1
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Ciptonugroho W, Mensah JB, Al-Shaal G, Palkovits R. WOx/ZrO2 catalysts for the conversion of α-angelica lactone with butanol to butyl levulinates. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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2
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Kumar A, Ingle A, Shende DZ, Wasewar KL. Perspective of reactive separation of levulinic acid in conceptual mixer settler reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:24890-24898. [PMID: 35102506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Levulinic acid is a carboxylic acid present in industrial downstream. It is an important chemical and can be transformed into various important chemicals such as 1,4-pentanediol, aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, gamma valarolactone, hydoxyvaleric acid, and diphenolic acid. It is considered one of the top ten most important building block chemicals and bio-derived acids. Levulinic acid can be directly produced using biomass, chemical synthesis, and fermentation processes at industrial and laboratory scales. The biomass process produces the char, whereas the fermentation process generates waste during the production of levulinic acid, leading to an increase in the production cost and waste streams. The separation of levulinic acid from the waste is expensive and challenging. In the present study, reactive extraction was employed using trioctylamine in i-octanol for the separation of levulinic acid. The experimental results were expressed in terms of performance parameters like distribution coefficient (0.099-6.14), extraction efficiency (9-86%), loading ratio (0.09-0.7), and equilibrium complexation constant (11.34-1.05). The mass action law model was also applied and found the predicted values were in close agreement with the experimental results. The mixer settler extraction in series was used to achieve more than 98% separations of acid. Furthermore, the conceptual approach for separation of levulinic acid using a mixer settler reactor scheme was discussed and presented various design parameters including extraction efficiency, diffusion coefficient, equilibrium complexation constant, and loading ratio. The study is helpful in recovering the valuable chemicals present in industrial downstream and reducing their environmental impacts if any.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL), Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Anjali Ingle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL), Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Diwakar Z Shende
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL), Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Kailas L Wasewar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL), Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440010, India.
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3
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Szabó Y, Kiss MA, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á, Pálinkó I, Sipos P, Frank É, Szabados M. Microwave-induced base-catalyzed synthesis of methyl levulinate, a further improvement in dimethyl carbonate-mediated valorization of levulinic acid. APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2022.119020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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4
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Bravo Fuchineco DA, Heredia AC, Mendoza SM, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Crivello ME. Production of Levulinic Esters by Heterogeneous Catalysis with Zr Metal–Organic Frameworks in Pressure Reactors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiana A. Bravo Fuchineco
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química (CITeQ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad Regional Córdoba-Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN-FRC), Córdoba5016, Argentina
| | - Angélica C. Heredia
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química (CITeQ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad Regional Córdoba-Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN-FRC), Córdoba5016, Argentina
| | - Sandra M. Mendoza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad Regional Reconquista-Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Reconquista3560, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, 29071Málaga, Spain
| | - Mónica E. Crivello
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química (CITeQ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad Regional Córdoba-Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN-FRC), Córdoba5016, Argentina
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5
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Gautam P, Barman S, Ali A. Catalytic Synthesis of Energy‐rich Fuel Additive Levulinate Esters from Levulinic Acid using Modified Ultra‐stable Zeolite Y. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gautam
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
| | - Sanghamitra Barman
- Department of Chemical Engineering Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
- TIET-VT Center of Excellence for Emerging Materials Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
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6
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Tiwari M, Wagh D, Dicks JS, Keogh J, Ansaldi M, Ranade VV, Manyar HG. Solvent Free Upgrading of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with Levulinic Acid to HMF Levulinate Using Tin Exchanged Tungstophosphoric Acid Supported on K-10 Catalyst. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:27-34. [PMID: 36748078 PMCID: PMC9896477 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The manufacture of high-value products from biomass derived platform chemicals is becoming an integral part of the biorefinery industry. In this study, we demonstrate a green catalytic process using solvent free conditions for the synthesis of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levulinate from HMF and levulinic acid (LA) over tin exchanged tungstophosphoric acid (DTP) supported on K-10 (montmorillonite K-10 clay) as the catalyst. The structural properties of solid acid catalysts were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, UV-vis, titration, and SEM techniques. Partial exchange of the H+ of DTP with Sn (x = 1) resulted in enhanced acidity of the catalyst and showed an increase in the catalytic activity as compared to the unsubstituted DTP/K-10 as the catalyst. The effects of different reaction parameters were studied and optimized to get high yields of HMF levulinate. The kinetic model was developed by considering the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) mechanism, and the activation energy was calculated to be 41.2 kJ mol-1. The prepared catalysts were easily recycled up to four times without any noticeable loss of activity, and hot filtration test indicated the heterogeneous nature of the catalytic activity. The overall process is environmentally benign and suitable for easy scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishkumar
S. Tiwari
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.,Department
of chemical Engineering, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management
and Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai, India400065
| | - Dipti Wagh
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Jennifer Sarah Dicks
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - John Keogh
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Michela Ansaldi
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Vivek V. Ranade
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Haresh G. Manyar
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.,. Phone: +442890976608.
