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Melis N, Loche D, Thakkar SV, Cutrufello MG, Sini MF, Sedda G, Pilia L, Frongia A, Casula MF. Magnetic Aerogels for Room-Temperature Catalytic Production of Bis(indolyl)methane Derivatives. Molecules 2024; 29:2223. [PMID: 38792085 PMCID: PMC11124404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential of aerogels as catalysts for the synthesis of a relevant class of bis-heterocyclic compounds such as bis(indolyl)methanes was investigated. In particular, the studied catalyst was a nanocomposite aerogel based on nanocrystalline nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) dispersed on amorphous porous silica aerogel obtained by two-step sol-gel synthesis followed by gel drying under supercritical conditions and calcination treatments. It was found that the NiFe2O4/SiO2 aerogel is an active catalyst for the selected reaction, enabling high conversions at room temperature, and it proved to be active for three repeated runs. The catalytic activity can be ascribed to both the textural and acidic features of the silica matrix and of the nanocrystalline ferrite. In addition, ferrite nanocrystals provide functionality for magnetic recovery of the catalyst from the crude mixture, enabling time-effective separation from the reaction environment. Evidence of the retention of species involved in the reaction into the catalyst is also pointed out, likely due to the porosity of the aerogel together with the affinity of some species towards the silica matrix. Our work contributes to the study of aerogels as catalysts for organic reactions by demonstrating their potential as well as limitations for the room-temperature synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Melis
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Danilo Loche
- Nanostructures & Biotech Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swapneel V. Thakkar
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Maria Franca Sini
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Sedda
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luca Pilia
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelo Frongia
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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2
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Pang Q, Zuo WF, Zhang Y, Li X, Han B. Recent Advances on Direct Functionalization of Indoles in Aqueous Media. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200289. [PMID: 36722727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoles and their derivatives have dominated a significant proportion of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and play an essential role in synthetic and medicinal chemistry, pesticides, and advanced materials. Compared with conventional synthetic strategies, direct functionalization of indoles provides straightforward access to construct diverse indole scaffolds. As we enter an era emphasizing green and sustainable chemistry, utilizing environment-friendly solvents represented by water demonstrates great potential in synthesizing valuable indole derivatives. This review aims to depict the critical aspects of aqueous-mediated indoles functionalization over the past decade and discusses the future challenges and prospects in this fast-growing field. For the convenience of readers, this review is classified into three parts according to the bonding modes (C-C, C-N, and C-S bonds), which focus on the diversity of indole derivatives, the prominent role of water in the chemical process, and the types of catalyst systems and mechanisms. We hope this review can promote the sustainable development of the direct functionalization of indoles and their derivatives and the discovery of novel and practical organic methods in aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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3
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Narsale BS, Gadhave AG, Raut KS, Thube DR. One Pot Approach of Novel Xanthan Perchloric Acid Catalyst in Synthesis of Bis(Indolyl)Methane Derivatives via Greener Perspective. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhausaheb S. Narsale
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center, New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parner, India
| | - Anil G. Gadhave
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center, P.V.P. College, Pravaranagar, India
| | - Ketan S. Raut
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center, New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parner, India
| | - Dilip R. Thube
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center, New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parner, India
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4
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Madandar E, Behbahani FK. Green Route for the Synthesis of 3,4-Disubstituted Isoxazol-5(4H)-ones Using GO@Fe(ClO4)3 Nanocatalyst under Solvent-Free Conditions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022060112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Gao F, Zhang S, Lv Q, Yu B. Recent advances in graphene oxide catalyzed organic transformations. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Singha R, Basak P, Ghosh P. Catalytic applications of graphene oxide towards the synthesis of bioactive scaffolds through the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
During the past several decades, metal-based catalysis is one of the major and direct approaches for the synthesis of organic molecules. Nowadays, materials containing predominantly carbon element which are termed as carbocatalysts, become the most promising area of research to replace transition metal catalysts. In this context of carbocatalysis, the use of graphene oxide (GO) and GO-based materials are under spotlight due to their sustainability, environmental benignity and large scale-availability. The presence of oxygen containing functional groups in GO makes it benign oxidant and slightly acidic catalyst. This chapter provides a broad discussion on graphene oxide (GO) as well as its preparation, properties and vast area of application. The catalytic activity of GO has been explored in different organic transformations and it has been recognized as an oxidation catalyst for various organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Singha
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Bengal , Dist-Darjeeling , West Bengal , India
| | - Puja Basak
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Bengal , Dist-Darjeeling , West Bengal , India
| | - Pranab Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Bengal , Dist-Darjeeling , West Bengal , India
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7
