1
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Wang X, Santos-Carballal D, de Leeuw NH. Cation doping and oxygen vacancies in the orthorhombic FeNbO4 material for solid oxide fuel cell applications: A density functional theory study. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:154713. [PMID: 38634493 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The orthorhombic phase of FeNbO4, a promising anode material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), exhibits good catalytic activity toward hydrogen oxidation. However, the low electronic conductivity of the material specifically in the pure structure without defects or dopants limits its practical applications as an SOFC anode. In this study, we have employed density functional theory (DFT + U) calculations to explore the bulk and electronic properties of two types of doped structures, Fe0.9375A0.0625NbO4 and FeNb0.9375B0.0625O4 (A, B = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni) and the oxygen-deficient structures Fe0.9375A0.0625NbO3.9375 and FeNb0.9375B0.0625O3.9375, where the dopant is positioned in the first nearest neighbor site to the oxygen vacancy. Our DFT simulations have revealed that doping in the Fe sites is energetically favorable compared to doping in the Nb site, resulting in significant volume expansion. The doping process generally requires less energy when the O-vacancy is surrounded by one Fe and two Nb ions. The simulated projected density of states of the oxygen-deficient structures indicates that doping in the Fe site, particularly with Ti and V, considerably narrows the bandgap to ∼0.5 eV, whereas doping with Co at the Nb sites generates acceptor levels close to 0 eV. Both doping schemes, therefore, enhance electron conduction during SOFC operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Rokade A, Rahane GK, Živković A, Rahane SN, Tarkas HS, Hareesh K, de Leeuw NH, Sartale SD, Dzade NY, Jadkar SR, Rondiya SR. Fabrication of ZnO Scaffolded CdS Nanostructured Photoanodes with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Activity under Visible Light. Langmuir 2024; 40:6884-6897. [PMID: 38517367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
CdS, characterized by its comparatively narrow energy band gap (∼2.4 eV), is an appropriate material for prospective use as a photoanode in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Regrettably, it encounters several obstacles for practical and large-scale applications, including issues such as bulk carrier recombination and diminished conductivity. Here, we have tried to address these challenges by fabricating a novel photoelectrode (ZnO/CdS) composed of one-dimensional ZnO nanorods (NRs) decorated with two-dimensional CdS nanosheets (NSs). A facile two-step chemical method comprising electrodeposition along with chemical bath deposition is employed to synthesize the ZnO NRs, CdS NSs, and ZnO/CdS nanostructures. The prepared nanostructures have been investigated by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy. The fabricated ZnO/CdS nanostructures have shown enhanced photoelectrochemical properties due to the improvement of the semiconductor junction surface area and thereby enhanced visible light absorption. The incorporation of CdS NSs has been further found to promote the rate of the charge separation and transfer process. Subsequently, the fabricated ZnO/CdS photoelectrodes achieved a photocurrent conversion efficiency 3 times higher than that of a planar ZnO NR photoanode and showed excellent performance under visible light irradiation. The highest applied bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency (% ABPE) of about ∼0.63% has been obtained for the sample with thicker CdS NSs on ZnO NRs with a photocurrent density of ∼1.87 mA/cm2 under AM 1.5 G illumination. The newly synthesized nanostructures further demonstrate that the full photovoltaic capacity of nanomaterials is yet to be exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Rokade
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ganesh K Rahane
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aleksandar Živković
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht 3548CB, The Netherlands
| | - Swati N Rahane
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Hemant S Tarkas
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - K Hareesh
- Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht 3548CB, The Netherlands
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nelson Y Dzade
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sandesh R Jadkar
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sachin R Rondiya
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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3
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Chu X, Santos-Carballal D, de Leeuw NH. Exploring the Redox Properties of the Low-Miller Index Surfaces of Copper Tungstate (CuWO 4): Evaluating the Impact of the Environmental Conditions on the Water Splitting and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Processes. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2023; 127:18944-18961. [PMID: 37791103 PMCID: PMC10544046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has gained significant attention and interest as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to the production of hydrogen through water splitting and the reduction and conversion of CO2. Copper tungstate (CuWO4) is a highly promising candidate for these applications owing to its appropriate bandgap and superior stability under different conditions. However, the redox behavior of the CuWO4 surfaces under different environments and their impact on the morphology of the material nanoparticles, as well as the electronic properties, remain poorly understood. In this study, we have employed density functional theory calculations to investigate the properties of the bulk and pristine surfaces of CuWO4 and how the latter are impacted by oxygen chemisorption under the conditions required for photocatalytic water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction processes. We have calculated the lattice parameters and electronic properties of the bulk phase, as well as the surface energies of all possible nonpolar, stoichiometric, and symmetric terminations of the seven low-Miller index surfaces and found that the (010) and (110) facets are the thermodynamically most stable. The surface-phase diagrams were used to derive the equilibrium crystal morphologies, which show that the pristine (010) surface is prominent under synthesis and room conditions. Our crystal morphologies suggest that the partially oxidized (110) surface and the partially reduced (011) surface may play an important role in the photocatalytic splitting of water and CO2 conversion, respectively. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the CuWO4 surfaces under the conditions of important photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chu
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | | | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 8A, Utrecht 3584 CD, The Netherlands
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4
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Jamaati M, Torkashvand M, Sarabadani Tafreshi S, de Leeuw NH. A Review of Theoretical Studies on Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis over Transition Metals. Molecules 2023; 28:6525. [PMID: 37764301 PMCID: PMC10650776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for clean fuels and sustainable products has attracted much interest in the development of active and selective catalysts for CO conversion to desirable products. This review maps the theoretical progress of the different facets of most commercial catalysts, including Co, Fe, Ni, Rh, and Ru. All relevant elementary steps involving CO dissociation and hydrogenation and their dependence on surface structure, surface coverage, temperature, and pressure are considered. The dominant Fischer-Tropsch synthesis mechanism is also explored, including the sensitivity to the structure of H-assisted CO dissociation and direct CO dissociation. Low-coordinated step sites are shown to enhance catalytic activity and suppress methane formation. The hydrogen adsorption and CO dissociation mechanisms are highly dependent on the surface coverage, in which hydrogen adsorption increases, and the CO insertion mechanism becomes more favorable at high coverages. It is revealed that the chain-growth probability and product selectivity are affected by the type of catalyst and its structure as well as the applied temperature and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jamaati
- Department of Physics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mostafa Torkashvand
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), No. 350, Hafez Avenue, Tehran 15916-34311, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Sarabadani Tafreshi
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), No. 350, Hafez Avenue, Tehran 15916-34311, Iran
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Lupan O, Magariu N, Santos-Carballal D, Ababii N, Offermann J, Pooker P, Hansen S, Siebert L, de Leeuw NH, Adelung R. Development of 2-in-1 Sensors for the Safety Assessment of Lithium-Ion Batteries via Early Detection of Vapors Produced by Electrolyte Solvents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37233739 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Batteries play a critical role in achieving zero-emission goals and in the transition toward a more circular economy. Ensuring battery safety is a top priority for manufacturers and consumers alike, and hence is an active topic of research. Metal-oxide nanostructures have unique properties that make them highly promising for gas sensing in battery safety applications. In this study, we investigate the gas-sensing capabilities of semiconducting metal oxides for detecting vapors produced by common battery components, such as solvents, salts, or their degassing products. Our main objective is to develop sensors capable of early detection of common vapors produced by malfunctioning batteries to prevent explosions and further safety hazards. Typical electrolyte components and degassing products for the Li-ion, Li-S, or solid-state batteries that were investigated in this study include 1,3-dioxololane (C3H6O2─DOL), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (C4H10O2─DME), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3─EC), dimethyl carbonate (C4H10O2─DMC), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium nitrate (LiNO3) salts in a mixture of DOL and DME, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and phosphorous pentafluoride (PF5). Our sensing platform was based on ternary and binary heterostructures consisting of TiO2(111)/CuO(1̅11)/Cu2O(111) and CuO(1̅11)/Cu2O(111), respectively, with various CuO layer thicknesses (10, 30, and 50 nm). We have analyzed these structures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. We found that the sensors reliably detected DME C4H10O2 vapors up to a concentration of 1000 ppm with a gas response of 136%, and concentrations as low as 1, 5, and 10 ppm with response values of approximately 7, 23, and 30%, respectively. Our devices can serve as 2-in-1 sensors, functioning as a temperature sensor at low operating temperatures and as a gas sensor at temperatures above 200 °C. Density functional theory calculations were also employed to study the adsorption of the vapors produced by battery solvents or their degassing products, as well as water, to investigate the impact of humidity. PF5 and C4H10O2 showed the most exothermic molecular interactions, which are consistent with our gas response investigations. Our results indicate that humidity does not impact the performance of the sensors, which is crucial for the early detection of thermal runaway under harsh conditions in Li-ion batteries. We show that our semiconducting metal-oxide sensors can detect the vapors produced by battery solvents and degassing products with high accuracy and can serve as high-performance battery safety sensors to prevent explosions in malfunctioning Li-ion batteries. Despite the fact that the sensors work independently of the type of battery, the work presented here is of particular interest for the monitoring of solid-state batteries, since DOL is a solvent typically used in this type of batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Department for Materials Science─Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Avenue, MD-2004 Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Nicolae Magariu
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Avenue, MD-2004 Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
| | | | - Nicolai Ababii
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Avenue, MD-2004 Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Jakob Offermann
- Department for Materials Science─Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Pia Pooker
- Department for Materials Science─Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Hansen
- Department for Materials Science─Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Leonard Siebert
- Department for Materials Science─Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Department for Materials Science─Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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6
