| | - Li Hao
- From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
| | - Vilo Pavliak
- From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
| | - C Hal Jones
- From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
| | - Diana Laverde
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Johannes Huebner
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and the Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80338 Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin U Jansen
- From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
| | | | - Robert G K Donald
- From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654,
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11
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Diversity of O Antigens within the Genus Cronobacter: from Disorder to Order. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5574-82. [PMID: 26070668 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00277-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are Gram-negative opportunistic pathogens that can cause serious infections in neonates. The lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) that form part of the outer membrane of such bacteria are possibly related to the virulence of particular bacterial strains. However, currently there is no clear overview of O-antigen diversity within the various Cronobacter strains and links with virulence. In this study, we tested a total of 82 strains, covering each of the Cronobacter species. The nucleotide variability of the O-antigen gene cluster was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. As a result, the 82 strains were distributed into 11 previously published serotypes and 6 new serotypes, each defined by its characteristic restriction profile. These new serotypes were confirmed using genomic analysis of strains available in public databases: GenBank and PubMLST Cronobacter. Laboratory strains were then tested using the current serotype-specific PCR probes. The results show that the current PCR probes did not always correspond to genomic O-antigen gene cluster variation. In addition, we analyzed the LPS phenotype of the reference strains of all distinguishable serotypes. The identified serotypes were compared with data from the literature and the MLST database (www.pubmlst.org/cronobacter/). Based on the findings, we systematically classified a total of 24 serotypes for the Cronobacter genus. Moreover, we evaluated the clinical history of these strains and show that Cronobacter sakazakii O2, O1, and O4, C. turicensis O1, and C. malonaticus O2 serotypes are particularly predominant in clinical cases.
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12
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A proposed harmonized LPS molecular-subtyping scheme for Cronobacter species. Food Microbiol 2015; 50:38-43. [PMID: 25998813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter are opportunistic pathogens, which cause infections in all age groups. To aid the characterization of Cronobacter in foods and environments a harmonized LPS identification scheme for molecular serotyping is needed. To this end, we studied 409 Cronobacter isolates representing the seven Cronobacter species using two previously reported molecular serotyping schemes, described here as Mullane-Jarvis (M-J) and Sun schemes. PCR analysis revealed many overlapping results that were obtained when independently applying the two serotyping schemes. There were complete agreements between the two PCR schemes for Cronobacter sakazakii (Csak) O:1, Csak O:3, and Csak O:7 serotypes. However, only thirty-five of 41 Csak O:4 strains, identified using the M-J scheme, were PCR-positive with the Sun scheme primers. Also the Sun scheme Csak O:5 primers failed to identify this serotype in any of the C. sakazakii strains tested, but did recognize seven Cronobacter turicensis strains, which were identified as Ctur O:3 using the M-J scheme. Similarly, the Sun scheme Csak O:6 primers recognized 30 Cronobacter malonaticus O:2 strains identified with the M-J scheme, but failed to identify this serotype in any C. sakazakii strain investigated. In this report, these findings are summarized and a harmonized molecular-serotyping scheme is proposed which is predicated on the correct identification of Cronobacter species, prior to serotype determination. In summary, fourteen serotypes were identified using the combined protocol, which consists of Csak O:1-O:4, and Csak O:7; Cmal O:1-O:2; Cdub O:1-O:2, Cmuy O:1-O:2, Cuni O:1, as well as Ctur O:1 and Ctur O:3.
