1
|
McCullagh AM, Gibson EK, Parker SF, Refson K, Lennon D. The adsorption of nitrobenzene over an alumina-supported palladium catalyst: an infrared spectroscopic study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25993-26005. [PMID: 37729436 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
As part of an on-going programme of development of an aniline synthesis catalyst suitable for operation at elevated temperatures, the geometry of the adsorption complex for nitrobenzene on a 5 wt% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst is investigated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Via an appreciation of the reduced site symmetry resulting from adsorption, application of the metal surface selection rule, and observation of in-plane modes only, the adsorption complex (Pd-nitrobenzene) at 28 °C is assigned as occurring vertically or tilted with respect to the metal surface, adopting Csσv(yz) symmetry. Moreover, adsorption occurs via a single Pd-O bond. Single molecule DFT calculations and simulated IR spectra assist vibrational assignments but indicate a parallel adsorption geometry to be energetically favourable. The contradiction between calculated and observed structures is attributed to the DFT calculations corresponding to an isolated molecule adsorption complex, while IR spectra relate to multi molecule adsorption that is encountered during sustained catalytic turnover. Residual hydrogen from the catalyst reduction stage leads to aniline formation on the Pd surface at low nitrobenzene coverages but, on increasing nitrobenzene exposure, the aniline is forced on to the alumina support. A reaction scheme is proposed whereby the nitrobenzene adsorption geometry is inherently linked to the high aniline selectivity observed for Pd/Al2O3 catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelouise M McCullagh
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Emma K Gibson
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Stewart F Parker
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Keith Refson
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - David Lennon
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Magnard NPL, Kirsch A, Jørgensen MRV, Kantor I, Sørensen DR, Huotari S, Rudić S, Bordallo HN, Jensen KMØ. Control of H-Related Defects in γ-MnO 2 in a Hydrothermal Synthesis. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13021-13029. [PMID: 37537143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Manganese dioxide is a good candidate for effective energy storage and conversion as it possesses rich electrochemistry. The compound also shows a wide polymorphism. The γ-variety, an intergrowth of β- and R-MnO2, has been extensively studied in several types of batteries (e.g., Zn/MnO2, Li-ion) and is a common electrode material for commercial batteries. It is well known that the insertion of protons thermodynamically stabilizes γ-MnO2 with respect to β-MnO2. Protons can enter the structure either by forming groups of 4 hydroxyls around a Mn4+ vacancy, called a Ruetschi defect, or by forming a hydroxyl group near a Mn3+ ion, called a Coleman defect. These defects differently affect the electrochemistry of manganese oxide, and tailoring their amount in the structure can be used to tune the material properties. Previous studies have addressed the proton insertion process, but the role of the synthesis pathway on the amount of defects created is not well understood. We here investigate how the parameters in a hydrothermal synthesis of γ-MnO2 nanoparticles influence the amount and type of H-related defects. Structural investigations are carried out using Pair Distribution Function analysis, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and inelastic neutron scattering. We demonstrate the possibility to control the amount and type of defects introduced during the synthesis. While the amount of Ruetschi defects increases with synthesis temperature, it decreases with extended synthesis time, along with the amount of Coleman defects. Moreover, we discuss the arrangement of the defects in the γ-MnO2 nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Kirsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads R V Jørgensen
- MAX IV Laboratory, 224 84 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry & iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Innokenty Kantor
- MAX IV Laboratory, 224 84 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Sørensen
- MAX IV Laboratory, 224 84 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry & iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Svemir Rudić
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Heloisa N Bordallo
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten M Ø Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Strange NA, Adak S, Stroupe Z, Crain CA, Novak EC, Daemen LL, Larese JZ. A multi-faceted structural, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic approach for investigating ethanol dehydration over transition phase aluminas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:590-603. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The surface-catalyzed dehydration of ethanol over transition phase aluminas was studied using a multi-faceted structural and thermodynamic characterization approach, which enabled a detailed examination of the reaction mechanism using INS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourav Adak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India