Fax: + 44 28 90 974687
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7
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Lopes NPG, da Silva MJ. Cesium partially exchanged heteropolyacid salts: efficient solid catalysts to produce bioadditives from the levulinic acid esterification with alkyl alcohols. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Lanaya S, El Jemli Y, Khallouk K, Abdelouahdi K, Hannioui A, Solhy A, Barakat A. Sulfated Well-Defined Mesoporous Nanostructured Zirconia for Levulinic Acid Esterification. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:27839-27850. [PMID: 35990426 PMCID: PMC9386699 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Well-organized zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles forming mesoporous materials have been successfully synthesized via a facile micelle-templating method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a structure-directing template to control the nucleation/growth process and porosity. The systematic use of such a surfactant in combination with a microwave-assisted solvothermal (cyclohexane/water) reaction enabled the control of pore size in a narrow-size distribution range (3-17 nm). The effect of solvent mixture ratio on the porosity of the synthesized oxide was determined, and the controlled growth of zirconia nanoparticles was confirmed by means of powder X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as N2 physisorption isotherm analysis. Then, the as-prepared nanostructured zirconia oxides were treated with sulfuric acid to have sulfated samples. The catalytic performances of these mesoporous zirconia nanoparticles and their sulfated samples were tested for levulinic acid (LA) esterification by ethanol, with quantitative conversions of LA to ethyl levulinate after 8 h of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salaheddine Lanaya
- UMR
IATE, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Agro Institute Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier France
- Organic
Chemistry and Analytical Laboratory, FST, University of Sultane Moulay Slimane, Béni-Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Yousra El Jemli
- IMED-Lab,
FST, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Khadija Khallouk
- UMR
IATE, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Agro Institute Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier France
- LMPCE,
EST, Université Sidi Mohammed Ben
Abdellah, 30000 Fes, Morocco
| | | | - Abdellah Hannioui
- Organic
Chemistry and Analytical Laboratory, FST, University of Sultane Moulay Slimane, Béni-Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Solhy
- UMR
IATE, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Agro Institute Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Abdellatif Barakat
- UMR
IATE, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Agro Institute Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier France
- Mohamed
VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
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9
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Nanoarchitectonics of phosphomolybdic acid supported on activated charcoal for selective conversion of furfuryl alcohol and levulinic acid to alkyl levulinates. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Bio-fuel additive synthesized from levulinic acid using ionic liquid-furfural based carbon catalyst: Kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanism studies. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Tian Y, Zhang F, Wang J, Cao L, Han Q. A review on solid acid catalysis for sustainable production of levulinic acid and levulinate esters from biomass derivatives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125977. [PMID: 34852443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is a kind of renewable and abundant resource that can be seen as an important candidate to solve the energy crisis. Levulinic acid (LA) and levulinate esters (LEs) have been widely researched as biomass-based platform compounds. In recent years, efficient, green, and environment-friendly solid acid catalysts have been developed for the fast production and resolution of the problems, such as low yield, high equipmental requirements, and difficulty in product separation, in the preparation of LA and LE from biomass. In this paper, the preparation routes of LA and LEs from various raw materials are introduced, and the solid acid catalysts involved in their production are emphatically reviewed. The challenges and prospects in LA and LE production from biomass are proposed to achieve a more economical and energy efficient process with the concept of sustainable development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Miami College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Miami College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Jieni Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Leichang Cao
- Miami College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
| | - Qiuxia Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Miami College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
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12