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Ungerer MJ, de Leeuw NH. A DFT Study of Ruthenium fcc Nano-Dots: Size-Dependent Induced Magnetic Moments. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1118. [PMID: 36986012 PMCID: PMC10058763 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many areas of electronics, engineering and manufacturing rely on ferromagnetic materials, including iron, nickel and cobalt. Very few other materials have an innate magnetic moment rather than induced magnetic properties, which are more common. However, in a previous study of ruthenium nanoparticles, the smallest nano-dots showed significant magnetic moments. Furthermore, ruthenium nanoparticles with a face-centred cubic (fcc) packing structure exhibit high catalytic activity towards several reactions and such catalysts are of special interest for the electrocatalytic production of hydrogen. Previous calculations have shown that the energy per atom resembles that of the bulk energy per atom when the surface-to-bulk ratio < 1, but in its smallest form, nano-dots exhibit a range of other properties. Therefore, in this study, we have carried out calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) with long-range dispersion corrections DFT-D3 and DFT-D3-(BJ) to systematically investigate the magnetic moments of two different morphologies and various sizes of Ru nano-dots in the fcc phase. To confirm the results obtained by the plane-wave DFT methodologies, additional atom-centred DFT calculations were carried out on the smallest nano-dots to establish accurate spin-splitting energetics. Surprisingly, we found that in most cases, the high spin electronic structures had the most favourable energies and were hence the most stable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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7
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Zhang M, Bi C, Xia Y, Sun X, Wang X, Liu A, Tian S, Liu X, de Leeuw NH, Tian J. Water-Driven Synthesis of Deep-Blue Perovskite Colloidal Quantum Wells for Electroluminescent Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300149. [PMID: 36692366 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite colloidal quantum wells (QWs) are promising to realize narrow deep-blue emission, but the poor optical performance and stability suppress their practical application. Here, we creatively propose a water-driven synthesis strategy to obtain size-homogenized and strongly confined deep-blue CsPbBr3 QWs, corresponding to three monolayers, which emit at the deep-blue wavelength of 456 nm. The water controls the orientation and distribution of the ligands on the surface of the nanocrystals, thus inducing orientated growth through the Ostwald ripening process by phagocytizing unstable nanocrystals to form well-crystallized QWs. These QWs present remarkable stability and high photoluminescence quantum yield of 94 %. Furthermore, we have prepared light-emitting diodes based on the QWs via the all-solution fabrication strategy, achieving an external quantum efficiency of 1 % and luminance of 2946 cd m-2 , demonstrating state-of-the-art brightness for perovskite QW-based LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.,Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, Guangdong, 528399, China
| | - Chenghao Bi
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.,Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, Guangdong, 528399, China
| | - Yuexing Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, Beijing National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuejiao Sun
- Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Aqiang Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.,Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, Guangdong, 528399, China
| | - Shuyu Tian
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.,Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, Guangdong, 528399, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, Beijing National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jianjun Tian
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.,Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, Guangdong, 528399, China
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8
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Wang X, Santos-Carballal D, de Leeuw NH. Oxygen diffusion in the orthorhombic FeNbO 4 material: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6797-6807. [PMID: 36789958 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04126j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
ABO4-type materials have shown significant potential for applications as luminescence and photocatalytic materials, and the orthorhombic FeNbO4 (o-FeNbO4) material has also shown excellent promise in catalytic electrodes, unlike other common ABO4 materials. However, little computational work has been carried out on the o-FeNbO4 structure, potentially because it is disordered and thus not straightforward to simulate. In this work, we first confirmed the accuracy of the force field parameters obtained from previous studies through optimizations carried out using the GULP code. Next, we found that one ordered configuration of the stoichiometric o-FeNbO4 structure dominates when analysing the probabilities of cation disorder in three supercells (2 × 2 × 1, 2 × 1 × 2, and 1 × 2 × 2). We then studied the bulk properties of this selected o-FeNbO4 through DFT calculations, including the lattice parameters, the mechanical properties and the electronic structures, where no remarkable differences were observed compared to the monoclinic FeNbO4 structure. Finally, because oxygen mobility is key to the successful application of o-FeNbO4 as an electrode material, we have simulated the diffusion pathways of oxygen through both the stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric structures, where the results show that the existence of oxygen vacancies enhances diffusion and the distribution of the Fe and Nb inside the lattice affects the energy barriers and could therefore impact the oxygen diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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9
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Zhang M, Bi C, Xia Y, Sun X, Wang X, Liu A, Tian S, Liu X, de Leeuw NH, Tian J. Water‐Driven Synthesis of Deep‐Blue Perovskite Colloidal Quantum Wells for Electroluminescent Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202300149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- University of Science and Technology Beijing Advanced Materials Technology CHINA
| | - Chenghao Bi
- University of Science and Technology Beijing Advanced Materials Technology CHINA
| | - Yuexing Xia
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CHINA
| | - Xuejiao Sun
- CAS Institute of Semiconductors: Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Semiconductors CHINA
| | - Xingyu Wang
- University of Leeds School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Aqiang Liu
- University of Science and Technology Beijing Advanced Materials and Technology CHINA
| | - Shuyu Tian
- University of Science and Technology Beijing CHINA
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CHINA
| | | | - Jianjun Tian
- University of Science and Technology Beijing Advanced Materials Technology 30 Xueyuan Road 100083 Beijing CHINA
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10
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Sarabadani Tafreshi S, Ranjbar M, Jamaati M, Panahi SFKS, Taghizade N, Torkashvand M, de Leeuw NH. Carbon dioxide hydrogenation over the carbon-terminated niobium carbide (111) surface: a density functional theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2498-2509. [PMID: 36602090 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04749g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation is an energetic process which could be made more efficient through the use of effective catalysts, for example transition metal carbides. Here, we have employed calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) to evaluate the reaction processes of CO2 hydrogenation to methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), methanol (CH3OH), formaldehyde (CH2O), and formic acid (HCOOH) over the carbon-terminated niobium carbide (111) surface. First, we have studied the adsorption geometries and energies of 25 different surface-adsorbed species, followed by calculations of all of the elementary steps in the CO2 hydrogenation process. The theoretical findings indicate that the NbC (111) surface has higher catalytic activity towards CO2 methanation, releasing 4.902 eV in energy. CO represents the second-most preferred product, followed by CH3OH, CH2O, and HCOOH, all of which have exothermic reaction energies of 4.107, 2.435, 1.090, and 0.163 eV, respectively. Except for the mechanism that goes through HCOOH to produce CH2O, all favourable hydrogenation reactions lead to desired compounds through the creation of the dihydroxycarbene (HOCOH) intermediate. Along these routes, CH3* hydrogenation to CH4* has the highest endothermic reaction energy of 3.105 eV, while CO production from HCO dehydrogenation causes the highest exothermic reaction energy of -3.049 eV. The surface-adsorbed CO2 hydrogenation intermediates have minimal effect on the electronic structure and interact only weakly with the surface. Our results are consistent with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Sarabadani Tafreshi
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), No. 350, Hafez Avenue, 1591634311 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahkameh Ranjbar
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), No. 350, Hafez Avenue, 1591634311 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Jamaati
- Department of Physics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
| | - S F K S Panahi
- Department of Physics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Taghizade
- Department of Physics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Torkashvand
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), No. 350, Hafez Avenue, 1591634311 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LT2 9JT Leeds, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Koskamp JA, Ruiz Hernandez SE, de Leeuw NH, Wolthers M. Recalibrating the calcium trap in amino acid carboxyl groups via classical molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1220-1235. [PMID: 36524712 PMCID: PMC9811642 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02879d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to use classical molecular dynamics to complement experiments accurately, it is important to use robust descriptions of the system. The interactions between biomolecules, like aspartic and glutamic acid, and dissolved ions are often studied using standard biomolecular force-fields, where the interactions between biomolecules and cations are often not parameterized explicitly. In this study, we have employed metadynamics simulations to investigate different interactions of Ca with aspartic and glutamic acid and constructed the free energy profiles of Ca2+-carboxylate association. Starting from a generally accepted, AMBER-based force field, the association was substantially over and under-estimated, depending on the choice of water model (TIP3P and SPC/fw, respectively). To rectify this discrepancy, we have replaced the default calcium parameters. Additionally, we modified the σij value in the hetero-atomic Lennard-Jones interaction by 0.5% to further improve the interaction between Ca and carboxylate, based on comparison with the experimentally determined association constant for Ca with the carboxylate group of L-aspartic acid. The corrected description retrieved the structural properties of the ion pair in agreement with the original biomolecule - Ca2+ interaction in AMBER, whilst also producing an association constant comparable to experimental observations. This refined force field was then used to investigate the interactions between amino acids, calcium and carbonate ions during biogenic and biomimetic calcium carbonate mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janou A. Koskamp
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University3584 CB UtrechtThe Netherlands+31302535042
| | | | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University3584 CB UtrechtThe Netherlands+31302535042,School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds LS2 9JTUK
| | - Mariette Wolthers
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University3584 CB UtrechtThe Netherlands+31302535042
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12
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Živković A, Mallia G, King HE, de Leeuw NH, Harrison NM. Mind the Interface Gap: Exposing Hidden Interface Defects at the Epitaxial Heterostructure between CuO and Cu 2O. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:56331-56343. [PMID: 36480491 PMCID: PMC9782378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Well designed and optimized epitaxial heterostructures lie at the foundation of materials development for photovoltaic, photocatalytic, and photoelectrochemistry applications. Heterostructure materials offer tunable control over charge separation and transport at the same time preventing recombination of photogenerated excitations at the interface. Thus, it is of paramount importance that a detailed understanding is developed as the basis for further optimization strategies and design. Oxides of copper are nontoxic, low cost, abundant materials with a straightforward and stable manufacturing process. However, in individual applications, they suffer from inefficient charge transport of photogenerated carriers. Hence, in this work, we investigate the role of the interface between epitaxially aligned CuO and Cu2O to explore the potential benefits of such an architecture for more efficient electron and hole transfer. The CuO/Cu2O heterojunction nature, stability, bonding mechanism, interface dipole, electronic structure, and band bending were rationalized using hybrid density functional theory calculations. New electronic states are identified at the interface itself, which are originating neither from lattice mismatch nor strained Cu-O bonds. They form as a result of a change in coordination environment of CuO surface Cu2+ cations and an electron transfer across the interface Cu1+-O bond. The first process creates occupied defect-like electronic states above the valence band, while the second leaves hole states below the conduction band. These are constitutional to the interface and are highly likely to contribute to recombination effects competing with the improved charged separation from the suitable band bending and alignment and thus would limit the expected output photocurrent and photovoltage. Finally, a favorable effect of interstitial oxygen defects has been shown to allow for band gap tunability at the interface but only to the point of the integral geometrical contact limit of the heterostructure itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Živković
