1
|
Van Speybroeck V, Bocus M, Cnudde P, Vanduyfhuys L. Operando Modeling of Zeolite-Catalyzed Reactions Using First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Catal 2023; 13:11455-11493. [PMID: 37671178 PMCID: PMC10476167 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Within this Perspective, we critically reflect on the role of first-principles molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in unraveling the catalytic function within zeolites under operating conditions. First-principles MD simulations refer to methods where the dynamics of the nuclei is followed in time by integrating the Newtonian equations of motion on a potential energy surface that is determined by solving the quantum-mechanical many-body problem for the electrons. Catalytic solids used in industrial applications show an intriguing high degree of complexity, with phenomena taking place at a broad range of length and time scales. Additionally, the state and function of a catalyst critically depend on the operating conditions, such as temperature, moisture, presence of water, etc. Herein we show by means of a series of exemplary cases how first-principles MD simulations are instrumental to unravel the catalyst complexity at the molecular scale. Examples show how the nature of reactive species at higher catalytic temperatures may drastically change compared to species at lower temperatures and how the nature of active sites may dynamically change upon exposure to water. To simulate rare events, first-principles MD simulations need to be used in combination with enhanced sampling techniques to efficiently sample low-probability regions of phase space. Using these techniques, it is shown how competitive pathways at operating conditions can be discovered and how broad transition state regions can be explored. Interestingly, such simulations can also be used to study hindered diffusion under operating conditions. The cases shown clearly illustrate how first-principles MD simulations reveal insights into the catalytic function at operating conditions, which could not be discovered using static or local approaches where only a few points are considered on the potential energy surface (PES). Despite these advantages, some major hurdles still exist to fully integrate first-principles MD methods in a standard computational catalytic workflow or to use the output of MD simulations as input for multiple length/time scale methods that aim to bridge to the reactor scale. First of all, methods are needed that allow us to evaluate the interatomic forces with quantum-mechanical accuracy, albeit at a much lower computational cost compared to currently used density functional theory (DFT) methods. The use of DFT limits the currently attainable length/time scales to hundreds of picoseconds and a few nanometers, which are much smaller than realistic catalyst particle dimensions and time scales encountered in the catalysis process. One solution could be to construct machine learning potentials (MLPs), where a numerical potential is derived from underlying quantum-mechanical data, which could be used in subsequent MD simulations. As such, much longer length and time scales could be reached; however, quite some research is still necessary to construct MLPs for the complex systems encountered in industrially used catalysts. Second, most currently used enhanced sampling techniques in catalysis make use of collective variables (CVs), which are mostly determined based on chemical intuition. To explore complex reactive networks with MD simulations, methods are needed that allow the automatic discovery of CVs or methods that do not rely on a priori definition of CVs. Recently, various data-driven methods have been proposed, which could be explored for complex catalytic systems. Lastly, first-principles MD methods are currently mostly used to investigate local reactive events. We hope that with the rise of data-driven methods and more efficient methods to describe the PES, first-principles MD methods will in the future also be able to describe longer length/time scale processes in catalysis. This might lead to a consistent dynamic description of all steps-diffusion, adsorption, and reaction-as they take place at the catalyst particle level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Bocus
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cnudde
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Louis Vanduyfhuys
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang L, Yang Q, Xia Z, Yu X, Zhao M, Shi Q, Yu Q. Recent progress of theoretical studies on electro- and photo-chemical conversion of CO 2 with single-atom catalysts. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5833-5850. [PMID: 36816079 PMCID: PMC9932639 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) into chemical products is a promising and efficient way to combat the global warming issue and greenhouse effect. The viability of the CO2RR critically rests with finding highly active and selective catalysts that can accomplish the desired chemical transformation. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are ideal in fulfilling this goal due to the well-defined active sites and support-tunable electronic structure, and exhibit enhanced activity and high selectivity for the CO2RR. In this review, we present the recent progress of quantum-theoretical studies on electro- and photo-chemical conversion of CO2 with SACs and frameworks. Various calculated products of CO2RR with SACs have been discussed, including CO, acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons and other organics. Meanwhile, the critical challenges and the pathway towards improving the efficiency of the CO2RR have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Jiang
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 China
| | - Zhaoming Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohu Yu
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 China
| | - Mengdie Zhao
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 China
| | - Qiping Shi
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 China
| | - Qi Yu
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- Zeke A. Piskulich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Oluwaseun O. Mesele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ward H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quesne MG, Silveri F, de Leeuw NH, Catlow CRA. Advances in Sustainable Catalysis: A Computational Perspective. Front Chem 2019; 7:182. [PMID: 31032245 PMCID: PMC6473102 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous challenge of moving our societies to a more sustainable future offers several exciting opportunities for computational chemists. The first principles approach to "catalysis by design" will enable new and much greener chemical routes to produce vital fuels and fine chemicals. This prospective outlines a wide variety of case studies to underscore how the use of theoretical techniques, from QM/MM to unrestricted DFT and periodic boundary conditions, can be applied to biocatalysis and to both homogeneous and heterogenous catalysts of all sizes and morphologies to provide invaluable insights into the reaction mechanisms they catalyze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Quesne