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Dell'Acqua A, Wille L, Stadler BM, Tin S, de Vries JG. Ozonolysis of α-angelica lactone: a renewable route to malonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10524-10527. [PMID: 34550135 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Industrially relevant intermediates such as malonic acid, malonates and 3-oxopropionates can be easily accessed by ozonolysis of α-angelica lactone, derived from the platform chemical levulinic acid. The roles of the solvent and of the quenching conditions are of key importance for the outcome of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dell'Acqua
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, e. V. Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Lukas Wille
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, e. V. Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Bernhard M Stadler
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, e. V. Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Sergey Tin
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, e. V. Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Johannes G de Vries
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, e. V. Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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13
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Reactive Chromatography Applied to Ethyl Levulinate Synthesis: A Proof of Concept. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Levulinic acid (LA) has been highlighted as one of the most promising platform chemicals, providing a wide range of possible derivatizations to value-added chemicals as the ethyl levulinate obtained through an acid catalyzed esterification reaction with ethanol that has found application in the bio-fuel market. Being a reversible reaction, the main drawback is the production of water that does not allow full conversion of levulinic acid. The aim of this work was to prove that the chromatographic reactor technology, in which the solid material of the packed bed acts both as stationary phase and catalyst, is surely a valid option to overcome such an issue by overcoming the thermodynamic equilibrium. The experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed chromatographic reactor, packed with Dowex 50WX-8 as ion exchange resin. Different operational conditions were varied (e.g., temperature and flow rate), pulsing levulinic acid to the ethanol stream, to investigate the main effects on the final conversion and separation efficiency of the system. The effects were described qualitatively, demonstrating that working at sufficiently low flow rates, LA was completely converted, while at moderate flow rates, only a partial conversion was achieved. The system worked properly even at room temperature (303 K), where LA was completely converted, an encouraging result as esterification reactions are normally performed at higher temperatures.
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14
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Kumar A, Shende D, Wasewar K. Central Composite Design Approach for Optimization of Levulinic Acid Separation by Reactive Components. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Advanced Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Diwakar Shende
- Advanced Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Kailas Wasewar
- Advanced Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur 440010, India
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15
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Colombo Migliorero MB, Palermo V, Romanelli GP, Vázquez PG. New niobium heteropolyacid included in a silica/alumina matrix: Application in selective sulfoxidation. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Bhat NS, Mal SS, Dutta S. Recent advances in the preparation of levulinic esters from biomass-derived furanic and levulinic chemical platforms using heteropoly acid (HPA) catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Da Silva MJ, Chaves DM, Teixeira MG, Oliveira Bruziquesi CG. Esterification of levulinic acid over Sn(II) exchanged Keggin heteropolyacid salts: An efficient route to obtain bioaditives. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Intensification of Processes for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate Using AlCl3·6H2O. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14051273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A process for obtaining ethyl levulinate through the direct esterification of levulinic acid and ethanol using AlCl3·6H2O as a catalyst was investigated. AlCl3·6H2O was very active in promoting the reaction and, the correspondent kinetic and thermodynamic data were determined. The reaction followed a homogeneous second-order reversible reaction model: in the temperature range of 318–348 K, Ea was 56.3 kJ·K−1·mol−1, whereas Keq was in the field 2.37–3.31. The activity of AlCl3·6H2O was comparable to that of conventional mineral acids. Besides, AlCl3·6H2O also induced a separation of phases in which ethyl levulinate resulted mainly (>98 wt%) dissolved into the organic upper layer, well separated by most of the co-formed water, which decanted in the bottom. The catalyst resulted wholly dissolved into the aqueous phase (>95 wt%), allowing at the end of a reaction cycle, complete recovery, and possible reuse for several runs. With the increase of the AlCl3·6H2O content (from 1 to 5 mol%), the reaction proceeded fast, and the phases’ separation improved. Such a behavior eventually results in an intensification of processes of reaction and separation of products and catalyst in a single step. The use of AlCl3·6H2O leads to a significant reduction of energy consumed for the final achievement of ethyl levulinate, and a simplification of line-processes can be achieved.