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CBUtrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mallia
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. King
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CBUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CBUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas M. Harrison
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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13
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Lupan C, Mishra AK, Wolff N, Drewes J, Krüger H, Vahl A, Lupan O, Pauporté T, Viana B, Kienle L, Adelung R, de Leeuw NH, Hansen S. Nanosensors Based on a Single ZnO:Eu Nanowire for Hydrogen Gas Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41196-41207. [PMID: 36044354 PMCID: PMC9753046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fast detection of hydrogen gas leakage or its release in different environments, especially in large electric vehicle batteries, is a major challenge for sensing applications. In this study, the morphological, structural, chemical, optical, and electronic characterizations of ZnO:Eu nanowire arrays are reported and discussed in detail. In particular, the influence of different Eu concentrations during electrochemical deposition was investigated together with the sensing properties and mechanism. Surprisingly, by using only 10 μM Eu ions during deposition, the value of the gas response increased by a factor of nearly 130 compared to an undoped ZnO nanowire and we found an H2 gas response of ∼7860 for a single ZnO:Eu nanowire device. Further, the synthesized nanowire sensors were tested with ultraviolet (UV) light and a range of test gases, showing a UV responsiveness of ∼12.8 and a good selectivity to 100 ppm H2 gas. A dual-mode nanosensor is shown to detect UV/H2 gas simultaneously for selective detection of H2 during UV irradiation and its effect on the sensing mechanism. The nanowire sensing approach here demonstrates the feasibility of using such small devices to detect hydrogen leaks in harsh, small-scale environments, for example, stacked battery packs in mobile applications. In addition, the results obtained are supported through density functional theory-based simulations, which highlight the importance of rare earth nanoparticles on the oxide surface for improved sensitivity and selectivity of gas sensors, even at room temperature, thereby allowing, for instance, lower power consumption and denser deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Lupan
- Center
for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics
and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Computers, Informatics and
Microelectronics, Technical University of
Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare str., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Department
of Physics, Applied Science Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES),
Energy Acres Building, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007 Uttrakhand, India
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Chair
for Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Department
of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Drewes
- Chair
for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Department of
Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Helge Krüger
- Functional
Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Chair
for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Department of
Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleg Lupan
- Center
for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics
and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Computers, Informatics and
Microelectronics, Technical University of
Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare str., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- Functional
Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
- PSL Université,
Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F, 75005 Paris, France
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, United States
| | - Thierry Pauporté
- PSL Université,
Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Viana
- PSL Université,
Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Chair
for Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Department
of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional
Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hansen
- Functional
Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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14
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Santos-Carballal D, de Leeuw NH. Catalytic formation of oxalic acid on the partially oxidised greigite Fe 3S 4(001) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20104-20124. [PMID: 35983830 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00333c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Greigite (Fe3S4), with its ferredoxin-like 4Fe-4S redox centres, is a naturally occurring mineral capable of acting as a catalyst in the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into low molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs), which are of paramount significance in several soil and plant processes as well as in the chemical industry. In this paper, we report the reaction between CO2 and water (H2O) to form oxalic acid (H2C2O4) on the partially oxidised greigite Fe3S4(001) surface by means of spin-polarised density functional theory calculations with on-site Coulomb corrections and long-range dispersion interactions (DFT+U-D2). We have calculated the bulk phase of Fe3S4 and the two reconstructed Tasker type 3 terminations of its (001) surface, whose properties are in good agreement with available experimental data. We have obtained the relevant phase diagram, showing that the Fe3S4(001) surface becomes 62.5% partially oxidised, by replacing S by O atoms, in the presence of water at the typical conditions of calcination [Mitchell et al. Faraday Discuss. 2021, 230, 30-51]. The adsorption and co-adsorption of the reactants on the partially oxidised Fe3S4(001) surface are exothermic processes. We have considered three mechanistic pathways to explain the formation of H2C2O4, showing that the coupling of the C-C bond and second protonation are the elementary steps with the largest energy penalty. Our calculations suggest that the partially oxidised Fe3S4(001) surface is a mineral phase that can catalyse the formation of H2C2O4 under favourable conditions, which has important implications for natural ecosystems and is a process that can be harnessed for the industrial manufacture of this organic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 8A, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Lupan O, Santos-Carballal D, Magariu N, Mishra AK, Ababii N, Krüger H, Wolff N, Vahl A, Bodduluri MT, Kohlmann N, Kienle L, Adelung R, de Leeuw NH, Hansen S. Al 2O 3/ZnO Heterostructure-Based Sensors for Volatile Organic Compounds in Safety Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:29331-29344. [PMID: 35704838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in harsh environments, especially for safety applications, is a growing field that requires specialized sensor structures. In this work, we demonstrate the sensing properties toward the most common VOCs of columnar Al2O3/ZnO heterolayer-based sensors. We have also developed an approach to tune the sensor selectivity by changing the thickness of the exposed amorphous Al2O3 layer from 5 to 18 nm. Columnar ZnO films are prepared by a chemical solution method, where the exposed surface is decorated with an Al2O3 nanolayer via thermal atomic layer deposition at 75 °C. We have investigated the structure and morphology as well as the vibrational, chemical, electronic, and sensor properties of the Al2O3/ZnO heterostructures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show that the upper layers consist of amorphous Al2O3 films. The heterostructures showed selectivity to 2-propanol vapors only within the range of 12-15 nm thicknesses of Al2O3, with the highest response value of ∼2000% reported for a thickness of 15 nm at the optimal working temperature of 350 °C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the Al2O3/ZnO(1010) interface and its interaction with 2-propanol (2-C3H7OH), n-butanol (n-C4H9OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), acetone (CH3COCH3), hydrogen (H2), and ammonia (NH3) show that the molecular affinity for the Al2O3/ZnO(1010) interface decreases from 2-propanol (2-C3H7OH) ≈ n-butanol (n-C4H9OH) > ethanol (C2H5OH) > acetone (CH3COCH3) > hydrogen (H2), which is consistent with our gas response experiments for the VOCs. Charge transfers between the surface and the adsorbates, and local densities of states of the interacting atoms, support the calculated strength of the molecular preferences. Our findings are highly important for the development of 2-propanol sensors and to our understanding of the effect of the heterojunction and the thickness of the top nanolayer on the gas response, which thus far have not been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Computers, Informatics and Microelectronics, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare str., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, United States
| | | | - Nicolae Magariu
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Computers, Informatics and Microelectronics, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare str., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres Building, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Nicolai Ababii
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Computers, Informatics and Microelectronics, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare str., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Helge Krüger
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mani Teja Bodduluri
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology (ISIT), Itzehoe, Fraunhoferstraße 1, Itzehoe D-25524, Germany
| | - Niklas Kohlmann
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hansen
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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16
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Farkaš B, de Leeuw NH. AuCo nanoparticles: ordering, magnetisation, and morphology trends predicted by DFT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10451-10464. [PMID: 35441635 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00648k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of applications relying on magnetism at the nanoscale has put a spotlight on nanoparticles with novel morphologies that are associated with enhanced electronic and magnetic properties. In this quest, nanoalloys combining highly magnetic cobalt and weakly reactive gold could offer many application-specific advantages, such as strong magnetic anisotropy. In the present study, we have employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to provide a systematic overview of the size- and morphology-dependence of the energetic order and magnetic properties of AuCo nanoparticles up to 2.5 nm in diameter. The core-shell icosahedron was captured as the most favourable morphology, showing a small preference over the core-shell decahedron. However, the magnetic properties (total magnetic moments and magnetic anisotropy) were found to be significantly improved within the L10 ordered structures, even in comparison to monometallic Co nanoparticles. Atom-resolved charges and orbital moments accessed through the DFT analysis of the electronic level properties permitted insight into the close interrelation between the AuCo nanoparticle morphology and their magnetism. These results are expected to assist in the design of tailored magnetic AuCo nanoalloys for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Farkaš
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. .,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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17
