Novel Pd-carrying composite carbon nanofibers based on polyacrylonitrile as a catalyst for Sonogashira coupling reaction

Palladium Nanoparticle-Decorated Porous Metal-Organic-Framework (Zr)@Guanidine: Novel Efficient Catalyst in Cross-Coupling (Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira) Reactions and Carbonylative Sonogashira under Mild Conditions

A novel heterogeneous Zr-based metal-organic framework containing an amino group functionalized with nitrogen-rich organic ligand (guanidine), through a step-by-step post synthesis modification approach, was successfully modified by the stabilization of palladium metal nanoparticles on the prepared UiO-66-NH₂ support in order to synthesize the Suzuki-Murray, Mizoroki-Heck, and copper-free Sonogashira reactions and also the carbonylative Sonogashira reaction incorporating H₂O as a green solvent under mild conditions. This newly synthesized highly efficient and reusable UiO-66-NH₂@cyanuric chloride@guanidine/Pd-NPs reported catalyst has been utilized to increase anchoring palladium onto the substrate with the aim of altering the construction of the intended synthesis catalyst to form the C-C coupling derivatives. Several strategies, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, transmission microscopy electron, thermogravimetric analysis, inductively coupled plasma, energy-dispersive X-ray, and elemental mapping analyzes, were used to indicate the successful preparation of the UiO-66-NH₂@cyanuric chloride@guanidine/Pd-NPs. In these reactions, the UiO-66-NH₂-supported Pd-NPs illustrated superior performances compared to their catalyst, revealing the benefits of providing nanocatalysts. As a result, the proposed catalyst is favorable in a green solvent, and also, the outputs are accomplished with good to excellent outputs. Furthermore, the suggested catalyst represented very good reusability with no remarkable loss in activity up nine sequential runs.

Zinc oxide nanorod assisted rapid single-step process for the conversion of electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) nanofibers to carbon nanofibers with a high graphitic content

The effect of incorporation of rigid zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures on carbonization behavior of electrospun special acrylic fiber grade poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN-SAF) nanofibers was investigated. ZnO nanorods with high aspect ratios were incorporated into a PAN-N,N-dimethylformamide system and the composite nanofibers reinforced with aligned ZnO rods up to 50 wt% were successfully electrospun, and subsequently, carbonized. The morphology and the structural analysis of the resultant carbon nanofibers revealed that the rigid ZnO nanorods, present inside the nanofibers, possibly acted as scaffolds (temporary support structures) for immobilization of polymer chains and assisted in uniform heat distribution. This facilitated rapid and efficient conversion of the polymer structure to the ladder, and subsequently, the graphitized structure. At the end of the process, the ZnO nanorods were found to completely separate from the carbonized fibers yielding pure carbon nanofibers with a high graphitic content and surface area. The approach could be used to eliminate the slow, energy intensive stabilization step and achieve fast conversion of randomly laid carbon nanofiber webs in a single step to carbon nanofibers without the application of external tension or internal templates usually employed to achieve a high graphitic content in such systems.

Electrospun carbon nanofiber modified electrodes for stripping voltammetry

Electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have attracted intense attention due to their easy processing, high carbon yield, and robust mechanical properties. In this work, a CNF modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode that was coated with Nafion polymer was evaluated as a new electrode material for the simultaneous determination of trace levels of heavy metal ions by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Pb(2+) and Cd(2+) were used as a representative system for this initial study. Well-defined stripping voltammograms were obtained when Pb(2+) and Cd(2+) were determined individually and then simultaneously in a mixture. Compared to a bare GC electrode, the CNF/Nafion modified GC (CNF/Nafion/GC) electrode improved the sensitivity for lead detection by 8-fold. The interface properties of the CNF/Nafion/GC were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which showed the importance of the ratio of CNF/Nafion on electrode performance. Under optimized conditions, the detection limits are 0.9 and 1.5 nM for Pb(2+) and Cd(2+), respectively.

Laccase biosensor based on electrospun copper/carbon composite nanofibers for catechol detection

The study compared the biosensing properties of laccase biosensors based on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and copper/carbon composite nanofibers (Cu/CNFs). The two kinds of nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning and carbonization under the same conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate the morphologies and structures of CNFs and Cu/CNFs. The amperometric results indicated that the Cu/CNFs/laccase(Lac)/Nafion/glass carbon electrode (GCE) possessed reliable analytical performance for the detection of catechol. The sensitivity of the Cu/CNFs/Lac/Nafion/GCE reached 33.1 μA/mM, larger than that of CNFs/Lac/Nafion/GCE. Meanwhile, Cu/CNFs/Lac/Nafion/GCE had a wider linear range from 9.95 × 10⁻⁶ to 9.76 × 10⁻³ M and a lower detection limit of 1.18 μM than CNFs/Lac/Nafion/GCE. Moreover, it exhibited a good repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity and long-term stability, revealing that electrospun Cu/CNFs have great potential in biosensing.

Xylan-type hemicellulose supported palladium nanoparticles: a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for the carbon–carbon coupling reactions

A heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by depositing palladium nanoparticles onto xylan-type hemicellulose, which is a kind of renewable biopolymer catalyst, and used as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions.

One-dimensional composite nanomaterials: synthesis by electrospinning and their applications

This Review provides an overview of the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) composite nanomaterials by electrospinning and their applications. After a brief description of the development of the electrospinning technique, the transformation of an inorganic nanocomponent or polymer into another kind of polymer or inorganic matrix is discussed in terms of the electrospinning process, including the direct-dispersed method, gas-solid reaction, in situ photoreduction, sol-gel method, emulsion electrospinning method, solvent evaporation, and coaxial electrospinning. In addition, various applications of such 1D composite nanomaterials are highlighted in terms of electronic and optical nanodevices, chemical and biological sensors, catalysis and electrocatalysis, superhydrophobic surfaces, environment, energy, and biomedical fields. An increasing number of investigations show that electrospinning has been not only a focus of academic study in the laboratory but is also being applied in a great many technological fields.