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Petersen H, Weidenthaler C. A review of recent developments for the in situ/operando characterization of nanoporous materials. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is a review on up-to-date in situ/operando methods for a comprehensive characterization of nanoporous materials. The group of nanoporous materials is constantly growing, and with it, the variety of...
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2
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Buntkowsky G, Döller S, Haro-Mares N, Gutmann T, Hoffmann M. Solid-state NMR studies of non-ionic surfactants confined in mesoporous silica. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This review gives an overview of current trends in the investigation of confined molecules such as higher alcohols, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol as guest molecules in neat and functionalized mesoporous silica materials. All these molecules have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. They are characteristic role-models for the investigation of confined surfactants. Their properties are studied by a combination of solid-state NMR and relaxometry with other physicochemical techniques and molecular dynamics techniques. It is shown that this combination delivers unique insights into the structure, arrangement, dynamical properties and the guest-host interactions inside the confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Sonja Döller
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Nadia Haro-Mares
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , State University of New York College at Brockport , Brockport , NY , 14420 , USA
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3
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Fu Y, Guan H, Yin J, Kong X. Probing molecular motions in metal-organic frameworks with solid-state NMR. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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n-Butane transformation on Zn/H-BEA. The effect of different Zn species (Zn2+ and ZnO) on the reaction performance. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Buntkowsky G, Vogel M. Small Molecules, Non-Covalent Interactions, and Confinement. Molecules 2020; 25:E3311. [PMID: 32708283 PMCID: PMC7397022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives an overview of current trends in the investigation of small guest molecules, confined in neat and functionalized mesoporous silica materials by a combination of solid-state NMR and relaxometry with other physico-chemical techniques. The reported guest molecules are water, small alcohols, and carbonic acids, small aromatic and heteroaromatic molecules, ionic liquids, and surfactants. They are taken as characteristic role-models, which are representatives for the typical classes of organic molecules. It is shown that this combination delivers unique insights into the structure, arrangement, dynamics, guest-host interactions, and the binding sites in these confined systems, and is probably the most powerful analytical technique to probe these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Gabrienko AA, Danilova IG, Arzumanov SS, Freude D, Stepanov AG. Does the Zn
2+
Species Introduced into H‐ZSM‐5 Zeolite Affect the Strength of Brønsted Acid Sites? ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Gabrienko
- Boreskov Institute of CatalysisSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Physical ChemistryNovosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Irina G. Danilova
- Boreskov Institute of CatalysisSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Sergei S. Arzumanov
- Boreskov Institute of CatalysisSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Physical ChemistryNovosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Dieter Freude
- Fakultät für Physik und GeowissenschaftenUniversität Leipzig Linnéstr. 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexander G. Stepanov
- Boreskov Institute of CatalysisSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Physical ChemistryNovosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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7
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Zhou L, Li S, Li J, Wang Q, Deng F. Valence state alternation of copper species doped in HY zeolite as revealed by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement NMR spectroscopy. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2016; 74-75:10-15. [PMID: 26970200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) solid-state NMR (ssNMR) was used to monitor the valence state alternation of copper species doped in HY zeolite during catalytic reaction processes. The combination of PRE ssNMR and in-situ NMR spectroscopy facilitates the detection of copper species as well as the monitoring of evolution from reactants, intermediates to products in heterogeneously catalyzed processes, which is of great importance for elucidating the detailed catalytic reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shenhui Li
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jing Li
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Deng
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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8
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Werner M, Rothermel N, Breitzke H, Gutmann T, Buntkowsky G. Recent Advances in Solid State NMR of Small Molecules in Confinement. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Gutmann T, Grünberg A, Rothermel N, Werner M, Srour M, Abdulhussain S, Tan S, Xu Y, Breitzke H, Buntkowsky G. Solid-state NMR concepts for the investigation of supported transition metal catalysts and nanoparticles. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2013; 55-56:1-11. [PMID: 23972428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, solid-state NMR spectroscopy has evolved into an important characterization tool for the study of solid catalysts and chemical processes on their surface. This interest is mainly triggered by the need of environmentally benign organic transformations ("green chemistry"), which has resulted in a large number of new catalytically active hybrid materials, which are organized on the meso- and nanoscale. Typical examples of these catalysts are supported homogeneous transition metal catalysts or transition metal nanoparticles (MNPs). Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is able to characterize both the structures of these materials and the chemical processes on the catalytic surface. This article presents recent trends both on the characterization of immobilized homogeneous transition metal catalysts and on the characterization of surface species on transition metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Gutmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Akacem Y, Castellà-Ventura M, Kassab E. Theoretical Study of the Aluminum Distribution Effects on the Double Proton Transfer Mechanisms upon Adsorption of 4,4′-Bipyridine on H-ZSM-5. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1261-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp209445s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Akacem
- Laboratoire de Modélisation
Moléculaire, Institut de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de Technologie, LTMM-USTHB, BP 32 Dar
El Beida, Alger, Algérie
| | - Martine Castellà-Ventura
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique,
CNRS-UMR7616, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Emile Kassab
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique,
CNRS-UMR7616, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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11