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Amakali T, Živković A, Warwick MEA, Jones DR, Dunnill CW, Daniel LS, Uahengo V, Mitchell CE, Dzade NY, de Leeuw NH. Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye and Hydrogen Evolution by Hydrothermally Synthesized NaBH4—Spiked ZnS Nanostructures. Front Chem 2022; 10:835832. [PMID: 35494625 PMCID: PMC9046778 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.835832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal sulphides, including zinc sulphide (ZnS), are semiconductor photocatalysts that have been investigated for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants as well as their activity during the hydrogen evolution reaction and water splitting. However, devising ZnS photocatalysts with a high overall quantum efficiency has been a challenge due to the rapid recombination rates of charge carriers. Various strategies, including the control of size and morphology of ZnS nanoparticles, have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks. In this work, ZnS samples with different morphologies were prepared from zinc and sulphur powders via a facile hydrothermal method by varying the amount of sodium borohydride used as a reducing agent. The structural properties of the ZnS nanoparticles were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. All-electron hybrid density functional theory calculations were employed to elucidate the effect of sulphur and zinc vacancies occurring in the bulk as well as (220) surface on the overall electronic properties and absorption of ZnS. Considerable differences in the defect level positions were observed between the bulk and surface of ZnS while the adsorption of NaBH4 was found to be highly favourable but without any significant effect on the band gap of ZnS. The photocatalytic activity of ZnS was evaluated for the degradation of rhodamine B dye under UV irradiation and hydrogen generation from water. The ZnS nanoparticles photo-catalytically degraded Rhodamine B dye effectively, with the sample containing 0.01 mol NaBH4 being the most efficient. The samples also showed activity for hydrogen evolution, but with less H2 produced compared to when untreated samples of ZnS were used. These findings suggest that ZnS nanoparticles are effective photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B dyes as well as the hydrogen evolution, but rapid recombination of charge carriers remains a factor that needs future optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theopolina Amakali
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Material Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Aleksandar Živković
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aleksandar Živković,
| | | | - Daniel R. Jones
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Charles W. Dunnill
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Likius S. Daniel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Material Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Multidisciplinary Research, Centre for Research Service, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Veikko Uahengo
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Material Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Nelson Y. Dzade
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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Nyepetsi M, Mbaiwa F, Oyetunji OA, de Leeuw NH. Understanding the Interactions between Triolein and Cosolvent Binary Mixtures Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Omega 2022; 7:10212-10224. [PMID: 35382278 PMCID: PMC8973112 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the emerging renewable sources of energy to replace fossil-fuel-based resources. It is produced by a transesterification reaction in which a triglyceride reacts with methanol in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction is slow because of the low solubility of methanol in triglycerides, which results in low concentrations of methanol available to react with triglyceride. To speed up the reaction, cosolvents are added to create a single phase which helps to improve the concentration of methanol in the triglyceride phase. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are used to help understand the role of cosolvents in the solvation of triglyceride (triolein). Six binary mixtures of triolein/cosolvent were used to study the solvation of triolein at 298.15 K. Results of 100 ns simulations at constant temperature and pressure to simulate mixing experiments show that in the first 10 ns all the binary mixtures remain largely unmixed. However, for the cosolvents that are fully miscible with triolein, the partial densities across the simulation boxes show that the systems are fully mixed in the final 10 ns. Some solvents were found to interact strongly with the polar part of triolein, while others interacted with the aliphatic part. The radial distribution functions and clustering of the solvents around triolein were also used as indicators for solvation. The presence of cosolvents also influenced the conformation of triolein molecules. In the presence of solvents that solubilize it, triolein preferred a propeller conformation but took up a trident conformation when there is less or no solubilization. The results show that tetrahydrofuran is the best solvent at solubilizing triolein, followed by cyclopentyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, and hexane. With 1,4-dioxane, the solubility improves with an increase in temperature. The miscibility of a solvent in triolein is aided by its ability to interact with both the polar and nonpolar parts of triolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maipelo Nyepetsi
- Department
of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana
International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Foster Mbaiwa
- Department
of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana
International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | | | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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19
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Silveri F, Quesne MG, Viñes F, Illas F, Catlow CRA, de Leeuw NH. Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on the (001), (011), and (111) Surfaces of TiC and ZrC: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:5138-5150. [PMID: 35359814 PMCID: PMC8958596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a computational study of the activity and selectivity of early transition-metal carbides as carbon dioxide reduction catalysts. We analyze the effects of the adsorption of CO2 and H2 on the (001), (011), and metal-terminated (111) surfaces of TiC and ZrC, as carbon dioxide undergoes either dissociation to CO or hydrogenation to COOH or HCOO. The relative stabilities of the three reduction intermediates and the activation energies for their formation allow the identification of favored pathways on each surface, which are examined as they lead to the release of CO, HCOOH, CH3OH, and CH4, thereby also characterizing the activity and selectivity of the two materials. Reaction energetics implicate HCO as the key common intermediate on all surfaces studied and rule out the release of formaldehyde. Surface hydroxylation is shown to be highly selective toward methane production as the formation of methanol is hindered on all surfaces by its barrierless conversion to CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Silveri
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Gemmate
Technologies s.r.l., via Reano, 31, 10090 Buttigliera Alta, TO, Italy
- . Tel: +393791822311
| | - Matthew G. Quesne
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- UK
Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K.
| | - Francesc Viñes
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- UK
Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1 HOAJ, U.K.
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- School of
Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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20
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Mensah M, Tia R, Adei E, de Leeuw NH. A DFT Mechanistic Study on Base-Catalyzed Cleavage of the β-O-4 Ether Linkage in Lignin: Implications for Selective Lignin Depolymerization. Front Chem 2022; 10:793759. [PMID: 35252111 PMCID: PMC8892242 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.793759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed mechanism of the base-catalyzed C-C and C-O bond cleavage of a model compound representing the β-O-4 linkage in lignin is elucidated using DFT calculations at the M06/6-31G* level of theory. Two types of this linkage have been studied, a C2 type which contains no γ-carbinol group and a C3 type which contains a γ-carbinol. Cleavage of the C2 substrate is seen to proceed via a 6-membered transition structure involving the cation of the base, the hydroxide ion and the α-carbon adjacent to the ether bond. The reaction with KOH has the lowest activation barrier of 6.1 kcal mol−1 with a calculated rate constant of 2.1 × 108 s−1. Cleavage of the C3 substrate is found to proceed via two pathways: an enol-formation pathway and an epoxide-formation pathway. The first path is the thermodynamically favored pathway which is similar to the pathway for the C2 substrate and is the preferred pathway for the isolation of an enol-containing monomer. The second path is the kinetically favored pathway, which proceeds via an 8-membered transition state involving a hydrogen hopping event, and is the preferred pathway for the isolation of an epoxide-containing monomer. The KOH-catalyzed reaction also has the lowest activation barrier of 10.1 kcal mol−1 along the first path and 3.9 kcal mol−1 along the second path, with calculated rate constants of 2.4 × 105s−1 and 8.6 × 109s−1 respectively. Overall, the results provide clarity on the mechanism for the base-catalyzed depolymerization of lignin to phenolic monomers. The results also suggest both NaOH and KOH to be the preferred catalysts for the cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage in lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mensah
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Tia
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- *Correspondence: Richard Tia,
| | - Evans Adei
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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21
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Dashti Najafi M, Kowsari E, Reza Naderi H, Sarabadani Tafreshi S, Chinnappan A, Ramakrishna S, de Leeuw NH, Ehsani A. High-performance symmetric supercapacitor based on new functionalized graphene oxide composites with pyrimidine nucleotide and nucleoside. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Sarabadani Tafreshi S, Ranjbar M, Taghizade N, Panahi SFKS, Jamaati M, de Leeuw NH. A first-principles study of CO2 hydrogenation on Niobium-terminated NbC (111) surface. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100781. [PMID: 35040247 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As a promising material for the reduction of Greenhouse gas, Transition metal carbides which are highly active in the hydrogenation of CO2 are mainly considered. In this regard, the reaction mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation to useful products on the Nb-terminated NbC (111) surface is investigated by applying density functional theory calculations. The computational results display that formation of CH4 , CH3OH and CO are more favored than other compounds, where CH4 is the dominant product. In addition, the findings from reaction energies reveal that the preferred mechanism for CO2 hydrogenation is thorough HCOOH * where the largest exothermic reaction energy releases during HCOOH * dissociation reaction (2.004eV). The preferred mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation towards CH 4 production is CO2 *→ t,c-COOH *→ HCOOH *→ HCO *→ CH2O *→ CH2OH *→ CH2 *→ CH3 *→ CH4 * where CO2 * → t,c-COOH * → HCOOH * → HCO * → CH2O * → CH2OH * → CH3OH * and CO2 * → t,c-COOH * → CO * are also found as the favored mechanisms for CH3 OH and CO productions thermodynamically, respectively. During the mentioned mechanisms the hydrogenation of CH2O * to CH2OH * has the largest endothermic reaction energy of 1.344 eV. It is also found from the electronic properties calculations that Nb-terminated NbC (111) is a suitable catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation where adsorption and activation of CO2 and also desorption of final products can be easily done on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahkameh Ranjbar
- Amirkabir University of Technology, chemistry, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Narges Taghizade
- Iran University of Science and Technology School of Physics, physics, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - S F K S Panahi
- Iran University of Science and Technology School of Physics, physics, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Maryam Jamaati
- Iran University of Science and Technology School of Physics, physics, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
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23
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Farkaš B, Živković A, Uahengo V, Dzade NY, de Leeuw NH. Insights from density functional theory calculations into the effects of the adsorption and dissociation of water on the surface properties of zinc diphosphide (ZnP 2) nanocrystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26482-26493. [PMID: 34806732 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02784k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc phosphides (ZnP2 and Zn3P2) are emerging absorber materials for photovoltaic applications owing to their abundancy and non-toxic nature. Herein, we provide a comprehensive characterisation of the surface structure, composition, stabilities, morphology, and electronic properties of both bare and hydrated/hydroxylated low-Miller index surfaces of β-ZnP2 by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Mechanistic insights into the fundamental aspects of water adsorption and dissociation, including the adsorption geometries, energetics, and structural parameters along the reaction path are systematically characterised. The stabilities of the surfaces under dry and wet conditions are discussed in detail and the predicted phase diagrams for the water adsorption are presented. Using calculated surface energies, we have derived the equilibrium morphology of the β-ZnP2 nanocrystals under vacuum and upon hydration or hydroxylation. Atomic-level insights into the origin of the incipient oxidation of β-ZnP2 surfaces are provided through analysis of Bader charges, which reveal that the Zn sites to which H2O and OH species are bound undergo oxidation due to the transfer of charge to the adsorbed species. Adsorption-induced changes to the electronic properties before and after hydration/hydroxylation were characterised by the work function and partial density of states. The results highlight the need for protection of β-ZnP2 nanocrystals against possible oxidation in the presence of water through post-synthesis organic functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Farkaš