| | - Zachary Stroupe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Eric C. Novak
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Luke L. Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J. Z. Larese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
- Shull-Wollan Center, a Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vottero E, Carosso M, Pellegrini R, Jiménez-Ruiz M, Groppo E, Piovano A. Inelastic neutron scattering study of the H2 interaction with carbon-supported Pt and Pd catalysts. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
5
|
McInroy A, Winfield JM, Dudman CC, Jones P, Lennon D. Interaction of Methanol over CsCl- and KCl-Doped η-Alumina and the Attenuation of Dimethyl Ether Formation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:10378-10387. [PMID: 35800675 PMCID: PMC9251771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As part of a program to investigate aspects of surface chemistry relevant to methyl chloride synthesis catalysis, the interaction of methanol with η-alumina doped with either CsCl or KCl in the range 0.01-1.0 mmol g(cat) -1 is investigated by a combination of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and temperature-programed desorption (TPD). Infrared spectra (IR) recorded at 293 K show that increasing the concentration of the group 1 metal chloride progressively decreases the surface concentration of associatively chemisorbed methanol and changes the environment in which the adsorbed methanol resides. For CsCl concentrations of ≥0.6 mmol g(cat) -1, chemisorbed methoxy species dominate the IR spectrum, while TPD studies show that the amount of methanol adsorbed onto the surface, and subsequently desorbed unchanged, changes relatively little. In the TPD experiments, some of the adsorbed methanol reacts to give dimethyl ether (DME) which then desorbs; for dopant concentrations of 1.0 mmol g(cat) -1, DME formation is suppressed to below the limit of detection. Unexpectedly, the presence of formate species generated at 293 K is also observed spectroscopically, characterized by a νasym(COO) mode which exhibits a hypsochromic shift relative to potassium formate; surface concentrations of formate are higher at higher loadings of group 1 metal chloride. Temperature-programed IR spectroscopy shows that the room-temperature formate species desorbs, decomposes, or migrates on warming to 653 K. Thermal ramping of the methanol-saturated surface also results in formate production but one that exhibits an IR profile in agreement with earlier observations and literature values. Increasing the concentrations of the group 1 metal chloride progressively decreases the presence of the thermally induced formate moiety. The study not only reinforces the concept of group 1 metal chloride additives progressively rendering ineffective those Lewis acid sites present at the η-alumina surface which convey discrete reaction characteristics [e.g., (i) dimerization of methanol to form DME and (ii) an activated methoxy → formate transition] but also suggests the generation of reactive sites not present in the undoped alumina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair
R. McInroy
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - John M. Winfield
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | | | - Peter Jones
- Inovyn, South Parade, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7
4JE, U.K.
| | - David Lennon
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vottero E, Carosso M, Ricchebuono A, Jiménez-Ruiz M, Pellegrini R, Chizallet C, Raybaud P, Groppo E, Piovano A. Evidence for H 2-Induced Ductility in a Pt/Al 2O 3 Catalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Vottero
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Michele Carosso
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Ricchebuono
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Pellegrini
- Chimet SpA - Catalyst Division, Via di Pescaiola 74, I-52041 Viciomaggio Arezzo, Italy
| | - Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de L’Échangeur de Solaize, BP3-69360 Solaize, France
| | - Pascal Raybaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de L’Échangeur de Solaize, BP3-69360 Solaize, France
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Piovano
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
AbstractWe have investigated a series of supported and unsupported nickel and cobalt catalysts, principally using neutron vibrational spectroscopy (inelastic neutron scattering, INS). For an alumina supported Ni catalyst we are able to detect hydrogen on the metal for the first time, all previous work has used Raney Ni. For an unsupported Ni foam catalyst, which has similar behaviour to Raney Ni but with a much lower density, the spectra show that there are approximately equal numbers of (100) and (111) sites, in contrast to Raney Ni that shows largely (111) sites. The observation of hydrogen on cobalt catalysts proved to be extremely challenging. In order to generate a cobalt metal surface, reduction in hydrogen at 250–300 °C is required. Lower temperatures result in a largely hydroxylated surface. The spectra show that on Raney Co (and probably also on a Co foam catalyst), hydrogen occupies a threefold hollow site, similar to that found on Co($$10\bar{1}0$$
10
1
¯
0
). The reduced surface is highly reactive: transfers between cells in a high quality glovebox were sufficient to re-hydroxylate the surface.
