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Jing S, Wu L, Siciliano AP, Chen C, Li T, Hu L. The Critical Roles of Water in the Processing, Structure, and Properties of Nanocellulose. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22196-22226. [PMID: 37934794 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose industry depends heavily on water owing to the hydrophilic nature of cellulose fibrils and its potential for sustainable and innovative production methods. The emergence of nanocellulose, with its excellent properties, and the incorporation of nanomaterials have garnered significant attention. At the nanoscale level, nanocellulose offers a higher exposure of hydroxyl groups, making it more intimate with water than micro- and macroscale cellulose fibers. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between nanocellulose and water holds the potential to reduce production costs and provide valuable insights into designing functional nanocellulose-based materials. In this review, water molecules interacting with nanocellulose are classified into free water (FW) and bound water (BW), based on their interaction forces with surface hydroxyls and their mobility in different states. In addition, the water-holding capacity of cellulosic materials and various water detection methods are also discussed. The review also examines water-utilization and water-removal methods in the fabrication, dispersion, and transport of nanocellulose, aiming to elucidate the challenges and tradeoffs in these processes while minimizing energy and time costs. Furthermore, the influence of water on nanocellulose properties, including mechanical properties, ion conductivity, and biodegradability, are discussed. Finally, we provide our perspective on the challenges and opportunities in developing nanocellulose and its interplay with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lianping Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Amanda P Siciliano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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2
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Dissolution of cellulose into supercritical water and its dissolving state followed by structure formation from the solution system. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118669. [PMID: 34742408 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose was treated with supercritical water at 668 K and 25 MPa for 0.04 s in this study. The cellulose/water system was transparent at room temperature for a while after supercritical water treatment before a precipitate gradually appeared over several hours. The precipitation process was monitored by synchrotron X-ray scattering. The scattering functions of fractal systems and flat-like structures were utilized to explain the experimentally observed small-angle scattering profiles. Immediately after supercritical water treatment, the cellulose appeared to dissolve with a fractal dimension D of approximately 1, indicating that the cellulose molecules were rigid, followed by aggregation into a 5-nm-thick flat-like structure. The flat-like structure was determined to be similar to the molecular sheets observed during the early stages of precipitation in the cellulose/aqueous sodium hydroxide and cellulose/aqueous lithium hydroxide/urea systems. Resultant regenerated cellulose had high crystallinity, large crystal size, and a low degree of polymerization.
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3
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Chen Y, Fu X, Yu S, Quan K, Zhao C, Shao Z, Ye D, Qi H, Chen P. Parameterization of classical nonpolarizable force field for hydroxide toward the large‐scale molecular dynamics simulation of cellulose in pre‐cooled alkali/urea aqueous solution. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaotong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu Province China
| | - Shuxian Yu
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Kun Quan
- China Institute of Marine Technology and Economy Beijing China
| | - Changjun Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Ziqiang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Dongdong Ye
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering Wuyi University Jiangmen Guangdong Province China
| | - Haisong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - Pan Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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4
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Valiollah Babaeipour, Hamid M, Chegeni A, Imani M, Bahrami A. Study of Structural Characteristics of Regenerated Bacterial and Plant Cellulose. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21040015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Liu X, Yan P, Xu Z, Zhang ZC. The effect of mix-milling with P 2O 5 on cellulose physicochemical properties responsible for increased glucose yield. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117652. [PMID: 33593540 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Breaking the recalcitrant structure of native crystalline cellulose is an energy demanding rate liming step in the production of glucose from cellulosic biomass. Mix-milling of lignocellulosic substrates (with P2O5) dramatically increased glucose yield. In this work, the changes of physicochemical characteristics (morphology, structure, degree of polymerization (DP), solubility) of cellulose during mix-milling (with P2O5) are correlated with glucose yield in the subsequent chemical hydrolysis process. The mix-milling enables highly efficient breakdown of cellulose I crystalline to smaller amorphous particles with low DP, which is recrystallized into cellulose II structure after water-wetting. As a result, the mix-milled cellulose (MMC) shows higher hydrolysis reactivity than that of single-milled cellulose (SMC). The results showed that small particle size, low DP, higher solubility and cellulose II content are correlated with the hydrolysis reactivity of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Peifang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zhanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Z Conrad Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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6