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Aleksandar Živković
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3548CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Veikko Uahengo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Nelson Y Dzade
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3548CB Utrecht, The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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24
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Ramogayana B, Santos-Carballal D, Maenetja KP, de Leeuw NH, Ngoepe PE. Density Functional Theory Study of Ethylene Carbonate Adsorption on the (0001) Surface of Aluminum Oxide α-Al 2O 3. ACS Omega 2021; 6:29577-29587. [PMID: 34778629 PMCID: PMC8582038 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface coating is one of the techniques used to improve the electrochemical performance and enhance the resistance against decomposition of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Despite several experimental studies addressing the surface coating of secondary Li-ion batteries using α-Al2O3, the reactivity of the material toward the electrolyte components is not yet fully understood. Here, we have employed calculations based on the density functional theory to investigate the adsorption of the organic solvent ethylene carbonate (EC) on the major α-Al2O3(0001) surface. During adsorption of a single EC molecule, it was found that it prefers to bind parallel to the surface through its carboxyl oxygen. As the surface coverage (θ) was increased up to a monolayer, we observed larger adsorption energies per EC molecule (E ads/N EC) for parallel interactions and a reduction for perpendicular interactions. We also noted that increasing the surface coverage with both parallel and perpendicularly interacting EC molecules led to a decrease of the surface free energies and hence increased stability of the α-Al2O3(0001) surface. Despite the larger E ads/N EC observed when the molecule was placed parallel to the surface, minimal charge transfer was calculated for single EC interactions and at higher surface coverages. The simulated scanning tunneling microscopy images are also presented for a clean corundum α-Al2O3 surface and after adsorption with different coverages of parallel and perpendicularly placed EC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ramogayana
- Materials
Modelling Centre, School of Physical and Mineral Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - David Santos-Carballal
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
| | - Khomotso P. Maenetja
- Materials
Modelling Centre, School of Physical and Mineral Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Phuti E. Ngoepe
- Materials
Modelling Centre, School of Physical and Mineral Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
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25
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Živković A, King HE, Wolthers M, de Leeuw NH. Magnetic structure and exchange interactions in pyrrhotite end member minerals: hexagonal FeS and monoclinic Fe 7S 8. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:465801. [PMID: 34380113 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1cb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron mono-sulphides, or pyrrhotites, are minerals present in the Earth's crust and mantle as well as major magnetic constituents of several classes of meteorites, thus are of interest to a wide range of disciplines including geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and material science. Despite displaying diverse magnetic properties as a result of iron vacancy ordering, the underlying exchange mechanism has not been quantified. This study presents an examination of the electronic and magnetic properties for the two pyrrhotite group end members, hexagonal FeS and monoclinic Fe7S8(4C superstructure) by means of density functional theory coupled with a Heisenberg magnetic model. The easy magnetization axes of FeS and Fe7S8are found to be positioned along the crystallographicc-direction and at an angle of 56° to thec-direction, respectively. The magnetic anisotropy energy in Fe7S8is greatly increased as a consequence of the vacancy framework when compared to FeS. The main magnetic interaction, in both compounds, is found to be the isotropic exchange interaction favouring antiferromagnetic alignment between nearest-neighbouring spins. The origin of the exchange interaction is elucidated further following the Goodenough-Kanamori-Anderson rules. The antisymmetric spin exchange is found to have a minor effect in both compounds. The theoretical findings presented in this work thus help to further resolve some of the ambiguities in the magnetic features of pyrrhotites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Živković
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen E King
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariette Wolthers
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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26
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Tayar Galante M, Živković A, Alvim J, Calchi Kleiner CC, Sangali M, Taylor SFR, Greer AJ, Hardacre C, Rajeshwar K, Caram R, Bertazzoli R, Macaluso RT, de Leeuw NH, Longo C. Arc Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Photoelectrochemistry of Copper(I) Tungstate. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:32865-32875. [PMID: 34251184 PMCID: PMC8311641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A little-studied p-type ternary oxide semiconductor, copper(I) tungstate (Cu2WO4), was assessed by a combined theoretical/experimental approach. A detailed computational study was performed to solve the long-standing debate on the space group of Cu2WO4, which was determined to be triclinic P1. Cu2WO4 was synthesized by a time-efficient, arc-melting method, and the crystalline reddish particulate product showed broad-band absorption in the UV-visible spectral region, thermal stability up to ∼260 °C, and cathodic photoelectrochemical activity. Controlled thermal oxidation of copper from the Cu(I) to Cu(II) oxidation state showed that the crystal lattice could accommodate Cu2+ cations up to ∼260 °C, beyond which the compound was converted to CuO and CuWO4. This process was monitored by powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electronic band structure of Cu2WO4 was contrasted with that of the Cu(II) counterpart, CuWO4 using spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT). Finally, the compound Cu2WO4 was determined to have a high-lying (negative potential) conduction band edge underlining its promise for driving energetic photoredox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Tayar Galante
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
- Center
for Innovation on New Energies, University
of Campinas, CEP 13083-841 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aleksandar Živković
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3548CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jéssica
Costa Alvim
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
- Center
for Innovation on New Energies, University
of Campinas, CEP 13083-841 Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Sangali
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Campinas—UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - S. F. Rebecca Taylor
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Greer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hardacre
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnan Rajeshwar
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rubens Caram
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Campinas—UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Bertazzoli
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Campinas—UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Robin T. Macaluso
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3548CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United
Kingdom
| | - Claudia Longo
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
- Center
for Innovation on New Energies, University
of Campinas, CEP 13083-841 Campinas, Brazil
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27
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Abstract
![]()
The lipid membrane
is considered a crucial component of opioid
general anesthesia. The main drug used for the induction and maintenance
of opioid anesthesia is fentanyl and its various analogues. However,
these drugs have different clinical effects, and detailed atomic-level
insight into the drug–membrane interactions could lead to a
better understanding how these drugs exert their anesthetic properties.
In this study, we have used extensive umbrella sampling molecular
dynamics simulations to study the permeation process of fentanyl and
three of its analogues into a variety of simple phospholipid membrane
models. Our simulations show that we can accurately predict the permeability
coefficients of these drug molecules, which is an important process
in understanding how pharmaceuticals reach their molecular targets.
We were also able to show that one phospholipid provides more accurate
predictions than other lipids commonly used in these types of permeation
studies, which will aid future studies of these types of processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Faulkner
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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28
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Quesne MG, Catlow CRA, de Leeuw NH. How bulk and surface properties of Ti 4SiC 3, V 4SiC 3, Nb 4SiC 3 and Zr 4SiC 3 tune reactivity: a computational study. Faraday Discuss 2021; 230:87-99. [PMID: 33960357 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present several in silico insights into the MAX-phase of early transition metal silicon carbides and explore how these affect carbon dioxide hydrogenation. Periodic density functional methodology is applied to models of Ti4SiC3, V4SiC3, Nb4SiC3 and Zr4SiC3. We find that silicon and carbon terminations are unstable, with sintering occurring in vacuum and significant reconstruction taking place under an oxidising environment. In contrast, the metal terminated surfaces are highly stable and very active towards CO2 reduction. However, we predict that under reaction conditions these surfaces are likely to be oxidised. These results are compared to studies on comparable materials and we predict optimal values for hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Quesne
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. and UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - C Richard A Catlow
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. and UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK and Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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29
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Armstrong K, Barbarino S, Cao XE, Cassiola F, Catlow RA, Claeys M, Conway M, Cowan AJ, de Leeuw NH, Dowson GRM, Fischer N, Ghaderian A, Ghosh S, Kamali AR, Khan S, Kyrimis S, Lawes N, Leitner W, Maneiro M, Manyar H, Marquart W, McCord S, Moore E, North M, Olsbye U, Pant D, Poon J, Quesne MG, Ranocchiari M, Rossi L, Ruiz Esquius J, Shozi M, Sick V, Styring P, Tan J, Tanzer SE, Thomas O, Whiston K, Wolf M. Thermal catalytic conversion: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2021; 230:124-151. [PMID: 34226907 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd90045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Farkaš B, de Leeuw NH. Effect of coverage on the magnetic properties of -COOH, -SH, and -NH 2 ligand-protected cobalt nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2021; 13:11844-11855. [PMID: 34190285 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine requires their passivation, which often comes at a cost of diminished magnetic properties. For the design of nano-agents with targeted magnetic behaviour, it is important to distinguish between ligands which can improve desired performance, and those that reduce it. Carboxylic acid-, thiol-, and amine-protected cobalt nanoparticles were studied by density functional theory calculations to model the impact of ligand coverage on the magnetic properties. The simulations show that the functional group, arrangement, and coverage density of the ligand coating control both the total magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropy energy of the nanoparticle, as well as the distribution of local spin magnetic moments across the metallic core. Captured effects of ligand binding on the orbital moments of cobalt atoms were insignificant. Out of the three ligand families, only carboxylic acid coatings increased the magnetic moments of cobalt nanoparticles, while amines and thiols quenched them. Calculated anisotropy energies of protected nanoparticles consistently increased with the growing ligand density, reaching the highest values for a 100% coverage of both carboxylic acid and thiol coatings. However, the binding nature of the two functional groups showed opposite impacts on the d-states of interacting cobalt atoms. This study has thus established important principles for the design of biocompatible magnetic nanocomposites, highlighting different routes to achieve desired magnetic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Farkaš