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19
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Luo Z, Yu S, Zeng W, Zhou J. Comparative analysis of the chemical and biochemical synthesis of keto acids. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107706. [PMID: 33548455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Keto acids are essential organic acids that are widely applied in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, beverages, and feed additives as well as chemical synthesis. Currently, most keto acids on the market are prepared via chemical synthesis. The biochemical synthesis of keto acids has been discovered with the development of metabolic engineering and applied toward the production of specific keto acids from renewable carbohydrates using different metabolic engineering strategies in microbes. In this review, we provide a systematic summary of the types and applications of keto acids, and then summarize and compare the chemical and biochemical synthesis routes used for the production of typical keto acids, including pyruvic acid, oxaloacetic acid, α-oxobutanoic acid, acetoacetic acid, ketoglutaric acid, levulinic acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid, α-ketoisovaleric acid, α-keto-γ-methylthiobutyric acid, α-ketoisocaproic acid, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, and phenylpyruvic acid. We also describe the current challenges for the industrial-scale production of keto acids and further strategies used to accelerate the green production of keto acids via biochemical routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshan Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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20
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Yogita, Rao BS, Subrahmanyam C, Lingaiah N. The selective conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate over Zr-modified tungstophosphoric acid supported on β-zeolites. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05296e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalysts of zirconium-exchanged proton-containing tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) supported on β-zeolites were prepared by an impregnation method for the selective alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol into ethyl levulinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita
- Department of Catalysis and Fine Chemicals
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-AcSIR)
| | - B. Srinivasa Rao
- Department of Catalysis and Fine Chemicals
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
| | - Ch. Subrahmanyam
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderbad-502285
- India
| | - N. Lingaiah
- Department of Catalysis and Fine Chemicals
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-AcSIR)
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21
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Xu Y, Zhang H, Li H, Yang S. Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Biomass-derived Levulinates to γ-valerolactone Using Alcohols as H-donors. CURRENT GREEN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213346107666200129104358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a kind of significant platform molecules in the modern industry,
which can be directly produced from biomass-derivatives, such as sugar, levulinic acid (LA) and ethyl
levulinate (EL). In general, GVL could be produced from LA using gas hydrogen as H-donor with
heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts. But this strategy always has the danger of operation and requirement
of unique reactors due to explosive hydrogen as well as the acidity of reactant. Over the
past decade, researchers in this field have established new processes and strategies to meet the above
problems through the CTH process by using alcohol as H-donor and EL as the substrate over different
kinds of catalysts. In this review, we collect and discuss the literature on the production of GVL from
EL, and applications of LA, EL, and GVL with particular typical mechanisms. The catalyst preparation
methods in the mentioned reaction systems are also concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Hu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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22
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Russo V, Rossano C, Salucci E, Tesser R, Salmi T, Di Serio M. Intraparticle diffusion model to determine the intrinsic kinetics of ethyl levulinate synthesis promoted by Amberlyst-15. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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da Silva MJ, da Silva GRN, Sampaio VFC, Vilanculo CB, Fernandes SA, Teixeira MG. One-pot synthesis of benzaldehyde derivatives in PdCl2-catalyzed reactions with H2O2 in alcoholic solutions. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Liu X, Yang W, Zhang Q, Li C, Wu H. Current Approaches to Alkyl Levulinates via Efficient Valorization of Biomass Derivatives. Front Chem 2020; 8:794. [PMID: 33195025 PMCID: PMC7593706 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass is a potential non-food, carbon-neutral, and abundant resource, which can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels during the sustainable preparation of various platform chemicals. Alkyl levulinates (ALs) have found widespread application as flavorings, plasticizing agents, and fuel additives, as well as synthetic precursors to various building blocks. Several processes have been investigated to transform biomass and its derivatives into ALs, which mainly include: (i) direct esterification of levulinic acid (LA) with alkyl alcohols and (ii) alcoholysis reactions of renewable biomass feedstocks and their derivatives, including furfuryl alcohol (FAL), chloromethyl furfural (CMF), and saccharides. This review focuses on illustrating the effects of the biomass pretreatment step, catalyst texture, possible mechanisms, acidities, and intermediates on the synthesis of ALs from sustainable resources covering a wide range of intermediates, including diethyl ether (DEE), 4,5,5-triethoxypentan-2-one (TEP), ethoxymethylfuran (EMF), ethyl-D-fructofuranoside (EDFF), and ethyl-D-glucopyranoside (EDGP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjia Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hongguo Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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25
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Efficient conversion of glucosamine to ethyl levulinate catalyzed by methanesulfonic acid. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Karnjanakom S, Maneechakr P, Samart C, Kongparakul S, Guan G, Bayu A. Direct conversion of sugar into ethyl levulinate catalyzed by selective heterogeneous acid under co-solvent system. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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27
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Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide over the esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol using montmorillonite K10 as catalyst. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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P.A. C, Darbha S. Catalytic conversion of HMF into ethyl levulinate – A biofuel over hierarchical zeolites. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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29