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Delepierre G, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Weder C, Cranston ED, Zoppe JO. Patience is a virtue: self-assembly and physico-chemical properties of cellulose nanocrystal allomorphs. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17480-17493. [PMID: 32808640 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are bio-based rod-like nanoparticles with a quickly expanding market. Despite the fact that a variety of production routes and starting cellulose sources are employed, all industrially produced CNCs consist of cellulose I (CNC-I), the native crystalline allomorph of cellulose. Here a comparative study of the physico-chemical properties and liquid crystalline behavior of CNCs produced from cellulose II (CNC-II) and typical CNC-I is reported. CNC-I and CNC-II are isolated by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of cotton and mercerized cotton, respectively. The two allomorphs display similar surface charge densities and ζ-potentials and both have a right-handed twist, but CNC-II have a slightly smaller average length and aspect ratio, and are less hygroscopic. Interestingly, the self-assembly behavior of CNC-I and CNC-II in water is different. Whilst CNC-I forms a chiral nematic phase, CNC-II initially phase separates into an upper isotropic and a lower nematic liquid crystalline phase, before a slow reorganization into a large-pitch chiral nematic texture occurs. This is potentially caused by a combination of factors, including the inferred faster rotational diffusion of CNC-II and the different crystal structures of CNC-I and CNC-II, which are responsible for the presence and absence of a giant dipole moment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland and University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Kulak Kortrijk Campus, E. Sabbelaan 53 box 7659, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Kulak Kortrijk Campus, E. Sabbelaan 53 box 7659, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Justin O Zoppe
- Omya International AG, Baslerstrasse 42, 4665, Oftringen, Switzerland.
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7
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Koochaki A, Moghbeli MR, Rasouli S, Gharib-Zahedi MR. Dissolution and conformational behavior of functionalized cellulose chains in the bulk, aqueous and non-aqueous media: A simulation study. Carbohydr Res 2020; 496:108107. [PMID: 32805475 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we employ all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamic behaviors and structural properties of the native and modified cellulose chains in the bulk, aqueous, and organic media. Particular attention has been directed to the role of different hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups as linear and branched aliphatic and also cyclic pendent groups on the solubility and packing of the cellulose chain. The various properties related to density profile, mean squared displacement, intramolecular entropy, radius of gyration, and radial distribution function were calculated. The results showed that the chain tendency toward crystallinity decreased when the native cellulose chains were modified using functional groups. This issue is supported by the fact that modifying the chains decreases the compactness of the cellulose chains due to partial solubility increasing of the modified chains, especially for the chains functionalized by polyether groups. The present computational data highlights the crucial role of the functional groups with the hydrophilic nature and linear molecular architecture to reduce the cellulose chains compactness in both aqueous and organic media when compared with the other types of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Koochaki
- Smart Polymers and Nanocomposites Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Moghbeli
- Smart Polymers and Nanocomposites Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Sajad Rasouli
- Smart Polymers and Nanocomposites Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
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8
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Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Pisklak DM. Periodic DFT Calculations-Review of Applications in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E415. [PMID: 32369915 PMCID: PMC7284980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the introduction to this review the complex chemistry of solid-state pharmaceutical compounds is summarized. It is also explained why the density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations became recently so popular in studying the solid APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). Further, the most popular programs enabling DFT periodic calculations are presented and compared. Subsequently, on the large number of examples, the applications of such calculations in pharmaceutical sciences are discussed. The mentioned topics include, among others, validation of the experimentally obtained crystal structures and crystal structure prediction, insight into crystallization and solvation processes, development of new polymorph synthesis ways, and formulation techniques as well as application of the periodic DFT calculations in the drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
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9