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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31
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Lupan O, Santos-Carballal D, Ababii N, Magariu N, Hansen S, Vahl A, Zimoch L, Hoppe M, Pauporté T, Galstyan V, Sontea V, Chow L, Faupel F, Adelung R, de Leeuw NH, Comini E. TiO 2/Cu 2O/CuO Multi-Nanolayers as Sensors for H 2 and Volatile Organic Compounds: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:32363-32380. [PMID: 34223766 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
TiO2/Cu2O/CuO multi-nanolayers highly sensitive toward volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and H2 have been grown in various thicknesses by a cost-effective and reproducible combined spray-sputtering-annealing approach. The ultrathin TiO2 films were deposited by spray pyrolysis on top of sputtered-annealed Cu2O/CuO nanolayers to enhance their gas sensing performance and improve their protection against corrosion at high operating temperatures. The prepared heterostructures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The gas sensing properties were measured at several operating temperatures, where the nanolayered sensors with oxide thicknesses between 20 and 30 nm (Cu2O/CuO nanolayers) exhibited a high response and an excellent selectivity to ethanol vapor after thermal annealing the samples at 420 °C. The results obtained at an operating temperature of 350 °C demonstrate that the CuO/Cu2O nanolayers with thicknesses between 20 and 30 nm are sensitive mainly to ethanol vapor, with a response of ∼150. The response changes from ethanol vapors to hydrogen gas as the thickness of the CuO/Cu2O nanolayers changes from 50 to 20 nm. Density functional theory-based calculations were carried out for the geometries of the CuO(1̅11)/Cu2O(111) and TiO2(111)/CuO(1̅11)/Cu2O(111) heterostructures and their sensing mechanism toward alcohols of different chain lengths and molecular hydrogen. The reconstructed hexagonal Cu2O(111) surface and the reconstructed monoclinic CuO(1̅11) and TiO2(111) facets, all of which terminate in an O layer, lead to the lowest surface energies for each isolated material. We studied the formation of the binary and ternary heteroepitaxial interfaces for the surface planes with the best-matching lattices. Despite the impact of the Cu2O(111) substrate in lowering the atomic charges of the CuO(1̅11) adlayer in the binary sensor, we found that it is the different surface structures of the CuO(1̅11)/Cu2O(111) and TiO2(111)/CuO(1̅11)/Cu2O(111) devices that are fundamental in driving the change in the sensitivity response observed experimentally. The experimental data, supported by the computational results, are important in understanding the use of the multi-nanolayered films tested in this work as reliable, accurate, and selective sensor structures for the tracking of gases at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Boulevard, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, United States
| | | | - Nicolai Ababii
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Boulevard, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Nicolae Magariu
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Boulevard, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Sandra Hansen
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Faculty of Engineering, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, 16 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lukas Zimoch
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoppe
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thierry Pauporté
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris-IRCP, Chimie ParisTech, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Université, rue Pierre et Marie Curie 11, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Vardan Galstyan
- Sensor Laboratory, Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy
| | - Victor Sontea
- National Center for Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Boulevard, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- Department of Nanoelectronics and Surface Modification, Sumy State University, 2 Rymskogo-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Lee Chow
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, United States
| | - Franz Faupel
- Faculty of Engineering, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, 16 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Comini
- Sensor Laboratory, Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy
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32
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Živković A, Sheehama J, Warwick MEA, Jones DR, Mitchel C, Likius D, Uahengo V, Dzade NY, Meenakshisundaram S, Dunnill CW, de Leeuw NH. Structural and electronic properties of Cu 4O 3 (paramelaconite): the role of native impurities. PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hybrid density functional theory has been used to study the phase stability and formation of native point defects in Cu4O3. This intermediate copper oxide compound, also known as paramelaconite, was observed to be difficult to synthesize due to stabilization issues between mixed-valence Cu1+ and Cu2+ ions. The stability range of Cu4O3 was investigated and shown to be realized in an extremely narrow region of phase space, with Cu2O and CuO forming readily as competing impurity phases. The origin of p-type conductivity is confirmed to arise from specific intrinsic copper vacancies occurring on the 1+ site. Away from the outlined stability region, the dominant charge carriers become oxygen interstitials, impairing the conductivity by creating deep acceptor states in the electronic band gap region and driving the formation of alternative phases. This study further demonstrates the inadequacy of native defects as a source of n-type conductivity and complements existing experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Živković
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , UK
- Department of Earth Sciences , Utrecht University , Princetonlaan 8a , 3548CB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jacobina Sheehama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Namibia , 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue , Windhoek 9000 , Namibia
| | - Michael E. A. Warwick
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus, Fabian Way , Swansea SA1 8EN , UK
| | - Daniel R. Jones
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus, Fabian Way , Swansea SA1 8EN , UK
| | - Claire Mitchel
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , UK
| | - Daniel Likius
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Namibia , 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue , Windhoek 9000 , Namibia
| | - Veikko Uahengo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Namibia , 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue , Windhoek 9000 , Namibia
| | - Nelson Y. Dzade
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , UK
| | | | - Charles W. Dunnill
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus, Fabian Way , Swansea SA1 8EN , UK
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , UK
- Department of Earth Sciences , Utrecht University , Princetonlaan 8a , 3548CB Utrecht , The Netherlands
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
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33
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Mitchell CE, Santos-Carballal D, Beale AM, Jones W, Morgan DJ, Sankar M, de Leeuw NH. The role of surface oxidation and Fe-Ni synergy in Fe-Ni-S catalysts for CO 2 hydrogenation. Faraday Discuss 2021; 230:30-51. [PMID: 33884381 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00137f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, resulting in climate change, have driven the motivation to achieve the effective and sustainable conversion of CO2 into useful chemicals and fuels. Taking inspiration from biological processes, synthetic iron-nickel-sulfides have been proposed as suitable catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2. In order to experimentally validate this hypothesis, here we report violarite (Fe,Ni)3S4 as a cheap and economically viable catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 into formate under mild, alkaline conditions at 125 °C and 20 bar (CO2 : H2 = 1 : 1). Calcination of violarite at 200 °C resulted in excellent catalytic activity, far superior to that of Fe-only and Ni-only sulfides. We further report first principles simulations of the CO2 conversion on the partially oxidised (001) and (111) surfaces of stoichiometric violarite (FeNi2S4) and polydymite (Ni3S4) to rationalise the experimentally observed trends. We have obtained the thermodynamic and kinetic profiles for the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) on the catalyst surfaces via substitution and dissociation mechanisms. We report that the partially oxidised (111) surface of FeNi2S4 is the best catalyst in the series and that the dissociation mechanism is the most favourable. Our study reveals that the partial oxidation of the FeNi2S4 surface, as well as the synergy of the Fe and Ni ions, are important in the catalytic activity of the material for the effective hydrogenation of CO2 to formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Mitchell
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | | | - Andrew M Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK and Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Wilm Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK and Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | | | - Nora H de Leeuw
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK. and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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34
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Farkaš B, de Leeuw NH. A Perspective on Modelling Metallic Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedicine: From Monometals to Nanoalloys and Ligand-Protected Particles. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3611. [PMID: 34203371 PMCID: PMC8269646 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is on the physical and magnetic properties that are related to the efficiency of monometallic magnetic nanoparticles used in biomedical applications, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia, and how to model these by theoretical methods, where the discussion is based on the example of cobalt nanoparticles. Different simulation systems (cluster, extended slab, and nanoparticle models) are critically appraised for their efficacy in the determination of reactivity, magnetic behaviour, and ligand-induced modifications of relevant properties. Simulations of the effects of nanoscale alloying with other metallic phases are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Farkaš
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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35
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Farkaš B, Terranova U, de Leeuw NH. The mechanism underlying the functionalisation of cobalt nanoparticles by carboxylic acids: a first-principles computational study. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4915-4928. [PMID: 34100480 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The promise of biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles with high magnetic saturation in the implementation as drug carriers and hyperthermia agents has generated significant interest in functionalised cobalt nanoparticles. Carboxylic acid coatings on metallic nanoparticles have been shown as an attractive option owing to their respectable stability and biocompatibility. However, only limited information is available on the molecular mechanism leading to the formation of such protective coatings. In this study, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations have been used to unravel the functionalisation mechanism starting from a neutral cobalt cluster and valeric acid molecules. Three stages were detected in the coating process: (i) rapid initial adsorption of acid molecules, (ii) simultaneous adsorption of new molecules and dissociation of those already interacting with the cluster, and, finally, (iii) grouping of dissociated hydrogen atoms and subsequent desorption of acid molecules. The fate of the hydrogen atoms was probed through a combination of static and dynamic ab initio modelling approaches, which predicted H2 generation with favourable energetics. A better understanding of the functionalisation and interaction mechanisms will aid the rational design of biocompatible cobalt nanoparticles for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Farkaš
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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36