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Zhang L, Ren Y, Yue B, He H. Recent development in in situ NMR study on heterogeneous catalysis: mechanisms of light alkane functionalisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2370-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16882k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Zhang W, Xu S, Han X, Bao X. In situsolid-state NMR for heterogeneous catalysis: a joint experimental and theoretical approach. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:192-210. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15009j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Koller H, Weiss M. Solid state NMR of porous materials : zeolites and related materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 306:189-227. [PMID: 21452082 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Solid state NMR spectroscopy applied to the science of crystalline micro- and mesoporous silica materials over the past 10 years is reviewed. A survey is provided of framework structure and connectivity analyses from chemical shift effects of various elements in zeolites including heteroatom substitutions, framework defects and pentacoordinated silicon for zeolites containing fluoride ions. New developments in the field of NMR crystallography are included. Spatial host-guest ordering and confinement effects of zeolite-sorbate complexes are outlined, with special emphasis on NMR applications utilizing the heteronuclear dipolar interaction. The characterization of zeolite acid sites and in situ NMR on catalytic conversions is also included. Finally, the motion of extra-framework cations is investigated in two tutorial cases of sodium hopping in sodalite and cancrinite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Koller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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14
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Lysova AA, Koptyug IV. Magnetic resonance imaging methods for in situ studies in heterogeneous catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4585-601. [DOI: 10.1039/b919540h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Arzumanov SS, Gabrienko AA, Freude D, Stepanov AG. In situ high temperature MAS NMR study of the mechanisms of catalysis. Ethane aromatization on Zn-modified zeolite BEA. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2009; 35:113-119. [PMID: 19186034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethane conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons over Zn-modified zeolite BEA has been analyzed by high-temperature MAS NMR spectroscopy. Information about intermediates (Zn-ethyl species) and reaction products (mainly toluene and methane), which were formed under the conditions of a batch reactor, was obtained by (13)C MAS NMR. Kinetics of the reaction, which was monitored by (1)H MAS NMR in situ at the temperature of 573K, provided information about the reaction mechanism. Simulation of the experimental kinetics within the frames of the possible kinetic schemes of the reaction demonstrates that a large amount of methane evolved under ethane aromatization arises from the stage of direct ethane hydrogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei S Arzumanov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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16
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Kolyagin YG, Ivanova II, Pirogov YA. (1)H and (13)C MAS NMR studies of light alkanes activation over MFI zeolite modified by Zn vapour. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2009; 35:104-112. [PMID: 19286356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The early stages of methane, ethane and propane conversion were studied by in situ (1)H and (13)C MAS NMR techniques over fully exchanged Zn(2+)/MFI catalyst obtained by the reaction with zinc vapour. The in situ techniques revealed strong interaction of alkanes with Zn(2+) cations evidenced by significant shift of the corresponding NMR lines. Besides that, the formation of methyl zinc, ethyl zinc and n-propyl zinc species along with bridging and silanol surface OH-groups was detected already at the ambient temperature. These results pointed to dissociative adsorption of alkanes over (ZO)-Zn(2+)-(OZ) and (ZO)-Zn(2+)-(OSi) active sites of the catalyst. The dissociative adsorption was shown to be a dead-end surface reaction in the case of methane starting reactant, while in the case of ethane and propane, it appeared to be responsible for the initiation of the catalytic cycle leading to alkenes and dihydrogen formation and regeneration of zinc containing catalytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy G Kolyagin
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Hughes CE, Harris KDM. A Technique for In Situ Monitoring of Crystallization from Solution by Solid-State 13C CPMAS NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6808-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805182v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colan E. Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Kenneth D. M. Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, U.K
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18
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Cui ZM, Liu Q, Song WG, Wan LJ. Insights into the Mechanism of Methanol-to-Olefin Conversion at Zeolites with Systematically Selected Framework Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Cui ZM, Liu Q, Song WG, Wan LJ. Insights into the Mechanism of Methanol-to-Olefin Conversion at Zeolites with Systematically Selected Framework Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6512-5. [PMID: 16969886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, P.R. China
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20
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Ivanova II, Nesterenko NS, Fernandez C. In situ MAS NMR studies of alkylaromatics transformations over acidic zeolites. Catal Today 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Stepanov AG, Arzumanov SS, Ernst H, Freude D. 1H MAS NMR monitoring of the 13C-labeled carbon scrambling for propane in zeolite H-ZSM-5. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Tinnemans SJ, Mesu JG, Kervinen K, Visser T, Nijhuis TA, Beale AM, Keller DE, van der Eerden AM, Weckhuysen BM. Combining operando techniques in one spectroscopic-reaction cell: New opportunities for elucidating the active site and related reaction mechanism in catalysis. Catal Today 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Wang W, Jiang Y, Hunger M. Mechanistic investigations of the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) process on acidic zeolite catalysts by in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Catal Today 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Hunger M, Wang W. Characterization of Solid Catalysts in the Functioning State by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-0564(06)50004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Hu JZ, Kwak JH, Herrera JE, Wang Y, Peden CHF. Line narrowing in 1H MAS spectrum of mesoporous silica by removing adsorbed H2O using N2. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2005; 27:200-205. [PMID: 15681137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The peaks for silanol protons in the high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum obtained on mesoporous silica materials may be broadened and shifted downfield by hydrogen bonding with adsorbed water molecules. Overlapping of the resonance for hydrogen-bonded silanol with the corresponding broad peak due to hydrogen-bonded water may further complicate the spectrum. These complications hamper a quantitative analysis of the spectra for these and similar materials. It is demonstrated in this paper that adsorbed water can be removed by exposing the sample to dry N(2) during magic angle spinning. This results in significant line narrowing for the silanol protons in the (1)H MAS spectrum. The enhanced spectral resolution makes it possible to quantify the various hydroxyl groups in a complex metal-oxide catalyst. Results obtained on tungsten oxide supported on SBA-15 mesoporous silica materials are reported. Additionally, the proton chemical shift of tungsten hydroxyl is identified for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhi Hu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Biological Science Division, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-98, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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26
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Operando methodology: combination of in situ spectroscopy and simultaneous activity measurements under catalytic reaction conditions. Catal Today 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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