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13
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Shashkov AS, Wang M, Turdymuratov EM, Hu S, Arbatsky NP, Guo X, Wang L, Knirel YA. Structural and genetic relationships of closely related O-antigens of Cronobacter spp. and Escherichia coli: C. sakazakii G2594 (serotype O4)/E. coli O103 and C. malonaticus G3864 (serotype O1)/E. coli O29. Carbohydr Res 2015; 404:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Matthies S, Stallforth P, Seeberger PH. Total synthesis of legionaminic acid as basis for serological studies. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2848-51. [PMID: 25668389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Legionaminic acid is a nine-carbon diamino monosaccharide that is found coating the surface of various bacterial human pathogens. Its unique structure makes it a valuable biological probe, but access via isolation is difficult and no practical synthesis has been reported. We describe a stereoselective synthesis that yields a legionaminic acid building block as well as linker-equipped conjugation-ready legionaminic acid starting from cheap d-threonine. To set the desired amino and hydroxyl group pattern of the target, we designed a concise sequence of stereoselective reactions. The key transformations rely on chelation-controlled organometallic additions and a Petasis multicomponent reaction. The legionaminic acid was synthesized in a form that enables attachment to surfaces. Glycan microarray containing legionaminic acid revealed that human antibodies bind the synthetic glycoside. The synthetic bacterial monosaccharide is a valuable probe to detect an immune response to bacterial pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaire's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Matthies
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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A Cronobacter turicensis O1 antigen-specific monoclonal antibody inhibits bacterial motility and entry into epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2014; 83:876-87. [PMID: 25534937 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02211-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter turicensis is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can cause a rare but sometimes lethal infection in neonates. Little is known about the virulence mechanisms and intracellular lifestyle of this pathogen. In this study, we developed an IgG monoclonal antibody (MAb; MAb 2G4) that specifically recognizes the O1 antigen of C. turicensis cells. The antilipopolysaccharide antibody bound predominantly monovalently to the O antigen and reduced bacterial growth without causing cell agglutination. Furthermore, binding of the antibody to the O1 antigen of C. turicensis cells caused a significant reduction of the membrane potential which is required to energize flagellar rotation, accompanied by a decreased flagellum-based motility. These results indicate that binding of IgG to the O antigen of C. turicensis causes a direct antimicrobial effect. In addition, this feature of the antibody enabled new insight into the pathogenicity of C. turicensis. In a tissue culture infection model, pretreatment of C. turicensis with MAb 2G4 showed no difference in adhesion to human epithelial cells, whereas invasion of bacteria into Caco-2 cells was significantly inhibited.
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Structure and genetics of the O-antigen of Enterobacter cloacae C6285 containing di-N-acetyllegionaminic acid. Carbohydr Res 2014; 392:21-4. [PMID: 24837902 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
On mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of Enterobacter cloacae C6285, the O-polysaccharide was cleaved at residues of 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (di-N-acetyllegionaminic acid, Leg5Ac7Ac) in the main chain. The resultant oligosaccharide and an alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide were studied by sugar analysis along with (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the linear O-polysaccharide was established: →4)-α-d-Galp-(1→4)-α-Legp5Ac7Ac-(2→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-GalpNAc-(1→ The O-antigen gene cluster of E. cloacae C6285 was sequenced, the gene functions were tentatively assigned by comparison with sequences in the available databases and found to be in agreement with the O-polysaccharide structure.
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Morrison MJ, Imperiali B. The renaissance of bacillosamine and its derivatives: pathway characterization and implications in pathogenicity. Biochemistry 2014; 53:624-38. [PMID: 24383882 PMCID: PMC3951908 DOI: 10.1021/bi401546r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Prokaryote-specific
sugars, including N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine
(diNAcBac) and pseudaminic
acid, have experienced a renaissance in the past decade because of
their discovery in glycans related to microbial pathogenicity. DiNAcBac
is found at the reducing end of oligosaccharides of N- and O-linked
bacterial protein glycosylation pathways of Gram-negative pathogens,
including Campylobacter jejuni and Neisseria
gonorrhoeae. Further derivatization of diNAcBac results in
the nonulosonic acid known as legionaminic acid, which was first characterized
in the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Legionella
pneumophila. Pseudaminic acid, an isomer of legionaminic
acid, is also important in pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter
pylori because of its occurrence in O-linked glycosylation
of flagellin proteins, which plays an important role in flagellar
assembly and motility. Here, we present recent advances in the characterization
of the biosynthetic pathways leading to these highly modified sugars
and investigation of the roles that each plays in bacterial fitness
and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Morrison
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Sun Y, Arbatsky NP, Wang M, Shashkov AS, Liu B, Wang L, Knirel YA. Structure and genetics of the O-antigen ofCronobacter turicensisG3882 from a new serotype,C. turicensisO2, and identification of a serotype-specific gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:323-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yan QQ, Condell O, Power K, Butler F, Tall BD, Fanning S. Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula: a review of our current understanding of the biology of this bacterium. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1-15. [PMID: 22420458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic pathogens that can cause necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia and meningitis, predominantly in neonates. Infection in these vulnerable infants has been linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Considerable research has been undertaken on this organism in the past number of years which has enhanced our understanding of this neonatal pathogen leading to improvements in its control within the PIF production environment. The taxonomy of the organism resulted in the recognition of a new genus, Cronobacter, which consists of seven species. This paper presents an up-to-date review of our current knowledge of Cronobacter species. Taxonomy, genome sequencing, current detection protocols and epidemiology are all discussed. In addition, consideration is given to the control of this organism in the manufacturing environment, as a first step towards reducing the occurrence of this pathogen in PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference & Training on Cronobacter, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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