Collapse
|
8
|
McInroy A, Winfield JM, Dudman CC, Jones P, Lennon D. Investigating the Acid Site Distribution of a New-Generation Methyl Chloride Synthesis Catalyst. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13981-13990. [PMID: 31497716 PMCID: PMC6714609 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of modifying an η-alumina methyl chloride synthesis catalyst by doping with CsCl and KCl over the concentration range of 0.1-1.0 mmol g(cat) -1 is investigated by a combination of pyridine chemisorption coupled with infrared spectroscopy and mass-selective temperature-programmed desorption measurements. The loading of group 1 metal chloride is equivalent to a titrant that enables selective neutralization of Lewis acid sites present at the surface of the reference η-alumina catalyst. Specifically, a loading of 0.1 mmol g(cat) -1 is sufficient to neutralize the strong Lewis acid sites; a loading of 0.6 mmol g(cat) -1 is sufficient to neutralize the strong and medium-strong Lewis acid sites; a loading of 1.0 mmol g(cat) -1 neutralizes all of the strong and medium-strong Lewis acid sites and partially neutralizes the medium-weak Lewis acid site. These deductions connect with a catalyst design program to develop a methyl chloride synthesis catalyst that exhibits minimal formation of the byproduct dimethyl ether.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair
R. McInroy
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - John M. Winfield
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | | | - Peter Jones
- Inovyn, South Parade, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4JE, U.K.
| | - David Lennon
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carosso M, Vottero E, Lazzarini A, Morandi S, Manzoli M, Lomachenko KA, Ruiz MJ, Pellegrini R, Lamberti C, Piovano A, Groppo E. Dynamics of Reactive Species and Reactant-Induced Reconstruction of Pt Clusters in Pt/Al2O3 Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carosso
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vottero
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Sem Saelands vei 26, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Morandi
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Maela Manzoli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Kirill A. Lomachenko
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Riccardo Pellegrini
- Chimet SpA - Catalyst Division, Via di Pescaiola 74, I-52041, Viciomaggio Arezzo, Italy
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Physics and CrisDi Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova Street 178/24, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Andrea Piovano
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Föttinger K, Emhofer W, Lennon D, Rupprechter G. Adsorption and Reaction of CO on (Pd-)Al 2O 3 and (Pd-)ZrO 2: Vibrational Spectroscopy of Carbonate Formation. Top Catal 2017; 60:1722-1734. [PMID: 29238151 PMCID: PMC5715044 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
γ-Alumina is widely used as an oxide support in catalysis, and palladium nanoparticles supported by alumina represent one of the most frequently used dispersed metals. The surface sites of the catalysts are often probed via FTIR spectroscopy upon CO adsorption, which may result in the formation of surface carbonate species. We have examined this process in detail utilizing FTIR to monitor carbonate formation on γ-alumina and zirconia upon exposure to isotopically labelled and unlabelled CO and CO2. The same was carried out for well-defined Pd nanoparticles supported on Al2O3 or ZrO2. A water gas shift reaction of CO with surface hydroxyls was detected, which requires surface defect sites and adjacent OH groups. Furthermore, we have studied the effect of Cl synthesis residues, leading to strongly reduced carbonate formation and changes in the OH region (isolated OH groups were partly replaced or were even absent). To corroborate this finding, samples were deliberately poisoned with Cl to an extent comparable to that of synthesis residues, as confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy. For catalysts prepared from Cl-containing precursors a new CO band at 2164 cm-1 was observed in the carbonyl region, which was ascribed to Pd interacting with Cl. Finally, the FTIR measurements were complemented by quantification of the amount of carbonates formed via chemisorption, which provides a tool to determine the concentration of reactive defect sites on the alumina surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Föttinger
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud Emhofer
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Lennon
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ Scotland, UK
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Piovano A, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E. Tuning the Ti3+ and Al3+ Synergy in an Al2O3/TiClx Catalyst To Modulate the Grade of the Produced Polyethylene. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lennon D, Winfield JM. Metal Fluorides, Metal Chlorides and Halogenated Metal Oxides as Lewis Acidic Heterogeneous Catalysts. Providing Some Context for Nanostructured Metal Fluorides. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020201. [PMID: 28134836 PMCID: PMC6155673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspects of the chemistry of selected metal fluorides, which are pertinent to their real or potential use as Lewis acidic, heterogeneous catalysts, are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to β-aluminum trifluoride, aluminum chlorofluoride and aluminas γ and η, whose surfaces become partially fluorinated or chlorinated, through pre-treatment with halogenating reagents or during a catalytic reaction. In these cases, direct comparisons with nanostructured metal fluorides are possible. In the second part of the review, attention is directed to iron(III) and copper(II) metal chlorides, whose Lewis acidity and potential redox function have had important catalytic implications in large-scale chlorohydrocarbons chemistry. Recent work, which highlights the complexity of reactions that can occur in the presence of supported copper(II) chloride as an oxychlorination catalyst, is featured. Although direct comparisons with nanostructured fluorides are not currently possible, the work could be relevant to possible future catalytic developments in nanostructured materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Lennon
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK.