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Hote BS, Siddiqui TAJ, Pisal PM, Mandawad GG. Green Approach of Solvent- and Catalyst Free Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes under Visible Light Irradiation. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1804414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baliram S. Hote
- Department of Chemistry, Maharashtra Udayagiri Mahavidyalaya Udgir, Udgir, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tabbasum A. J. Siddiqui
- School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Parshuram M. Pisal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan G. Mandawad
- Department of Chemistry, Maharashtra Udayagiri Mahavidyalaya Udgir, Udgir, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Khanna L, Mansi, Yadav S, Misra N, Khanna P. “In water” synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes: a review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1957113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Khanna
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mansi
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Yadav
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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9
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Gohain SB, Thakur AJ. Au Nanostructures with Controlled Morphology, Biosynthesized from
Garcinia cowa
Fruit Extract, and Their Use in Microwave‐Mediated Bisindole Synthesis. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivanee B. Gohain
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University, Napaam Assam 784028 India
| | - Ashim J. Thakur
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University, Napaam Assam 784028 India
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10
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Hosseini MS, Masteri-Farahani M. Phenyl sulfonic acid functionalized graphene-based materials: Synthetic approaches and applications in organic reactions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Mohammadi Metkazini F, Khorsandi Z, Heydari A. The novel acid-base magnetic recyclable catalyst prepared through carbon disulfide trapping process: Applied for green, one-pot, and efficient synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4 (1H) -ones and bis(indolyl)methanes in large-scale. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Shekarchi M, Behbahani FK. [Bmim]HSO4 loaded on Graphene Oxide: A Green and Retrievable Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles; Some of Which are Fluorinated. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200601170128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [bmim]HSO<sub>4</sub> as a non-halogenated ionic
liquid was loaded on graphene oxide ([bmim]HSO<sub>4</sub>/GO) and employed as a green, reusable, solid
nanocatalyst for the preparation of polysubstituted pyrroles in the presence of amines (such as benzeneamine,
2-amino-4-methylthiazole, adenine (9H-purin-6-amine)), benzaldehydes or cinnamaldehyde
or furfural, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and nitromethane at 90-95°C. The advantages of this protocol
are the synthesis of some novel polysubstituted pyrroles containing fluorine atoms, thiazole and
adenine nuclei that are very important in pharmaceutical and drug discovery research in comparison to
previously reported results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Shekarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj,Iran
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13
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Mitra B, Ghosh P. Humic acid: A Biodegradable Organocatalyst for Solvent‐free Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes, Bis(pyrazolyl)methanes, Bis‐coumarins and Bis‐lawsones. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijeta Mitra
- Department of Chemistry University of North Bengal Dist. Darjeeling West Bengal India
| | - Pranab Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry University of North Bengal Dist. Darjeeling West Bengal India
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14
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Huang J, Xi J, Chen W, Bai Z. Graphene-derived Materials for Metal-free Carbocatalysis of Organic Reactions. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21070340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Boroujeni KP, Shahrokh M, Kiani K, Farokhnia A, Kazemi R, Kheiri F. Synthesis and Catalytic Application of Bimetallic and
Trimetallic Magnetic Nanoalloys for the Preparation of
Bis(indolyl)methanes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Guidotti BB, da Silva TS, Menezes Correia JT, Coelho F. Brønsted-acid-catalyzed selective Friedel-Crafts monoalkylation of isatins with indolizines in water. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7330-7335. [PMID: 32946540 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01714k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The controlled mono-addition of indolizines to isatins under very mild conditions is described. The reaction occurs in water using diphenylphosphate as the catalyst, which is dramatically accelerated by surfactant addition. 3-Hydroxy-3-indolizinyl-2-oxindole scaffolds were synthesized in up to >99% yield. Notably, in organic solvents only bis-addition products were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Boni Guidotti
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs - Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, S/N, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Sabino da Silva
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs - Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, S/N, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Tiago Menezes Correia
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs - Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, S/N, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Coelho
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs - Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, S/N, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Patil M, Karhale S, Bhenki C, Kumbhar A, Helavi V. Sulfonic acid@pericarp-pomegranate: A natural supported catalyst for synthesis of bis(indolyl)alkanes. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-020-01828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Hasanzadeh F, Behbahani FK. Synthesis of 8-Aryl-7H-acenaphtho[1,2-d]imidazoles Using Fe3O4 NPs@GO@C4H8SO3H as a Green and Recyclable Magnetic Nanocatalyst. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Konwar D, Bora U. Free Radical Triggered Convenient Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methane with Potassium Peroxodisulfate as Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Konwar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Napaam, Tezpur, Assam India, Pin 784028
| | - Utpal Bora