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A New Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Organic Polymer Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Alkyl Levulinates. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Highly Efficient Conversion of Renewable Levulinic Acid to n-Butyl Levulinate Catalyzed by Sulfonated Magnetic Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Gupta D, Mukesh C, Pant KK. Topotactic transformation of homogeneous phosphotungastomolybdic acid materials to heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for carbohydrate conversion to alkyl methylfurfural and alkyl levulinate. RSC Adv 2020; 10:705-718. [PMID: 35494434 PMCID: PMC9048189 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03300a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong interaction of higher transition metal oxides with inorganic non-metals can be promising for generating highly acidic three-dimensional materials by design. A comprehensive controlled acidity of heteropolyacid-like catalyst and interpretation of the microstructure and mechanism of the formation of a versatile heterogeneous solid acid catalyst, HPW4Mo10Ox has been heterogenized by biomass-derived cystine as organic linkers to control the acidity of as-synthesized materials, which have greater acidity and complexity in separation from the reaction mixture. The new and unique results obtained in catalysis done in biphasic reaction. Cystine binds to the surface of HPW4Mo10Ox, and the topotactic transition occurred, change the morphology and lattice parameter. We described here a sustainable transformation of highly acidic (0.84 mmol g−1) heteropoly acid (HPW4Mo10Ox) to cystine anchored on the active surface of the heteropoly acid and controlled the acidity (0.63 mmol g−1) and heterogenized the materials. As synthesized materials have been showing that for the direct formation of alkyl levulinate and furanics intermediate from carbohydrates. HPW4Mo10Ox and HPW4Mo10Ox-Cys, act as acidic catalyst, and catalyse the mono- and disaccharides that are dissolved in primary and secondary alcohols to alkyl levulinate (AL) and alkyl methylfurfural at 170 °C under microwave irradiation with glucose as the substrate, AL yield reaches 62% with 84.95% selectivity. The catalyst can be easily recovered by filtration and minimum five times reused after calcination without any substantial change in the product selectivity. The analytical analysis of as-synthesis materials done by NH3-TPD, BET, XRD, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, FTIR, ATR, TGA, DTA to stabilized the morphology and acidity controlled mechanism. The strong interaction of higher transition metal oxides with inorganic non-metals can be promising for generating highly acidic three-dimensional materials by design.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Gupta
- Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
| | - Chandrakant Mukesh
- Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
| | - Kamal K. Pant
- Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
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32
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Conversion of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate using tin modified silicotungstic acid supported on Ta2O5. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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33
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Karnjanakom S, Bayu A, Maneechakr P, Samart C, Kongparakul S, Guan G. Study of a recycling reaction system for catalytic transformation of biomass-based carbohydrates via acidic-polar biphasic conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl levulinate was easily produced via one-pot conversion of sucrose under a reusable biphasic system over an active/stable acid catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asep Bayu
- Research Center for Biotechnology
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
- Bogor
- Indonesia
| | - Panya Maneechakr
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Rangsit University
- Thailand
| | - Chanatip Samart
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Thammasat University
- Thailand
| | - Suwadee Kongparakul
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Thammasat University
- Thailand
| | - Guoqing Guan
- Energy Conversion Engineering Group
- Institute of Regional Innovation (IRI)
- Hirosaki University
- Aomori
- Japan
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34
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Quereshi S, Ahmad E, Pant KK, Dutta S. Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconia Supported Silicotungstic Acid for Ethyl Levulinate Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Quereshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Suman Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
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35
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Zhao G, Liu M, Xia X, Li L, Xu B. Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate over Glucose-Derived Carbon-Based Solid Acid in Ethanol. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101881. [PMID: 31100815 PMCID: PMC6572322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a carbon-based solid acid was created through the sulfonation of carbon obtained from the hydrothermal pretreatment of glucose. Additionally, ethyl levulinate, a viable liquid biofuel, was produced from furfuryl alcohol using the environmentally benign and low-cost catalyst in ethanol. Studies for optimizing the reaction conditions, such as reaction time, temperature, and catalyst loading, were performed. Under the optimal conditions, a maximum ethyl levulinate yield of 67.1% was obtained. The recovered catalyst activity (Ethyl levulinate yield 57.3%) remained high after being used four times, and it was easily regenerated with a simple sulfonation process. Moreover, the catalyst was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, elemental analysis, and acid-base titration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Xinkui Xia
- College of Food Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Li Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Bayin Xu
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
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36
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Shcherbinin VA, Spesivaya ES, Konshin VV. Reactions of levulinic acid and pseudolevulinic esters with various C-nucleophiles. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Li N, Jiang S, Liu ZY, Guan XX, Zheng XC. Preparation and catalytic performance of loofah sponge-derived carbon sulfonic acid for the conversion of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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38
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Onkarappa SB, Javoor M, Mal SS, Dutta S. Efficient and Scalable Production of Alkyl Levulinates from Cellulose-Derived Levulinic Acid Using Heteropolyacid Catalysts. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manjunath Javoor
