1
|
Sendeku MG, Shifa TA, Dajan FT, Ibrahim KB, Wu B, Yang Y, Moretti E, Vomiero A, Wang F. Frontiers in Photoelectrochemical Catalysis: A Focus on Valuable Product Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308101. [PMID: 38341618 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalysis provides the most promising avenue for producing value-added chemicals and consumables from renewable precursors. Over the last decades, PEC catalysis, including reduction of renewable feedstock, oxidation of organics, and activation and functionalization of C─C and C─H bonds, are extensively investigated, opening new opportunities for employing the technology in upgrading readily available resources. However, several challenges still remain unsolved, hindering the commercialization of the process. This review offers an overview of PEC catalysis targeted at the synthesis of high-value chemicals from sustainable precursors. First, the fundamentals of evaluating PEC reactions in the context of value-added product synthesis at both anode and cathode are recalled. Then, the common photoelectrode fabrication methods that have been employed to produce thin-film photoelectrodes are highlighted. Next, the advancements are systematically reviewed and discussed in the PEC conversion of various feedstocks to produce highly valued chemicals. Finally, the challenges and prospects in the field are presented. This review aims at facilitating further development of PEC technology for upgrading several renewable precursors to value-added products and other pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshet Getaye Sendeku
- Ocean Hydrogen Energy R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Tofik Ahmed Shifa
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Fekadu Tsegaye Dajan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kassa Belay Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Binglan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Elisa Moretti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
| | - Fengmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao Y, Wang M, Liu D, Gao J, Ding J, Wang H, Yang HB, Li F, Chen M, Xu Y, Xu D, Zhang YX, Fang S, Ao X, Wang J, Su C, Liu B. Selective Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Glycerol to Glyceric Acid on (002) Facets Exposed WO 3 Nanosheets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319685. [PMID: 38151975 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production. Selective photoelectrochemical oxidation of glycerol to high value-added chemicals offers an economical and sustainable approach to transform renewable feedstock as well as store green energy at the same time. In this work, we synthesized monoclinic WO3 nanosheets with exposed (002) facets, which could selectively oxidize glycerol to glyceric acid (GLYA) with a photocurrent density of 1.7 mA cm-2 , a 73 % GLYA selectivity and a 39 % GLYA Faradaic efficiency at 0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm-2 ). Compared to (200) facets exposed WO3 , a combination of experiments and theoretical calculations indicates that the superior performance of selective glycerol oxidation mainly originates from the better charge separation and prolonged carrier lifetime resulted from the plenty of surface trapping states, lower energy barrier of the glycerol-to-GLYA reaction pathway, more abundant active sites and stronger oxidative ability of photogenerated holes on the (002) facets exposed WO3 . Our findings show great potential to significantly contribute to the sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical processes via designing high performance photoelectrochemical cell via facet engineering for renewable feedstock transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Xiao
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Mengran Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Jiajian Gao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Jie Ding
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Mengxin Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yangsen Xu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Danyun Xu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Xiao Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shaofan Fang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ao
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu TK, Jang GY, Kim S, Zhang K, Zheng X, Park JH. Organic Upgrading through Photoelectrochemical Reactions: Toward Higher Profits. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300315. [PMID: 37382404 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells have long been considered a promising technology to convert solar energy into hydrogen. However, the solar-to-H2 (STH) efficiency and cost-effectiveness of PEC water splitting are significantly limited by sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics and the low economic value of the produced O2 , hindering the practical commercialization of PEC cells. Recently, organic upgrading PEC reactions, especially for alternative OERs, have received tremendous attention, which improves not only the STH efficiency but also the economic effectiveness of the overall reaction. In this review, PEC reaction fundamentals and reactant-product cost analysis of organic upgrading reactions are briefly reviewed, recent advances made in organic upgrading reactions, which are categorized by their reactant substrates, such as methanol, ethanol, glycol, glycerol, and complex hydrocarbons, are then summarized and discussed. Finally, the current status, further outlooks, and challenges toward industrial applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Yong Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grinberg VA, Emets VV, Mayorova NA, Averin AA, Shiryaev AA. Photoelectrocatalytic Activity of ZnO-Modified Hematite Films in the Reaction of Alcohol Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14046. [PMID: 37762351 PMCID: PMC10531269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thin-film nanocrystalline hematite electrodes were fabricated by electrochemical deposition and loaded with electrodeposited zinc oxide in various amounts. Under visible light illumination, these electrodes demonstrate high activity in the photoelectrochemical degradation of methanol, ethylene glycol and, in particular, glycerol. Results of intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy show that the photoelectrocatalysis efficiency is explained by the suppression of the electron-hole pair recombination and an increase in the rate of photo-induced charge transfer. Thus, zinc oxide can be considered an effective modifying additive for hematite photoanodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitali A. Grinberg