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Napaam, Tezpur, Assam India, Pin 784028
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20
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Ahmad MS, Nishina Y. Graphene-based carbocatalysts for carbon-carbon bond formation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12210-12227. [PMID: 32510079 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02984j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic transformations are usually catalyzed by metal-based catalysts. In contrast, metal-free catalysts have attracted considerable attention from the viewpoint of sustainability and safety. Among the studies in metal-free catalysis, graphene-based materials have been introduced in the reactions that are usually catalyzed by transition metal catalysts. This review covers the literature (up to the beginning of April 2020) on the use of graphene and its derivatives as carbocatalysts for C-C bond-forming reactions, which are one of the fundamental reactions in organic syntheses. Besides, mechanistic studies are included for the rational understanding of the catalysis. Graphene has significant potential in the field of metal-free catalysis because of the fine-tunable potential of the structure, high stability and durability, and no metal contamination, making it a next-generation candidate material in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Ahmad
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan700-8530.
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21
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Rai VK, Mahata S, Kashyap H, Singh M, Rai A. Bio-reduction of Graphene Oxide: Catalytic Applications of (Reduced) GO in Organic Synthesis. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:164-191. [PMID: 32538718 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200115110403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This work is based on various bio-reduction of graphene oxide into reduced graphene oxide and their applications in organic synthesis and group transformations. Graphene oxide, with abundant oxygencontaining functional groups on its basal plane, provides potential advantages, including excellent dispersibility in solvents and the good heterogeneous catalyst. This manuscript reviews various methods of synthesis of graphene and graphene oxide and a comparative study on their advantages and disadvantages, how to overcome disadvantages and covers extensive relevant literature review. In the last few years, investigation based on replacing the chemical reduction methods by some bio-compatible, chemical/impurity-free rGO including flash photo reductions, hydrothermal dehydration, solvothermal reduction, electrochemical approach, microwave-assisted reductions, light and radiation-induced reductions has been reported. Particularly, plant extracts have been applied significantly as an efficient reducing agent due to their huge bioavailability and low cost for bio-reduction of graphene oxide. These plant extracts mainly contain polyphenolic compounds, which readily get oxidized to the corresponding unreactive quinone form, which are the driving force for choosing them as bio-compatible catalyst. Currently, efforts are being made to develop biocompatible methods for the reduction of graphene oxide. The reduction abilities of such phytochemicals have been reported in the synthesis and stabilization of various nanoparticles viz. Ag, Au, Fe and Pd. Various part of plant extract has been applied for the green reduction of graphene oxide. Furthermore, the manuscript describes the catalytic applications of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as efficient carbo-catalysts for valuable organic transformations. Herein, important works dedicated to exploring graphene-based materials as carbocatalysts, including GO and rGO for organic synthesis including various functional group transformations, oxidation, reduction, coupling reaction and a wide number of multicomponent reactions have been highlighted. Finally, the aim of this study is to provide an outlook on future trends and perspectives for graphene-based materials in metal-free carbo-catalysis in green synthesis of various pharmaceutically important moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai K Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Suhasini Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Hemant Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Manorama Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Ankita Rai
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110027, India
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22
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Singh A, Kaur G, Banerjee B. Recent Developments on the Synthesis of Biologically Significant bis/tris(indolyl)methanes under Various Reaction Conditions: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200228092752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bis(indolyl)methane skeleton is the main building block of many naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Bis(indolyl)methanes are found to possess a wide range of pharmaceuitical efficacies. These important scaffolds are being used as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative agents. In this review, we summarized the latest developments on the synthesis of various bis/tris(indolyl)methane derivatives from the reactions of two equivalents of indoles and one equivalent of aldehydes or indole-3-carbaldehydes under various reaction conditions. More than hundred different catalysts were employed for these transformations which include various metal catalysts, ionic liquids, organocatalysts, surfactants, homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
| | - Bubun Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
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23
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Nguyen HT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen PT, Tran PH. A highly active copper-based metal-organic framework catalyst for a friedel–crafts alkylation in the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes under ultrasound irradiation. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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24
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Fu Y, Lu Z, Fang K, He X, Xu H, Hu Y. Enzymatic approach to cascade synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes in pure water. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10848-10853. [PMID: 35492907 PMCID: PMC9050360 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TLIM: lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on particle silica gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Zeping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ke Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Xinyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Huajin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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25