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Greer AJ, Taylor SFR, Daly H, Quesne MG, de Leeuw NH, Catlow CRA, Jacquemin J, Hardacre C. Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Competitive Absorption of CO 2 and NO 2 by a Superbase Ionic Liquid. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2021; 9:7578-7586. [PMID: 34306836 PMCID: PMC8296676 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A superbase ionic liquid (IL), trihexyltetradecylphosphonium benzimidazolide ([P66614][Benzim]), is investigated for the capture of CO2 in the presence of NO2 impurities. The effect of the waste gas stream contaminant on the ability of the IL to absorb simultaneously CO2 is demonstrated using novel measurement techniques, including a mass spectrometry breakthrough method and in situ infrared spectroscopy. The findings show that the presence of an industrially relevant concentration of NO2 in a combined feed with CO2 has the effect of reducing the capacity of the IL to absorb CO2 efficiently by ∼60% after 10 absorption-desorption cycles. This finding is supported by physical property analysis (viscosity, 1H and 13C NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and spectroscopic infrared characterization, in addition to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, to determine the structure of the IL-NO2 complex. The results are presented in comparison with another flue gas component, NO, demonstrating that the absorption of NO2 is more favorable, thereby hindering the ability of the IL to absorb CO2. Significantly, this work aids understanding of the effects that individual components of flue gas have on CO2 capture sorbents, through studying a contaminant that has received limited interest previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Greer
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David
Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - S. F. Rebecca Taylor
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Helen Daly
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthew G. Quesne
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- UK
Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11
0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- UK
Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11
0FA, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Johan Jacquemin
- Laboratoire
PCM2E, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
- Materials
Science and Nano-Engineering, Mohammed VI
Polytechnic University, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Christopher Hardacre
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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37
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Ungerer MJ, van Sittert CGCE, de Leeuw NH. Behavior of S, SO, and SO 3 on Pt (001), (011), and (111) surfaces: A DFT study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:194701. [PMID: 34240906 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hybrid sulfur (HyS) cycle, the reaction between SO2 and H2O is manipulated to produce hydrogen with water and sulfuric acid as by-products. However, sulfur poisoning of the catalyst has been widely reported to occur in this cycle, which is due to strong chemisorption of sulfur on the metal surface. The catalysts may deactivate as a result of these impurities present in the reactants or incorporated in the catalyst during its preparation and operation of the HyS cycle. Here, we report a density functional theory investigation of the interaction between S, SO, and SO3 with the Pt (001), (011), and (111) surfaces. First, we have investigated the adsorption of single gas phase molecules on the three Pt surfaces. During adsorption, the 4F hollow sites on the (001) and (011) surfaces and the fcc hollow site on the (111) surface were preferred. S adsorption followed the trend of (001)4F > (011)4F > (111)fcc, while SO adsorption showed (001)4F > (011)bridge/4F > (111)fcc and SO3 adsorption was most stable in a S,O,O bound configuration on the (001)4F > (011)4F > (111)fcc sites. The surface coverage was increased on all the surfaces until a monolayer was obtained. The highest surface coverage for S shows the trend (001)S = (111)S > (011)S, and for SO it is (001)SO > (011)SO > (111)SO, similar to SO3 where we found (001)SO3 > (011)SO3 > (111)SO3. These trends indicate that the (001) surface is more susceptible to S species poisoning. It is also evident that both the (001) and (111) surfaces were reactive toward S, leading to the formation of S2. The high coverage of SO3 showed the formation of SO2 and SO4, especially on the (011) surface. The thermodynamics indicated that an increased temperature of up to 2000 K resulted in Pt surfaces fully covered with elemental S. The SO coverage showed θ ≥ 1.00 on both the (001) and (011) surfaces and θ = 0.78 for the (111) surface in the experimental region where the HyS cycle is operated. Lower coverages of SO3 were observed due to the size of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietjie J Ungerer
- Laboratory for Applied Molecular Modelling, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Cornelia G C E van Sittert
- Laboratory for Applied Molecular Modelling, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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38
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Mitchell CE, Terranova U, Beale AM, Jones W, Morgan DJ, Sankar M, de Leeuw NH. A surface oxidised Fe–S catalyst for the liquid phase hydrogenation of CO2. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01779e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A surface oxidised Fe–S catalyst enhances the liquid phase conversion of CO2 to formate under mild hydrothermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Mitchell
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Umberto Terranova
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
- Research Complex at Harwell
| | - Wilm Jones
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
- Research Complex at Harwell
| | - David J. Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | | | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
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39
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Abstract
Acetic acid (CH3-COOH) is an important commodity chemical widely used in a myriad of industrial processes, whose production still largely depends on homogeneous catalysts based on expensive rare metals. Here, we report a computational study on the formation of CH3-COOH from carbon dioxide (CO2) as an alternative chemical feedstock on the {111} surface of the low-cost greigite Fe3S4 catalyst. We have used density functional theory calculations with a Hubbard Hamiltonian approach and long-range dispersion corrections (DFT+U-D2) to simulate the various stages of the direct combination of C1 species of different composition to produce glyoxylic acid (CHO-COOH) as a key intermediate in the formation of CH3-COOH. Three reaction mechanisms are considered: (i) the main pathway where the direct formation of the C-C bond takes place spontaneously, followed by a step-wise reduction of CHO-CHOO to CH3-COOH; and the competitive pathways for the non-promoted and H-promoted elimination of hydroxy groups (OH) and water (H2O), respectively from (ii) the carboxyl; and (iii) the carbonyl end of the glyoxylate intermediates. The thermodynamic and kinetic profiles show that the energies for the intermediates on the main pathway are very similar for the two catalytic sites considered, although the activation energies are somewhat larger for the exposed tetrahedral iron (FeA) ion. In most cases, the intermediates for the deoxygenation of the carboxylic acid are less stable than the intermediates on the main pathway, which suggests that the molecule prefers to lose the carbonylic oxygen. The suitable surface properties of the Fe3S4{111} surface show that this material could be a promising sustainable catalyst in future technologies for the conversion of CO2 into organic acid molecules of commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santos-Carballal
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Alberto Roldan
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. and Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 8A, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Malatji KT, Santos-Carballal D, Terranova U, Ngoepe PE, de Leeuw NH. Controlling the Lithium Intercalation Voltage in the Li(Mn1-xNix)2O4 Spinel via Tuning of the Ni Concentration: a Density Functional Theory Study. S Afr j chem 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v74a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT LiMn2O4 spinel is a promising cathode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries. Despite showing a high average voltage of lithium intercalation, the material is structurally unstable, undergoing lowering of the crystal symmetry due to Jahn-Teller distortion of the six-fold Mn3+ cations. Although Ni has been proposed as a suitable substitutional dopant to improve the structural stability of LiMn2O4 and enhance the average lithium intercalation voltage, the thermodynamics of the Ni incorporation and its effect on the electrochemical properties of this spinel material are not yet known. In this work, we have employed density functional theory calculations with a Hubbard Hamiltonian (DFT+u) to investigate the thermodynamics of cation mixing in the Li(Mn1_xNix)2O4 solid solution. Our results suggest LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 is the most stable composition from room temperature up to at least 1000 K, in agreement with experiments. We also found that the configurational entropy is much lower than the maximum entropy at 1000 K, indicating that higher temperatures are required to reach a fully disordered solid solution. A maximum average lithium intercalation voltage of 4.8 eV was calculated for the LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 composition, which is very close to the experimental value. The temperature was found to have a negligible effect on the Li intercalation voltage of the most stable composition. The findings reported here support the application of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 as a suitable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, with a highly stable voltage of intercalation under a wide range of temperatures. Keywords: Spinel, equilibrium concentration, mixing thermodynamics, solid-state chemistry and lithium voltage of intercalation.
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41
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Botchway CH, Tia R, Adei E, Dzade NY, de Leeuw NH. H-FER-Catalyzed Conversion of Methanol to Ethanol and Dimethyl Ether: a First-Principles DFT Study. S Afr j chem 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v74a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Methanol adsorption and dehydration reactions within zeolites represent important steps in the catalytic conversion process to form long-chain hydrocarbons. Herein, first-principles density functional theory (DFT) is employed in the determination of methanol adsorption and conversion in ferrierite (FER), where we predict the fundamental adsorption geometries and energetics of methanol adsorption. The methanol molecule is shown to physisorb at all explored binding sites, stabilized through hydrogen-bonded interactions with the acid site atOmeth-Hframbond distances ranging from 1.33-1.51 A. We demonstrate that the zeolites' adsorption capability is affected by the silicon/aluminium ratio, with stronger adsorptions predicted in the material with silicon to aluminium fractions of 5 than 8. The adsorption strength is also found to vary depending on the tetrahedral binding site, with the T1O2 site yielding the most stable methanol adsorption structure in the Si/Al ratio = 5(Eads = -22.5 kcal mol-1), whereas the T1O1 site yields the most stable adsorption geometry (Eads = -19.2 kcal mol-1) in the Si/Al ratio = 8. Upon translational and rotational motion, methanol is protonated resulting in the breaking of its C-O bond to form a methoxy species bound to the framework oxygen (O-CH3 distance of 1.37 A), whereas the water molecule is stabilized at the acid site through H-bonding (Owat-H = 2.0 A). Further reaction between the methoxy species and a second methanol molecule results in the formation of ethanol and protonated dimethyl ether, with adsorption energies of -42 and -25 kcal mol-1, respectively. The results in this study provide atomistic insight into the effect of acidity of the FER zeolite on the adsorption and conversion of methanol. Keywords: Zeolites, ferrierite, methanol adsorption, acid sites, density functional theory (DFT).
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Meerholz K, Santos-Carballal D, Terranova U, Falch A, van Sittert CG, de Leeuw NH. Thermodynamics of the Atomic Distribution in Pt3Pd2, Pt2Pd3 and their Corresponding (111) Surfaces. S Afr j chem 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v74a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, we have developed solid-state models of platinum and palladium bimetallic catalysts, Pt3Pd2 and Pt2Pd3, which are rapidly thermally annealed at 800 °C. These models were constructed by determining all the unique atomic configurations in a 2x2x1 supercell, using the program Site-Occupation Disorder (SOD), and optimized with the General Utility Lattice Program (GULP) using Sutton-Chen interatomic potentials. Each catalyst had 101 unique bulk models that were developed into surface models, which were constructed using the two-region surface technique before the surface energies were determined. The planes and compositions with lowest surface energies were chosen as the representative models for the surface structure of the bimetallic catalysts. These representative models will now be used in a computational study of the HyS process for the production of hydrogen. Keywords: HyS process, platinum, palladium, solid-state, catalyst, Site-Occupation Disorder.