| | - John M Winfield
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Piovano A, Thushara KS, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E. Unraveling the Catalytic Synergy between Ti3+and Al3+Sites on a Chlorinated Al2O3: A Tandem Approach to Branched Polyethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - K. S. Thushara
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Piovano A, Thushara KS, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E. Unraveling the Catalytic Synergy between Ti(3+) and Al(3+) Sites on a Chlorinated Al2 O3 : A Tandem Approach to Branched Polyethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11203-6. [PMID: 27439690 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An original step-by-step approach to synthesize and characterize a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst consisting of isolated Ti(3+) centers and strong Lewis acid Al(3+) sites on the surface of a chlorinated alumina has been devised. A wide range of physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques were employed to demonstrate that the two sites, in close proximity, act in a concerted fashion to synergistically boost the conversion of ethylene into branched polyethylene, using ethylene as the only feed and without any activator. The coordinatively unsaturated Al(3+) ions promote ethylene oligomerization through a carbocationic mechanism and activate the Ti(3+) sites for the traditional ethylene coordination polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - K S Thushara
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McInroy AR, Winfield JM, Dudman CC, Jones P, Lennon D. The development of a new generation of methyl chloride synthesis catalyst. Faraday Discuss 2016; 188:467-79. [PMID: 27095544 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00202h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In previous work by the authors, aspects of the surface chemistry connected with methyl chloride synthesis over an η-alumina catalyst have been examined. This communication considers a role for Group 1 metal salts to modify the catalytic performance of the well characterised η-alumina catalyst. Firstly, based on a previously postulated mechanism for the reaction of methanol on η-alumina, a mechanism for methyl chloride synthesis over the η-alumina catalyst is proposed. Secondly, the validity of the new mechanism is tested by observing how the (i) type and (ii) loading of the Group 1 metal salt may perturb methyl chloride selectivity. The outcomes of these measurements are rationalised with reference to the postulated mechanism. Overall, this study represents an example of how a proposed reaction mechanism has been used to inform and guide a catalyst development strategy for a large-scale industrial process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair R McInroy
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - John M Winfield
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | | | - Peter Jones
- Inovyn, South Parade, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4JE, UK
| | - David Lennon
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Parker SF, Sakai VG, Lennon D, Jackson A, Johnson MR, Jayasooriya UA. Methyl tunnelling of adsorbed methoxy on alumina catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:366-9. [PMID: 26524339 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the methyl group of the adsorbed methoxy intermediate on industrial grade alumina catalysts undergoes rotational tunnelling on the wavenumber energy scale. The data show that this is clearly the case for a fraction of the methyl groups and potentially allows the subtle intermolecular interactions between adsorbed species and catalyst to be probed through the exponential dependence of the tunnel frequency on the rotational potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart F Parker
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kandemir T, Friedrich M, Parker SF, Studt F, Lennon D, Schlögl R, Behrens M. Different routes to methanol: inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy of adsorbates on supported copper catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17253-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inelastic neutron scattering of Cu-based methanol synthesis catalysts revealed that the surface coverage after reaction depends on the support oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur Kandemir
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Matthias Friedrich
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | | | - Felix Studt
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- USA
| | - David Lennon
- School of Chemistry
- Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Malte Behrens
- Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- Universitätsstr. 7
- 45141 Essen
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lennon D, Parker SF. Inelastic neutron scattering studies of methyl chloride synthesis over alumina. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:1220-7. [PMID: 24579759 DOI: 10.1021/ar400271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Not only is alumina the most widely used catalyst support material in the world, it is also an important catalyst in its own right. One major chemical process that uses alumina in this respect is the industrial production of methyl chloride. This is a large scale process (650,000 metric tons in 2010 in the United States), and a key feedstock in the production of silicones that are widely used as household sealants. In this Account, we show how, in partnership with conventional spectroscopic and reaction testing methods, inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectroscopy can provide additional insight into the active sites present on the catalyst, as well as the intermediates present on the catalyst surface. INS spectroscopy is a form of vibrational spectroscopy, where the spectral features are dominated by modes involving hydrogen. Because of this, most materials including alumina are largely transparent to