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Saini P, Kumari P, Hazra S, Elias AJ. Oxidative Coupling of Benzylamines with Indoles in Aqueous Medium to Realize Bis‐(Indolyl)Methanes Using a Water‐Soluble Cobalt Catalyst and Air as the Oxidant. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4154-4159. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parul Saini
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Pratishtha Kumari
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Susanta Hazra
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Anil J. Elias
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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Lafzi F, Kilic H, Saracoglu N. Protocols for the Syntheses of 2,2'-Bis(indolyl)arylmethanes, 2-Benzylated Indoles, and 5,7-Dihydroindolo[2,3- b]carbazoles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12120-12130. [PMID: 31454241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrophilic substitution reaction of 4,7-dihydroindole with aryl-aldehydes as an electrophilic partner followed by an oxidation step to deliver 2,2'-bis(indolyl)arylmethanes was studied for the first time. The reaction afforded regioselectivity at the 2,2'-positions of indole in an operationally simple and inexpensive procedure with a variety of substrates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first set of examples of 2,2'-bis(indolyl)arylmethanes obtained in a substituent-free manner. A facile method from dipyrromethanes to the corresponding 2-benzylindoles was also reported. In addition, 2,2'-bis(indolyl)arylmethanes were converted to 5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferruh Lafzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Atatürk University , Erzurum 25240 , Turkey
| | - Haydar Kilic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Atatürk University , Erzurum 25240 , Turkey.,Oltu Vocational Training School , Atatürk University , Erzurum 25400 , Turkey
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Atatürk University , Erzurum 25240 , Turkey
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27
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Chen M, Luo Y, Zhang C, Guo L, Wang Q, Wu Y. Graphene oxide mediated thiolation of indoles in water: a green and sustainable approach to synthesize 3-sulfenylindoles. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00726h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide, a green and recyclable catalyst, was developed to synthesize 3-sulfenylindoles in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University Sichuan 610041
- China
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University Sichuan 610041
- China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University Sichuan 610041
- China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University Sichuan 610041
- China
| | - Qiantao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University Sichuan 610041
- China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University Sichuan 610041
- China
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28
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Mathavan S, Kannan K, Yamajala RBRD. Thiamine hydrochloride as a recyclable organocatalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes, tris(indolyl)methanes, 3,3-di(indol-3-yl)indolin-2-ones and biscoumarins. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9620-9626. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02090j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine hydrochloride was identified as an eco-friendly organocatalyst for the synthesis of a broad range of bis(indolyl)methanes, tris(indolyl)methanes, 3,3-di(indol-3-yl)indolin-2-ones and biscoumarin derivatives in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivagami Mathavan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur-613 401
- India
| | - Keerthana Kannan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur-613 401
- India
| | - Rajesh B. R. D. Yamajala
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur-613 401
- India
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29
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First biomimetic electrospun polymer from Carthamus tinctorius plant for sustainable synthesis of bis (1H-indol-3-yl)methanes. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Norouzi M, Elhamifar D, Mirbagheri R. Self-assembled alkyl imidazolium based organosilica as efficient support for sulfonic acid catalyst in the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Hosseinzadeh-Khanmiri R, Kamel Y, Keshvari Z, Mobaraki A, Shahverdizadeh GH, Vessally E, Babazadeh M. Synthesis and characterization of a Ni nanoparticle stabilized on Ionic liquid-functionalized magnetic Silica nanoparticles for tandem oxidative reaction of primary alcohols. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaser Kamel
- Department of Chemistry; Payam Noor University; Sari Iran
| | - Zahra Keshvari
- Department of Science; Lorestan University; Lorestan Iran
| | - Ahmad Mobaraki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Kashan; Kashan Iran
| | | | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mirzaagha Babazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tabriz Iran
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32
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Tornquist BL, de Paula Bueno G, Manzano Willig JC, de Oliveira IM, Stefani HA, Rafique J, Saba S, Almeida Iglesias B, Botteselle GV, Manarin. F. Ytterbium (III) triflate/Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: A Versatile Recyclable and Water‐Tolerant Catalyst for the Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs). ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Luisa Tornquist
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas-CECEUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo 85903-000 PR-Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Paula Bueno
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas-CECEUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo 85903-000 PR-Brazil
| | | | | | - Helio A. Stefani
- Departamento de FarmáciaFaculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São Paulo São Paulo 05508-000 SP-Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Departamento de QuímicaLaboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais PorfirínicosUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria 97105-900 RS-Brazil
| | - Giancarlo V. Botteselle
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas-CECEUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo 85903-000 PR-Brazil
| | - Flávia Manarin.