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 31, Building 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.E.); (N.A.M.); (A.A.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jung Y, Kim S, Choi H, Kim Y, Hwang JB, Lee D, Kim Y, Park JC, Kim DY, Lee S. Photoelectrochemical Selective Oxidation of Glycerol to Glyceraldehyde with Bi-Based Metal-Organic-Framework-Decorated WO 3 Photoanode. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101690. [PMID: 37242109 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of glycerol to high-value-added products via photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxidation has emerged as a promising approach for utilizing a sustainable and clean energy source with environmental and economic benefits. Moreover, the energy requirement for glycerol to produce hydrogen is lower than that for pure water splitting. In this study, we propose the use of WO3 nanostructures decorated with Bi-based metal-organic frameworks (Bi-MOFs) as the photoanode for glycerol oxidation with simultaneous hydrogen production. The WO3-based electrodes selectively converted glycerol to glyceraldehyde, a high-value-added product, with remarkable selectivity. The Bi-MOF-decorated WO3 nanorods enhanced the surface charge transfer and adsorption properties, thereby improving the photocurrent density and production rate (1.53 mA/cm2 and 257 mmol/m2·h at 0.8 VRHE). The photocurrent was maintained for 10 h, ensuring stable glycerol conversion. Furthermore, at 1.2 VRHE, the average production rate of glyceraldehyde reached 420 mmol/m2·h, with a selectivity of 93.6% between beneficial oxidized products over the photoelectrode. This study provides a practical approach for the conversion of glycerol to glyceraldehyde via the selective oxidation of WO3 nanostructures and demonstrates the potential of Bi-MOFs as a promising cocatalyst for PEC biomass valorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsung Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoong Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Beom Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejoon Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Cheol Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghan Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals (Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han Y, Chang M, Zhao Z, Niu F, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Zhang L, Hu K. Selective Valorization of Glycerol to Formic Acid on a BiVO 4 Photoanode through NiFe Phenolic Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11678-11690. [PMID: 36808942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The integration of the glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) with the hydrogen evolution reaction in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells is a desirable alternative to PEC water splitting since a large quantity of glycerol is easily accessible as the byproduct from the biodiesel industry. However, the PEC valorization of glycerol to the value-added products suffers from low Faradaic efficiency and selectivity, especially in acidic conditions, which is beneficial for hydrogen production. Herein, by loading bismuth vanadate (BVO) with a robust catalyst composed of phenolic ligands (tannic acid) coordinated with Ni and Fe ions (TANF), we demonstrate a modified BVO/TANF photoanode for the GOR with a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of over 94% to value-added molecules in a 0.1 M Na2SO4/H2SO4 (pH = 2) electrolyte. The BVO/TANF photoanode achieved a high photocurrent of 5.26 mA·cm-2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode under 100 mW/cm2 white light irradiation for formic acid production with 85% selectivity, equivalent to 573 mmol/(m2·h). Transient photocurrent and transient photovoltage techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy along with intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy indicated that the TANF catalyst could accelerate hole transfer kinetics and suppress charge recombination. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations reveal that the GOR is initiated by the photogenerated holes of BVO, while the high selectivity to formic acid is attributed to the selective adsorption of primary hydroxyl groups in glycerol on TANF. This study provides a promising avenue for highly efficient and selective formic acid generation from biomass in acid media via PEC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Han
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Mingwei Chang