neutrons. Advantageously, in this technique, the entire "mid-infrared", 0-4000 cm(-1), range is accessible; there is no cut-off at ~1400 cm(-1) as in infrared spectroscopy. It is also straightforward to distinguish fundamental modes from overtones and combinations. A key parameter in the catalyst's activity is the surface acidity. In infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine, the shifts in the ring stretching modes are dependent on the strength of the acid site. However, there is a very limited spectral range available. We discuss how we can observe the low energy ring deformation modes of adsorbed pyridine by INS spectroscopy. These modes can undergo shifts that are as large as those seen with infrared inspectroscopy, potentially enabling finer discrimination between acid sites. Surface hydroxyls play a key role in alumina catalysis, but in infrared spectroscopy, the presence of electrical anharmonicity complicates the interpretation of the O-H stretch region. In addition, the deformations lie below the infrared cut-off. Both of these limitations are irrelevant to INS spectroscopy, and all the modes are readily observable. When we add HCl to the catalyst surface, the acid causes changes in the spectra. We can then deduce both that the surface chlorination leads to enhanced Lewis acidity and that the hydroxyl group must be threefold coordinated. When we react η-alumina with methanol, the catalyst forms a chemisorbed methoxy species. Infrared spectroscopy clearly shows its presence but also indicates the possible coexistence of a second species. Because of INS spectroscopy's ability to discriminate between fundamental modes and combinations, we were able to unambiguously show that there is a single intermediate present on the surface of the active catalyst. This work represents a clear example where an understanding of the chemistry at the molecular level can help rationalize improvements in a large scale industrial process with both financial and environmental benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Lennon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Stewart F. Parker
- ISIS
Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A study of commercial transition aluminas and of their catalytic activity in the dehydration of ethanol. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Characterisation of hydrocarbonaceous overlayers important in metal-catalysed selective hydrogenation reactions. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
McFarlane AR, Silverwood IP, Norris EL, Ormerod RM, Frost CD, Parker SF, Lennon D. The application of inelastic neutron scattering to investigate the steam reforming of methane over an alumina-supported nickel catalyst. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Schmidt SA, Kumar N, Reinsdorf A, Eränen K, Wärnå J, Murzin DY, Salmi T. Methyl chloride synthesis over Al2O3 catalyst coated microstructured reactor—Thermodynamics, kinetics and mass transfer. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Kandemir T, Girgsdies F, Hansen TC, Liss K, Kasatkin I, Kunkes EL, Wowsnick G, Jacobsen N, Schlögl R, Behrens M. In Situ Study of Catalytic Processes: Neutron Diffraction of a Methanol Synthesis Catalyst at Industrially Relevant Pressure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5166-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timur Kandemir
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Frank Girgsdies
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Thomas C. Hansen
- Diffraction Group, Institut Laue‐Langevin, 38042 Grenoble (France)
| | - Klaus‐Dieter Liss
- The Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234 (Australia)
| | - Igor Kasatkin
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Edward L. Kunkes
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Gregor Wowsnick
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Nikolas Jacobsen
- Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, BU Catalysts (formerly Süd‐Chemie), 83052 Bruckmühl (Germany)
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Malte Behrens
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kandemir T, Girgsdies F, Hansen TC, Liss KD, Kasatkin I, Kunkes EL, Wowsnick G, Jacobsen N, Schlögl R, Behrens M. In-situ-Untersuchung von katalytischen Prozessen bei industriell relevanten Drücken: Neutronenbeugung an einem Methanolsynthesekatalysator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
25
|
Rubasinghege G, Grassian VH. Surface-Catalyzed Chlorine and Nitrogen Activation: Mechanisms for the Heterogeneous Formation of ClNO, NO, NO2, HONO, and N2O from HNO3 and HCl on Aluminum Oxide Particle Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5180-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301488b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Rubasinghege
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
52242, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Silverwood IP, Hamilton NG, McFarlane AR, Kapitán J, Hecht L, Norris EL, Mark Ormerod R, Frost CD, Parker SF, Lennon D. Application of inelastic neutron scattering to studies of CO2 reforming of methane over alumina-supported nickel and gold-doped nickel catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15214-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Zandbergen MW, Jacques SDM, Weckhuysen BM, Beale AM. Chemical Probing within Catalyst Bodies by Diagonal Offset Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:957-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
28
|
Zandbergen MW, Jacques SDM, Weckhuysen BM, Beale AM. Chemical Probing within Catalyst Bodies by Diagonal Offset Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
Zandbergen MW, Beale AM, Weckhuysen IBM. On the Microdistributions of Cr-Ion Complexes within mm-Sized γ-Al2O3Catalyst Bodies upon Impregnation as Studied by UV/Vis and Raman Microspectroscopy. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
30
|