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Silveri
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grajciar L, Heard CJ, Bondarenko AA, Polynski MV, Meeprasert J, Pidko EA, Nachtigall P. Towards operando computational modeling in heterogeneous catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8307-8348. [PMID: 30204184 PMCID: PMC6240816 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00398j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An increased synergy between experimental and theoretical investigations in heterogeneous catalysis has become apparent during the last decade. Experimental work has extended from ultra-high vacuum and low temperature towards operando conditions. These developments have motivated the computational community to move from standard descriptive computational models, based on inspection of the potential energy surface at 0 K and low reactant concentrations (0 K/UHV model), to more realistic conditions. The transition from 0 K/UHV to operando models has been backed by significant developments in computer hardware and software over the past few decades. New methodological developments, designed to overcome part of the gap between 0 K/UHV and operando conditions, include (i) global optimization techniques, (ii) ab initio constrained thermodynamics, (iii) biased molecular dynamics, (iv) microkinetic models of reaction networks and (v) machine learning approaches. The importance of the transition is highlighted by discussing how the molecular level picture of catalytic sites and the associated reaction mechanisms changes when the chemical environment, pressure and temperature effects are correctly accounted for in molecular simulations. It is the purpose of this review to discuss each method on an equal footing, and to draw connections between methods, particularly where they may be applied in combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Grajciar
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry
, Faculty of Science
, Charles University in Prague
,
128 43 Prague 2
, Czech Republic
.
;
;
| | - Christopher J. Heard
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry
, Faculty of Science
, Charles University in Prague
,
128 43 Prague 2
, Czech Republic
.
;
;
| | - Anton A. Bondarenko
- TheoMAT group
, ITMO University
,
Lomonosova 9
, St. Petersburg
, 191002
, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Polynski
- TheoMAT group
, ITMO University
,
Lomonosova 9
, St. Petersburg
, 191002
, Russia
| | - Jittima Meeprasert
- Inorganic Systems Engineering group
, Department of Chemical Engineering
, Faculty of Applied Sciences
, Delft University of Technology
,
Van der Maasweg 9
, 2629 HZ Delft
, The Netherlands
.
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- TheoMAT group
, ITMO University
,
Lomonosova 9
, St. Petersburg
, 191002
, Russia
- Inorganic Systems Engineering group
, Department of Chemical Engineering
, Faculty of Applied Sciences
, Delft University of Technology
,
Van der Maasweg 9
, 2629 HZ Delft
, The Netherlands
.
| | - Petr Nachtigall
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry
, Faculty of Science
, Charles University in Prague
,
128 43 Prague 2
, Czech Republic
.
;
;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Piskulich ZA, Mesele OO, Thompson WH. Removing the barrier to the calculation of activation energies: Diffusion coefficients and reorientation times in liquid water. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:134103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4997723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zeke A. Piskulich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | | | - Ward H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mesele OO, Thompson WH. Removing the barrier to the calculation of activation energies. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:134107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ward H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zahn D. Exploring the Mechanisms of Reactions in Solution from Transition Path Sampling Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 2:107-14. [PMID: 26626385 DOI: 10.1021/ct0501755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular dynamics simulations of rare reaction events and aggregation processes are reviewed. Therein the central focus is dedicated to employing the transition path sampling method to study reactions in solution. We describe systematic approaches for generating initial transition pathways and efficient strategies for computationally feasible exploration of further transition routes. The unprejudiced study of reaction mechanisms is illustrated for reactions in aqueous solution and other complex systems. Transition path sampling allows very detailed investigation of solvent effects. Apart from stabilization of reactant, transition, or product state ensembles, this also includes the role of the solvent as a heat bath and as a putative reaction partner. The latter issue is of particular importance for reactions in aqueous solutions, which involve proton-transfer steps that may be assisted by water molecules via the Grotthuss mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Zahn
- Max-Planck Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elucidating Zeolite Deactivation Mechanisms During Biomass Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis from Model Reactions and Zeolite Syntheses. Top Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Mullen RG, Shea JE, Peters B. Easy Transition Path Sampling Methods: Flexible-Length Aimless Shooting and Permutation Shooting. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:2421-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gotchy Mullen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Joan-Emma Shea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Baron Peters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Olsbye U, Svelle S, Bjørgen M, Beato P, Janssens TVW, Joensen F, Bordiga S, Lillerud KP. Umwandlung von Methanol in Kohlenwasserstoffe: Wie Zeolith-Hohlräume und Porengröße die Produktselektivität bestimmen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Olsbye U, Svelle S, Bjørgen M, Beato P, Janssens TVW, Joensen F, Bordiga S, Lillerud KP. Conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons: how zeolite cavity and pore size controls product selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5810-31. [PMID: 22511469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 953] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Liquid hydrocarbon fuels play an essential part in the global energy chain, owing to their high energy density and easy transportability. Olefins play a similar role in the production of consumer goods. In a post-oil society, fuel and olefin production will rely on alternative carbon sources, such as biomass, coal, natural gas, and CO(2). The methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) process is a key step in such routes, and can be tuned into production of gasoline-rich (methanol to gasoline; MTG) or olefin-rich (methanol to olefins; MTO) product mixtures by proper choice of catalyst and reaction conditions. This Review presents several commercial MTH projects that have recently been realized, and also fundamental research into the synthesis of microporous materials for the targeted variation of selectivity and lifetime of the catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Unni Olsbye