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore-; 575025, Karnataka India
| | - Sib Sankar Mal
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore-; 575025, Karnataka India
| | - Saikat Dutta
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore-; 575025, Karnataka India
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39
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Yang F, Tang J. Catalytic Upgrading of Renewable Levulinic Acid to Levulinate Esters Using Perchloric Acid Decorated Nanoporous Silica Gels. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Yang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University of Science and Technology; Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University of Science and Technology; Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; 211816 Nanjing China
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40
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di Bitonto L, Antonopoulou G, Braguglia C, Campanale C, Gallipoli A, Lyberatos G, Ntaikou I, Pastore C. Lewis-Brønsted acid catalysed ethanolysis of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste for efficient production of biofuels. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 266:297-305. [PMID: 29982051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A combined Lewis-Brønsted acid ethanolysis of sugars was thoroughly investigated with the aim of producing ethyl levulinate (EL) in a single step. Ethanolysis carried out at 453 K for 4 h using H2SO4 (1 wt%) and AlCl3·6H2O (30 mol % with respect to sugars) produced a yield of 60 mol % of EL respect to glucose and starch. Such optimised conditions were positively applied directly on different food waste, preliminarily characterised and found to be mainly composed by simple (10-15%) and relatively complex sugars (20-60%), besides proteins (6-10%) and lipids (4-10%), even in their wet form. The catalytic system resulted robust enough to the point that the copresence of proteins, lignin, lipids and mineral salts not only did not negatively affect the overall reactivity, but resulted efficiently converted into soluble species, and specifically, into other liquid biofuels of different nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi di Bitonto
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), via F. de Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Georgia Antonopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadiou, Platani, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Camilla Braguglia
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, km 0.7, 00010 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanale
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), via F. de Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Agata Gallipoli
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, km 0.7, 00010 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerasimos Lyberatos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadiou, Platani, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Ntaikou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadiou, Platani, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlo Pastore
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), via F. de Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy.
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41
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Ghosh S, Bhanja P, Salam N, Khatun R, Bhaumik A, Islam SM. Porous iron-phosphonate nanomaterial as an efficient catalyst for the CO 2 fixation at atmospheric pressure and esterification of biomass-derived levulinic acid. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Kumar K, Dahiya A, Patra T, Upadhyayula S. Upgrading of HMF and Biomass-Derived Acids into HMF Esters Using Bifunctional Ionic Liquid Catalysts under Solvent Free Conditions. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas; New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Aditi Dahiya
- Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi 110007 India
| | - Tanmoy Patra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas; New Delhi 110016 India
- Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi 110007 India
| | - Sreedevi Upadhyayula
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas; New Delhi 110016 India
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43
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Mohammadbagheri Z, Najafi Chermahini A. KCC-1/Pr-SO3H as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for production of n-butyl levulinate from furfuryl alcohol. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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44
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Fe2(SO4)3-Catalyzed Levulinic Acid Esterification: Production of Fuel Bioadditives. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11051263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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45
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Khiratkar AG, Balinge KR, Krishnamurthy M, Cheralathan KK, Patle DS, Singh V, Arora S, Bhagat PR. Sulphonic Acid-Functionalized Benzimidazolium Based Poly Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Esterification of Levulinic Acid. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-2284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Cen Y, Zhu S, Guo J, Chai J, Jiao W, Wang J, Fan W. Supported cobalt catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to various chemicals. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9152-9160. [PMID: 35541863 PMCID: PMC9078606 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass-derived ethyl levulinate can flexibly convert to GVL, EHP, 1,4-PDO and 2-MTHF with excellent selectivity on a supported cobalt catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Shanhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Jiachun Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Weiyong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
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47
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Kong X, Zhang X, Han C, Li C, Yu L, Liu J. Ethanolysis of biomass based furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate over Fe modified USY catalyst. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Gundekari S, Srinivasan K. In situ generated Ni(0)@boehmite from NiAl-LDH: An efficient catalyst for selective hydrogenation of biomass derived levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone. CATAL COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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49
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Kong X, Wu S, Liu L, Li S, Liu J. Continuous synthesis of ethyl levulinate over Cerium exchanged phosphotungstic acid anchored on commercially silica gel pellets catalyst. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Efficient Catalytic Upgrading of Levulinic Acid into Alkyl Levulinates by Resin-Supported Acids and Flow Reactors. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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