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas-CECEUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo 85903-000 PR-Brazil
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33
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Kalla RN, Hong SC, Kim I. Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes Using Hyper-Cross-Linked Polyaromatic Spheres Decorated with Bromomethyl Groups as Efficient and Recyclable Catalysts. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2242-2253. [PMID: 31458526 PMCID: PMC6641398 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly uniform and hyper-cross-linked polyphenanthrene and polypyrene microspheres were synthesized by Friedel-Crafts bromomethylation of phenanthrene (Phn) and pyrene (Py) in the presence of zinc bromide as a catalyst, followed by self-polymerization of bromomethylated Phn and Py. The resultant 3-D carbon microspheres consisting of micro-, meso-, and macropores bear peripheral unreacted bromomethyl groups, which are directly utilized as catalysts to efficiently promote the electrophilic substitution reaction of indoles with aldehydes to yield a variety of bis(indolyl)methanes. The important features of this catalysis are easy catalyst synthesis, high product yields, environmental benignity, short reaction time, broad substrate scope, use of nontoxic solvents, and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reddi
Mohan Naidu Kalla
- BK21
PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer
Science and Engineering, Pusan National
University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Hong
- Department
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, 209
Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Kim
- BK21
PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer
Science and Engineering, Pusan National
University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic
of Korea
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34
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Bavadi M, Niknam K. Synthesis of functionalized dihydro-2-oxopyrroles using graphene oxide as heterogeneous catalyst. Mol Divers 2018; 22:561-573. [PMID: 29318444 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A mild, efficient synthetic approach for the synthesis of highly functionalized dihydro-2-oxopyrroles is developed by using graphene oxide, a readily available and inexpensive material, as an eco-benign solid acid catalyst in ethanol at room temperature. The present methodology displays several advantages such as practical simplicity, high atom economy, easy workup procedure, and high yields of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Bavadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran
| | - Khodabakhsh Niknam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.
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35
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Tocco G, Zedda G, Casu M, Simbula G, Begala M. Solvent-Free Addition of Indole to Aldehydes: Unexpected Synthesis of Novel 1-[1-(1H-Indol-3-yl) Alkyl]-1H-Indoles and Preliminary Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity in Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101747. [PMID: 29039799 PMCID: PMC6151463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
New 1-[1-(1H-indol-3-yl) alkyl]-1H-indoles, surprisingly, have been obtained from the addition of indole to a variety of aldehydes under neat conditions. CaO, present in excess, was fundamental for carrying out the reaction with paraformaldehyde. Under the same reaction conditions, aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes afforded only classical bis (indolyl) aryl indoles. In this paper, the role of CaO, together with the regiochemistry and the mechanism of the reaction, are discussed in detail. The effect of some selected 3,3′- and 1,3′-diindolyl methane derivatives on cell proliferation of the hepatoma cell line FaO was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Tocco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Drug Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Gloria Zedda
- Merck Millipore, 39 Route Industrielle de la Hardt, 67120 Molsheim, France.
| | - Mariano Casu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato CA, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Simbula
- Department of Biomedical Science, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Michela Begala
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Drug Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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36
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Kayet A, Singh VK. A one-pot synthesis of 2,2'-disubstituted diindolylmethanes (DIMs) via a sequential Sonogashira coupling and cycloisomerization/C3-functionalization of 2-iodoanilines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6997-7007. [PMID: 28792550 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A Pd(ii)-Ag(i) catalyzed highly efficient synthesis of diindolylmethane has been developed. This transformation consists of a one-pot sequential Sonogashira coupling (and desilylation) followed by cycloisomerization/C3-functionalization of 2-iodoanilines. Six new bonds (four C-C and two C-N) are formed in a one-pot fashion. A variety of diindolylmethanes were obtained in excellent yields (up to 94%) under mild reaction conditions and this strategy is amenable to gram scale synthesis also. The products were transformed into various synthetically useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Kayet
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-462 066, India.
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