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Yadav S, Kumar S, Haritash AK. A comprehensive review of chlorophenols: Fate, toxicology and its treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118254. [PMID: 37295147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols represent one of the most abundant families of toxic pollutants emerging from various industrial manufacturing units. The toxicity of these chloroderivatives is proportional to the number and position of chlorine atoms on the benzene ring. In the aquatic environment, these pollutants accumulate in the tissues of living organisms, primarily in fishes, inducing mortality at an early embryonic stage. Contemplating the behaviour of such xenobiotics and their prevalence in different environmental components, it is crucial to understand the methods used to remove/degrade the chlorophenol from contaminated environment. The current review describes the different treatment methods and their mechanism towards the degradation of these pollutants. Both abiotic and biotic methods are investigated for the removal of chlorophenols. Chlorophenols are either degraded through photochemical reactions in the natural environment, or microbes, the most diverse communities on earth, perform various metabolic functions to detoxify the environment. Biological treatment is a slow process because of the more complex and stable structure of pollutants. Advanced Oxidation Processes are effective in degrading such organics with enhanced rate and efficiency. Based on their ability to generate hydroxyl radicals, source of energy, catalyst type, etc., different processes such as sonication, ozonation, photocatalysis, and Fenton's process are discussed for the treatment or remediation efficiency towards the degradation of chlorophenols. The review entails both advantages and limitations of treatment methods. The study also focuses on reclamation of chlorophenol-contaminated sites. Different remediation methods are discussed to restore the degraded ecosystem back in its natural condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Yadav
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, 110042, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Solaris Chemtech Industries, Bhuj, Gujarat, India
| | - A K Haritash
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, 110042, India
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Dos Santos NDO, Teixeira LA, Zhou Q, Burke G, C Campos L. Fenton pre-oxidation of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment through the application of iron nails. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:2590-2603. [PMID: 33577403 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1890838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated for the first time the efficiency of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) zero valent iron/hydrogen peroxide (ZVI/H2O2) employing iron nails for the removal of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) from natural water of Regent's Park lake, London, UK. The low cost of nails and their easy separation from the water after the treatment make this AOP attractive for water utilities in low- and middle-income countries. The process was investigated as a pre-oxidation step for drinking water treatment. Results showed that UV254 removal in the natural water was lower than that of simulated water containing commercial humic acid (HA), indicating a matrix effect. Statistical analysis confirmed the maximum removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural water depends on the initial pH (best at 4.5) and H2O2 dosage (best at 100% excess of stoichiometric dosage). DOC and UV254 removals under this operational condition were 51% and 89%, respectively. Molecular weight (MW) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA254) were significantly reduced to 74% and 78%, respectively. Formation of Chloroform THM in natural water sample after the ZVI/H2O2 process (initial pH 4.5) was below the limit for drinking water, and 48% less than the THM formation in the same water not subjected to pre-oxidation. Characterization of oxidation products on the iron-nail-ZVI surface after the ZVI/H2O2 treatment by SEM, XRD, and XPS identified the formation of magnetite and lepidocrocite. Results suggest that the investigated ZVI/H2O2 process is a promising technology for removing NOM and reducing THM formation during drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara de O Dos Santos
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luiz A Teixeira
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Peroxidos do Brasil Ltda - Solvay Group
| | - Qizhi Zhou
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Grace Burke
- Materials Performance Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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Roccamante M, Miralles-Cuevas S, Cabrera-Reina A, Oller I, Malato S. Evaluation of commercial zerovalent iron sources in combination with solar energy to remove microcontaminants from natural water at circumneutral pH. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131557. [PMID: 34293562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar zerovalent iron (ZVI) was studied at circumneutral pH in combination with hydrogen peroxide and persulfate for removal of imidacloprid as a model contaminant in natural water. Three commercial ZVI sources, steel wool (ZVI-SW) and two iron micro-powders (ZVI-MS and ZVI-S) were independently evaluated. First, different ZVI corrosion conditions were tested in contact with air, exposed to natural solar radiation and with addition of oxidants, such as H2O2 and S2O82-, demonstrating the importance of released iron. Then, the technical feasibilities of solar/H2O2/ZVI and solar/S2O82-/ZVI were assessed for the elimination of 1 mg/L of imidacloprid. In general, H2O2 concentrations and treatment times were high. Only ZVI-MS (1 mM) reached 80% imidacloprid degradation after 157 min and 3 mM (102 mg/L) of H2O2. Solar/S2O82-/ZVI performance was better, reaching >80% imidacloprid degradation in <60 min with 1 mM (192 mg/L) S2O82- for all ZVI sources. Efficiency was highest with ZVI-MS, which was therefore selected for feasibility testing of a microcontaminant (MC) mixture containing 100 μg/L each of atrazine, carbendazim, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam with both solar/oxidizing agents/ZVI. H2O2 took 180 min to achieve 76% degradation of the sum of MCs, while 80% total degradation was reached after 69 min by adding S2O82-, confirming its higher efficiency. Finally, this study showed that ZVI in combination with solar radiation does not enhance significantly the photocatalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roccamante
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra Senés km 4, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain; CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - S Miralles-Cuevas
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+i, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Av. Ignacio Valdivieso, 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile.
| | - A Cabrera-Reina
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+i, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Av. Ignacio Valdivieso, 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
| | - I Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra Senés km 4, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain; CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - S Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra Senés km 4, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain; CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Asgari G, Seidmohammadi A, Rahmani AR, Samarghandi MR, Faraji H. Application of the UV/sulfoxylate/phenol process in the simultaneous removal of nitrate and pentachlorophenol from the aqueous solution. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yang B, Zhou P, Cheng X, Li H, Huo X, Zhang Y. Simultaneous removal of methylene blue and total dissolved copper in zero-valent iron/H2O2 Fenton system: Kinetics, mechanism and degradation pathway. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:383-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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