- Department of Chemistry, inGAP Centre of Research-based Innovation, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zahn D. Tackling time-reversibility in transition path sampling molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2011.614241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
14
|
Zahn D. Modeling martensic transformations in crystalline solids: validity and redesign of geometric approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2011.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Reinisch G, Leyssale JM, Vignoles GL. Theoretical Study of the Decomposition of BCl3 Induced by a H Radical. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:4786-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp201035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Reinisch
- Laboratoire des Composites ThermoStructuraux, CNRS, UMR 5801, 3 allée de La Boëtie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Marc Leyssale
- Laboratoire des Composites ThermoStructuraux, CNRS, UMR 5801, 3 allée de La Boëtie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Gérard L. Vignoles
- Laboratoire des Composites ThermoStructuraux, Université Bordeaux 1, UMR 5801, 3 allée de La Boëtie, 33600 Pessac, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peters B. Recent advances in transition path sampling: accurate reaction coordinates, likelihood maximisation and diffusive barrier-crossing dynamics. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020903536382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Rowley CN, Woo TK. Generation of initial trajectories for transition path sampling of chemical reactions with ab initio molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:024110. [PMID: 17228946 DOI: 10.1063/1.2424712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition path sampling is an innovative method for focusing a molecular dynamics simulation on a reactive event. Although transition path sampling methods can generate an ensemble of reactive trajectories, an initial reactive trajectory must be generated by some other means. In this paper, the authors have evaluated three methods for generating initial reactive trajectories for transition path sampling with ab initio molecular dynamics. The authors have tested each of these methods on a set of chemical reactions involving the breaking and making of covalent bonds: the 1,2-hydrogen elimination in the borane-ammonia adduct, a tautomerization, and the Claisen rearrangement. The first method is to initiate trajectories from the potential energy transition state, which was effective for all reactions in the test set. Assigning atomic velocities found using normal mode analysis greatly improved the success of this method. The second method uses a high temperature molecular dynamics simulation and then iteratively reduces the total energy of the simulation until a low temperature reactive trajectory is found. This was effective in generating a low temperature trajectory from an initial trajectory run at 3000 K of the tautomerization reaction, although it failed for the other two. The third uses an orbital based bias potential to find a reactive trajectory and uses this trajectory to initiate an unbiased trajectory. The authors found that a highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital bias could be used to find a reactive trajectory for the Claisen rearrangement, although it failed for the other two reactions. These techniques will help make it practical to use transition path sampling to study chemical reaction mechanisms that involve bond breaking and forming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Rowley
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nachtigall P, Sauer J. Applications of Quantum Chemical Methods in Zeolite Science. STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(07)80808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
19
|
Dimelow RJ, Bryce RA, Masters AJ, Hillier IH, Burton NA. Exploring reaction pathways with transition path and umbrella sampling: Application to methyl maltoside. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:114113. [PMID: 16555880 DOI: 10.1063/1.2172604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition path sampling (TPS) method is a powerful approach to study chemical reactions or transitional properties on complex potential energy landscapes. One of the main advantages of the method over potential of mean force methods is that reaction rates can be directly accessed without knowledge of the exact reaction coordinate. We have investigated the complementary nature of these two differing approaches, comparing transition path sampling with the weighted histogram analysis method to study a conformational change in a small model system. In this case study, the transition paths for a transition between two rotational conformers of a model disaccharide molecule, methyl beta-D-maltoside, were compared with a free energy surface constrained by the two commonly used glycosidic (phi,psi) torsional angles. The TPS method revealed a reaction channel that was not apparent from the potential of mean force method, and the suitability of phi and psi as reaction coordinates to describe the isomerization in vacuo was confirmed by examination of the transition path ensemble. Using both transition state theory and transition path sampling methods, the transition rate was estimated. We have estimated a characteristic time between transitions of approximately 160 ns for this rare isomerization event between the two conformations of the carbohydrate. We conclude that transition path sampling can extract subtle information about the dynamics not apparent from the potential of mean force method. However, in calculating the reaction rate, the transition path sampling method required 27.5 times the computational effort than was needed by the potential of mean force method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Dimelow
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lesthaeghe D, Van Speybroeck V, Marin GB, Waroquier M. Understanding the Failure of Direct CC Coupling in the Zeolite-Catalyzed Methanol-to-Olefin Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1714-9. [PMID: 16477665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
Lesthaeghe D, Van Speybroeck V, Marin GB, Waroquier M. Understanding the Failure of Direct CC Coupling in the Zeolite-Catalyzed Methanol-to-Olefin Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|