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Jiang X, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Zheng L. Thermal Response in Cellulose I β Based on Molecular Dynamics. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/cmb-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The structural details of cellulose I β were discussed according to molecular dynamics simulations with the GLYCAM-06 force field. The simulation outcomes were in agreement with previous experimental data, including structural parameters and hydrogen bond pattern at 298 K. We found a new conformation of cellulose Iβ existed at the intermediate temperature that is between the low and high temperatures. Partial chain rotations along the backbone direction were found and conformations of hydroxymethyl groups that alternated from tg to either gt or gg were observed when the temperature increased from 298 K to 400 K. In addition, the gg conformation is preferred than gt. For the structure adopted at high temperature of 500 K, major chains were twisted and two chains detached from each plain. In contrast to the observation under intermediate temperature, the population of hydroxymethyl groups in gt exceeded that in gg conformation at high temperature. In addition, three patterns of hydrogen bonding were identified at low, intermediate and high temperatures in the simulations. The provided structural information indicated the transitions occurred around 350 K and 450 K, considered as the transitional temperatures of cellulose Iβ in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Jiang
- Wuhan Textile and Apparel Digital Engineering Technology Research Center , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , Hubei, China ; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Yu Chen
- Wuhan Textile and Apparel Digital Engineering Technology Research Center , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , Hubei, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science , North Carolina State University , USA 27067
| | - Lu Zheng
- Wuhan Textile and Apparel Digital Engineering Technology Research Center , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , Hubei, China
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10
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Cellulose in Ionic Liquids and Alkaline Solutions: Advances in the Mechanisms of Biopolymer Dissolution and Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121917. [PMID: 31766402 PMCID: PMC6960809 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on assessment of solvents for cellulose dissolution and the mechanism of regeneration of the dissolved biopolymer. The solvents of interest are imidazole-based ionic liquids, quaternary ammonium electrolytes, salts of super-bases, and their binary mixtures with molecular solvents. We briefly discuss the mechanism of cellulose dissolution and address the strategies for assessing solvent efficiency, as inferred from its physico-chemical properties. In addition to the favorable effect of lower cellulose solution rheology, microscopic solvent/solution properties, including empirical polarity, Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and dipolarity/polarizability are determinants of cellulose dissolution. We discuss how these microscopic properties are calculated from the UV-Vis spectra of solvatochromic probes, and their use to explain the observed solvent efficiency order. We dwell briefly on use of other techniques, in particular NMR and theoretical calculations for the same purpose. Once dissolved, cellulose is either regenerated in different physical shapes, or derivatized under homogeneous conditions. We discuss the mechanism of, and the steps involved in cellulose regeneration, via formation of mini-sheets, association into “mini-crystals”, and convergence into larger crystalline and amorphous regions. We discuss the use of different techniques, including FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and theoretical calculations to probe the forces involved in cellulose regeneration.
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11
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Hickey RJ, Pelling AE. Cellulose Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 30968018 PMCID: PMC6438900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the importance of nanostructure of cellulose-based biomaterials to allow cellular adhesion, the contribution of nanostructure to macroscale mechanical properties, and several key applications of these materials for fundamental scientific research and biomedical engineering. Different features on the nanoscale can have macroscale impacts on tissue function. Cellulose is a diverse material with tunable properties and is a promising platform for biomaterial development and tissue engineering. Cellulose-based biomaterials offer some important advantages over conventional synthetic materials. Here we provide an up-to-date summary of the status of the field of cellulose-based biomaterials in the context of bottom-up approaches for tissue engineering. We anticipate that cellulose-based material research will continue to expand because of the diversity and versatility of biochemical and biophysical characteristics highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Hickey
- Department of Physics, STEM Complex, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew E. Pelling