McInroy AR, Uhl A, Lear T, Klapötke TM, Shaikhutdinov S, Schauermann S, Rupprechter G, Freund HJ, Lennon D. Morphological and chemical influences on alumina-supported palladium catalysts active for the gas phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:214704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3593472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A R McInroy
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Silverwood IP, Hamilton NG, McFarlane A, Ormerod RM, Guidi T, Bones J, Dudman MP, Goodway CM, Kibble M, Parker SF, Lennon D. Experimental arrangements suitable for the acquisition of inelastic neutron scattering spectra of heterogeneous catalysts. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:034101. [PMID: 21456765 DOI: 10.1063/1.3553295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is increasingly being used for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts. As the technique is uniquely sensitive to hydrogen atoms, vibrational spectra can be obtained that emphasize a hydrogenous component or hydrogen-containing moieties adsorbed on to an inorganic support. However, due to sensitivity constraints, the technique typically requires large sample masses (∼10 g catalyst). A reaction system is hereby described that enables suitable quantities of heterogeneous catalysts to be appropriately activated and operated under steady-state conditions for extended periods of time prior to acquisition of the INS spectrum. In addition to ex situ studies, a cell is described which negates the need for a sample transfer stage between reaction testing and INS measurement. This cell can operate up to temperatures of 823 K and pressures up to 20 bar. The apparatus is also amenable to adsorption experiments at the gas-solid interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Silverwood
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tomkinson J, Parker SF, Lennon D. No evidence for Evans’ holes in the A, B, C vibrational structure of potassium dihydrogen arsenate. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:034508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3457788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
33
|
Silverwood IP, Hamilton NG, Laycock CJ, Staniforth JZ, Ormerod RM, Frost CD, Parker SF, Lennon D. Quantification of surface species present on a nickel/alumina methane reforming catalyst. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:3102-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b919977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
34
|
Espinosa-Alonso L, de Jong KP, Weckhuysen BM. A UV-Vis micro-spectroscopic study to rationalize the influence of Cl−(aq) on the formation of different Pd macro-distributions on γ-Al2O3catalyst bodies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:97-107. [DOI: 10.1039/b915753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Winfield JM. Investigating acidity of metal fluoride surfaces by spectroscopic and chemical methods. J Fluor Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
36
|
Shimizu KI, Sugino K, Sawabe K, Satsuma A. Oxidant-Free Dehydrogenation of Alcohols Heterogeneously Catalyzed by Cooperation of Silver Clusters and Acid-Base Sites on Alumina. Chemistry 2009; 15:2341-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
37
|
Dambournet D, Leclerc H, Vimont A, Lavalley JC, Nickkho-Amiry M, Daturi M, Winfield JM. The use of multiple probe molecules for the study of the acid–base properties of aluminium hydroxyfluoride having the hexagonal tungsten bronze structure: FTIR and [36Cl] radiotracer studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:1369-79. [DOI: 10.1039/b811691a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Digne M, Raybaud P, Sautet P, Guillaume D, Toulhoat H. Atomic Scale Insights on Chlorinated γ-Alumina Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11030-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8019593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Digne
- Direction Physique et Analyse, Direction Catalyse et Séparation, IFP, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69390 Solaize, France, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, CNRS 46, allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France, and Direction Scientifique, IFP, 1-4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison cedex, France
| | - Pascal Raybaud
- Direction Physique et Analyse, Direction Catalyse et Séparation, IFP, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69390 Solaize, France, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, CNRS 46, allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France, and Direction Scientifique, IFP, 1-4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison cedex, France
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Direction Physique et Analyse, Direction Catalyse et Séparation, IFP, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69390 Solaize, France, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, CNRS 46, allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France, and Direction Scientifique, IFP, 1-4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison cedex, France
| | - Denis Guillaume
- Direction Physique et Analyse, Direction Catalyse et Séparation, IFP, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69390 Solaize, France, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, CNRS 46, allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France, and Direction Scientifique, IFP, 1-4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison cedex, France
| | - Hervé Toulhoat
- Direction Physique et Analyse, Direction Catalyse et Séparation, IFP, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69390 Solaize, France, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, CNRS 46, allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France, and Direction Scientifique, IFP, 1-4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A comparative study of surface acidity in the amorphous, high surface area solids, aluminium fluoride, magnesium fluoride and magnesium fluoride containing iron(III) or aluminium(III) fluorides. J Fluor Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
|