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43
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Peck MA, Santos-Carballal D, de Leeuw NH, Claeys M. Density Functional Theory Study of the Adsorption of Oxygen and Hydrogen on 3d Transition Metal Surfaces with Varying Magnetic Ordering. S Afr j chem 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v74a11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We have employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the adsorption of molecular oxygen and hydrogen on 3d transition metal (TM) surfaces with varying ordered magnetic structures in the bulk, namely ferromagnetic Fe(110), Co(0001), Ni(111) and diamagnetic Cu(111). The trend observed in the energies of adsorption was compared with the magnetic moment of the cell using the d-band centre model of chemisorption and the Stoner model of magnetic energy. As the gap between the d-band centre and the Fermi level of the TM decreases, more antibonding orbitals are present above the Fermi level and thus unoccupied, leading to stronger binding. Correspondingly, the shift in the d-band centre decreases the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level giving rise to the ordered magnetic structure. Keywords: d-Band centre, chemisorption, Hedvall effect, magnetism.
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Santos-Carballal D, van Sittert CG, de Leeuw NH. Africa-UK Partnership for the Computer-aided Development of Sustainable Catalysts. S Afr j chem 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v74a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Ungerer MJ, Santos-Carballal D, van Sittert CG, de Leeuw NH. Competitive Adsorption of H2O and SO2 on Catalytic Platinum Surfaces: a Density Functional Theory Study. S Afr j chem 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v74a10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Platinum has been widely used as the catalyst of choice for the production of hydrogen in the hybrid sulphur (HyS) cycle. In this cycle, water (H2O) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) react to form sulphuric acid and hydrogen. However, the surface reactivity of platinum towards H2O and SO2 is not yet fully understood, especially considering the competitive adsorption that may occur on the surface. In this study, we have carried out density functional theory calculations with long-range dispersion corrections [DFT-D3-(BJ)] to investigate the competitive effect of both H2O and SO2 on the Pt (001), (011) and (111) surfaces. Comparing the adsorption of a single H2O molecule on the various Pt surfaces, it was found that the lowest adsorption energy (Eads = -1.758 eV) was obtained for the dissociative adsorption of H2O on the (001) surface, followed by the molecular adsorption on the (011) surface (Eads = -0.699 eV) and (111) surface (Eads = -0.464 eV). For the molecular SO2 adsorption, the trend was similar, with the lowest adsorption energy (Eads = -2.471 eV) obtained on the (001) surface, followed by the (011) surface (Eads = -2.390 eV) and (111) surface (Eads = -1.852 eV). During competitive adsorption by H2O and SO2, the SO2 molecule will therefore preferentially adsorb onto the Pt surface. If the concentration of SO2 increases, self-reaction between two neighbouring SO2 molecules may occur, leading to the formation of sulphur monoxide (SO) and -trioxide (SO3) on the surface, which could lead to sulphur poisoning of the Pt catalytic surface. Keywords: Platinum, water, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen, adsorption, density functional theory.
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Cadi-Essadek A, Roldan A, Santos-Carballal D, Ngoepe PE, Claeys M, de Leeuw NH. DFT+U Study of the Electronic, Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Co, CoO, and Co3O4. S Afr j chem 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v74a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cobalt nanoparticles play an important role as a catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. During the reaction process, cobalt nanoparticles can become oxidized leading to the formation of two phases: CoO rock-salt and Co3O4 cubic spinel. Experimentally, it is possible to evaluate the phase change and follow the catalyst degradation by measuring the magnetic moment, as each material presents a different magnetic structure. It is therefore important to develop a fundamental description, at the atomic scale, of cobalt and its oxide phases which we have done here using density functional theory with the Dudarev approach to account for the on-site Coulomb interactions (DFT+U). We have explored different Ueff values, ranging from 0 to 5 eV, and found that Ueff = 3.0 eV describes most appropriately the mechanical properties, as well as the electronic and magnetic structures of Co, CoO and Co3O4. We have considered a ferromagnetic ordering for the metallic phase and the antiferromagnetic structure for the oxide phases. Our results support the interpretation of the catalytic performance of metallic cobalt as it transforms into its oxidized phases under experimental conditions. Keywords: Materials chemistry, cobalt oxides, cobalt metal, spinel, density functional theory, on-site Coulomb correction.
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Nash A, Noh SY, Birch HL, de Leeuw NH. Lysine-arginine advanced glycation end-product cross-links and the effect on collagen structure: A molecular dynamics study. Proteins 2020; 89:521-530. [PMID: 33320391 PMCID: PMC8048459 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of advanced glycation end‐products is a fundamental process that is central to age‐related decline in musculoskeletal tissues and locomotor system function and other collagen‐rich tissues. However, although computational studies of advanced glycation end‐product cross‐links could be immensely valuable, this area remains largely unexplored given the limited availability of structural parameters for the derivation of force fields for Molecular Dynamics simulations. In this article, we present the bonded force constants, atomic partial charges and geometry of the arginine‐lysine cross‐links DOGDIC, GODIC, and MODIC. We have performed in vacuo Molecular Dynamics simulations to validate their implementation against quantum mechanical frequency calculations. A DOGDIC advanced glycation end‐product cross‐link was then inserted into a model collagen fibril to explore structural changes of collagen and dynamics in interstitial water. Unlike our previous studies of glucosepane, our findings suggest that intra‐collagen DOGDIC cross‐links furthers intra‐collagen peptide hydrogen‐bonding and does not promote the diffusion of water through the collagen triple helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nash
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sang Young Noh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Helen L Birch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, University College London, London, UK
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Abdpour S, Kowsari E, Bazri B, Moghaddam MRA, Tafreshi SS, de Leeuw NH, Simon I, Schmolke L, Dietrich D, Ramakrishna S, Janiak C. Amino-functionalized MIL-101(Cr) photodegradation enhancement by sulfur-enriched copper sulfide nanoparticles: An experimental and DFT study. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oropeza FE, Dzade NY, Pons-Martí A, Yang Z, Zhang KHL, de Leeuw NH, Hensen EJM, Hofmann JP. Electronic Structure and Interface Energetics of CuBi 2O 4 Photoelectrodes. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2020; 124:22416-22425. [PMID: 33193938 PMCID: PMC7659311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CuBi2O4 exhibits significant potential for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels, owing to its extended visible-light absorption and positive flat band potential vs the reversible hydrogen electrode. A detailed understanding of the fundamental electronic structure and its correlation with PEC activity is of significant importance to address limiting factors, such as poor charge carrier mobility and stability under PEC conditions. In this study, the electronic structure of CuBi2O4 has been studied by a combination of hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, resonant photoemission spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and compared with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The photoemission study indicates that there is a strong Bi 6s-O 2p hybrid electronic state at 2.3 eV below the Fermi level, whereas the valence band maximum (VBM) has a predominant Cu 3d-O 2p hybrid character. XAS at the O K-edge supported by DFT calculations provides a good description of the conduction band, indicating that the conduction band minimum is composed of unoccupied Cu 3d-O 2p states. The combined experimental and theoretical results suggest that the low charge carrier mobility for CuBi2O4 derives from an intrinsic charge localization at the VBM. Also, the low-energy visible-light absorption in CuBi2O4 may result from a direct but forbidden Cu d-d electronic transition, leading to a low absorption coefficient. Additionally, the ionization potential of CuBi2O4 is higher than that of the related binary oxide CuO or that of NiO, which is commonly used as a hole transport/extraction layer in photoelectrodes. This work provides a solid electronic basis for topical materials science approaches to increase the charge transport and improve the photoelectrochemical properties of CuBi2O4-based photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy E. Oropeza
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- IMDEA
Energy Institute, Avenida
Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Móstoles, MadridSpain
- F.E.O.
| | - Nelson Y. Dzade
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT Cardiff, U.K.
| | - Amalia Pons-Martí
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenni Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Kelvin H. L. Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT Cardiff, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Surface Science
Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- J.P.H.
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Lupan O, Ababii N, Mishra AK, Gronenberg O, Vahl A, Schürmann U, Duppel V, Krüger H, Chow L, Kienle L, Faupel F, Adelung R, de Leeuw NH, Hansen S. Single CuO/Cu 2O/Cu Microwire Covered by a Nanowire Network as a Gas Sensor for the Detection of Battery Hazards. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:42248-42263. [PMID: 32813500 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a strategy to prepare CuO/Cu2O/Cu microwires that are fully covered by a nanowire (NW) network using a simple thermal-oxidation process is developed. The CuO/Cu2O/Cu microwires are fixed on Au/Cr pads with Cu microparticles. After thermal annealing at 425 °C, these CuO/Cu2O/Cu microwires are used as room-temperature 2-propanol sensors. These sensors show different dominating gas responses with operating temperatures, e.g., higher sensitivity to ethanol at 175 °C, higher sensitivity to 2-propanol at room temperature and 225 °C, and higher sensitivity to hydrogen gas at ∼300 °C. In this context, we propose the sensing mechanism of this three-in-one sensor based on CuO/Cu2O/Cu. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies reveal that the annealing time during oxidation affects the chemical appearance of the sensor, while the intensity of reflections proves that for samples oxidized at 425 °C for 1 h the dominating phase is Cu2O, whereas upon further increasing the annealing duration up to 5 h, the CuO phase becomes dominant. The crystal structures of the Cu2O-shell/Cu-core and the CuO NW networks on the surface were confirmed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), where (HR)TEM micrographs reveal the monoclinic CuO phase. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations bring valuable inputs to the interactions of the different gas molecules with the most stable top surface of CuO, revealing strong binding, electronic band-gap changes, and charge transfer due to the gas molecule interactions with the top surface. This research shows the importance of the nonplanar CuO/Cu2O layered heterostructure as a bright nanomaterial for the detection of various gases, controlled by the working temperature, and the insight presented here will be of significant value in the fabrication of new p-type sensing devices through simple nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare 168, Chişinău MD2004, Moldova
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Nicolai Ababii
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare 168, Chişinău MD2004, Moldova
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Physics Department, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Bidholi via Premnagar, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Ole Gronenberg
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiser str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schürmann
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiser str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helge Krüger
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lee Chow
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiser str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Hansen
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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