- Department of Physics, STEM Complex, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institute for Science Society and Policy, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- SymbioticA, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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Otto DP, Combrinck J, Otto A, Tiedt LR, de Villiers MM. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Investigation of the Transport of Salicylic Acid through a Simulated In Vitro Skin Permeation Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040134. [PMID: 30563088 PMCID: PMC6316323 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Permeation models are often used to determine diffusion properties of a drug through a membrane as it is released from a delivery system. In order to circumvent problematic in vivo studies, diffusion studies can be performed in vitro, using (semi-)synthetic membranes. In this study salicylic acid permeation was studied, employing a nitrocellulose membrane. Both saturated and unsaturated salicylic acid solutions were studied. Additionally, the transport of salicylic acid through the nitrocellulose membrane was simulated by computational modelling. Experimental observations could be explained by the transport mechanism that was revealed by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. The DPD model was developed with the aid of atomistic scale molecular dynamics (AA-MD). The choice of a suitable model membrane can therefore, be predicted by AA-MD and DPD simulations. Additionally, the difference in the magnitude of release from saturated and unsaturated salicylic acid and solutions could also be observed with DPD. Moreover, computational studies can reveal hidden variables such as membrane-permeant interaction that cannot be measured experimentally. A recommendation is made for the development of future model permeation membranes is to incorporate computational modelling to aid the choice of model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Otto
- Research Focus Area for Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Laboratory for Analytical Services, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| | - Johann Combrinck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| | - Anja Otto
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| | - Louwrens R Tiedt
- Research Focus Area for Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| | - Melgardt M de Villiers
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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13
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On the polymorphic and morphological changes of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-I) upon mercerization and conversion to CNC-II. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 143:327-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Basu S, Omadjela O, Gaddes D, Tadigadapa S, Zimmer J, Catchmark JM. Cellulose Microfibril Formation by Surface-Tethered Cellulose Synthase Enzymes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1896-907. [PMID: 26799780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are pseudocrystalline arrays of cellulose chains that are synthesized by cellulose synthases. The enzymes are organized into large membrane-embedded complexes in which each enzyme likely synthesizes and secretes a β-(1→4) glucan. The relationship between the organization of the enzymes in these complexes and cellulose crystallization has not been explored. To better understand this relationship, we used atomic force microscopy to visualize cellulose microfibril formation from nickel-film-immobilized bacterial cellulose synthase enzymes (BcsA-Bs), which in standard solution only form amorphous cellulose from monomeric BcsA-B complexes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques show that surface-tethered BcsA-Bs synthesize highly crystalline cellulose II in the presence of UDP-Glc, the allosteric activator cyclic-di-GMP, as well as magnesium. The cellulose II cross section/diameter and the crystal size and crystallinity depend on the surface density of tethered enzymes as well as the overall concentration of substrates. Our results provide the correlation between cellulose microfibril formation and the spatial organization of cellulose synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasish Basu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Okako Omadjela
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - David Gaddes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Srinivas Tadigadapa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Catchmark
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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15
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Sauter J, Grafmüller A. Solution Properties of Hemicellulose Polysaccharides with Four Common Carbohydrate Force Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:1765-74. [PMID: 26574386 DOI: 10.1021/ct500924f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemicellulose polysaccharides play an important role in the swelling behavior of the primary plant cell wall, and molecular dynamics simulations provide the means of gaining a concise understanding of the interactions of hemicellulose polysaccharides with water. Here, we compare four of the main polysaccharide force fields (CHARMM36 TIP3P, GROMOS56A6(CARBO) SPC, GLYCAM06h TIP3P, and GLYCAM06h TIP5P) for the most abundant hemicellulose backbone components. In particular, we compare aggregation, diffusion coefficients, system density, and investigate the free energy of hydration of saccharides in water. We find that the saccharides show nonphysical aggregation at low concentrations with the GLYCAM06h TIP3P force field, which can be rectified by the use of the TIP5P water model. As a result of the aggregation, GLYCAM06h TIP3P does not lead to reasonable diffusion coefficients whereas the diffusion coefficients, as well as the system density, agrees best with experimental data for the GLYCAM06h TIP5P force field. Overall, GLYCAM06h TIP5P gives good agreement with experimental free energy of hydration data for small saccharides. In addition, the free energy of hydration for short polysaccharides calculated with the GLYCAM06h TIP5P force field is consistent with the radial distribution functions between the polysaccharides and water, the hydration number of the polysaccharides, and the hydrogen bonds formed in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Sauter
- Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam, Germany
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