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fushuang Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zehui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tao X, Li Y, Yu L, Zhang Y, Han C, Yang Y, Qian H, Lu Z, Liu K. Two-Dimensional Polymer Networks Locking on Inorganic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216620. [PMID: 36534271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs), single-layer networks of covalently linked monomers, show perspectives as membranes and in electronics. However, 2D polymerization of monomers in orthogonal directions limited the formation of 2DPs on nanoparticles (NPs) with high surface curvatures. Here we propose a high-curvature 2D polymerization to form a single-layer 2DP network as a non-contacting ligand on the surface of NPs for their stabilization and functionalization. The high-curvature 2D polymerization of amphiphilic Gemini monomers was conducted in situ on surfaces of NPs with various sizes, shapes, and materials, forming highly cross-linked 2DPs. Selective etching of core-shell NPs led to 2DPs as a non-contact ligand of yolk-shell structures with excellent shape retention and high NP-surface accessibility. In addition, by copolymerization, the 2DP ligands can covalently link to other functional molecules. This work promotes the development of 2DPs on NPs for their functional modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingfu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Linxiuzi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yinshu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hujun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh K, Kaur H, Sharma PK, Singh G, Singh J. ZnO and cobalt decorated ZnO NPs: Synthesis, photocatalysis and antimicrobial applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137322. [PMID: 36427583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of pollutants, both biological and non-biological, puts environmental systems in jeopardy. In view of this, the current study demonstrates the synthesis of undoped and Cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Co doped ZnO NPs) via co-precipitation method. The confirmation of incorporation of the Co dopant into ZnO NPs was verified through various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. UV-absorption spectra of cobalt-doped ZnO NPs revealed a red shift with change of absorption spectra from 356 nm to 377 nm as compared to undoped ZnO NPs. XRD studies inferred that the average crystallite size of 0.5% and 1% Co-doped ZnO powder was obtained to be ∼16 nm and 14 nm respectively. A drop in band gap value from 3.48 eV to 3.30 eV provided as substantive evidence of the successful integration of Co2+ ions inside the ZnO matrix. FESEM and HRTEM studies revealed that the obtained ZnO NPs are in narrow size distribution (15-20 nm) with a wurtzite crystal structure. The synthesized ZnO and Co-ZnO NPs showed excellent photocatalytic and antimicrobial potency towards reactive brown dye (RB-1) and two bacterial strains, respectively. 1% Co-doped ZnO demonstrated the maximum photocatalytic activity (∼95%), in contrast to 0.5% Co-doped ZnO and undoped ZnO. Thus, the findings of this work support the developed system has a dual role as the photocatalyst, and antibacterial agent for efficient environmental remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karanpal Singh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, Punjab, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Physics, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, Punjab, India
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gurjinder Singh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, Punjab, India.
| | - Jagpreet Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Güler AC, Antoš J, Masař M, Urbánek M, Machovský M, Kuřitka I. Boosting the Photoelectrochemical Performance of Au/ZnO Nanorods by Co-Occurring Gradient Doping and Surface Plasmon Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010443. [PMID: 36613884 PMCID: PMC9820687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Band bending modification of metal/semiconductor hybrid nanostructures requires low-cost and effective designs in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. To this end, it is evinced that gradient doping of Au nanoparticles (NPs) inwards the ZnO nanorods (NRs) through thermal treatment facilitated faster transport of the photo-induced charge carriers. Systematic PEC measurements show that the resulting gradient Au-doped ZnO NRs yielded a photocurrent density of 0.009 mA/cm2 at 1.1 V (vs. NHE), which is 2.5-fold and 8-fold improved compared to those of Au-sensitized ZnO and the as-prepared ZnO NRs, respectively. The IPCE and ABPE efficiency tests confirmed the boosted photoresponse of gradient Au-incorporated ZnO NRs, particularly in the visible spectrum due to the synergistic surface plasmonic effect of Au NPs. A gradient Au dopant profile promoted the separation and transfer of the photo-induced charge carriers at the electrolyte interface via more upward band bending according to the elaborated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy analyses. Therefore, this research presents an economical and facile strategy for preparing gradient plasmonic noble NP-incorporated semiconductor NRs, which have excellent potential in energy conversion and storage technologies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Photoelectrocatalytic Properties of a Ti-Modified Nanocrystalline Hematite Film Photoanode. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of methanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthol on thin-film nanocrystalline hematite electrodes fabricated by electrochemical deposition and promoted with spin-coated titanium has been studied. It is shown that the modification of hematite transforms it into material exhibiting high activity in the photoelectrochemical process of substrate oxidation upon illumination with light in the visible region of the spectrum. The highest activity is observed in the reaction of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol. Results of intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) suggest that the effect is due to an increased rate of charge transfer in the process of photoelectro-oxidation and efficient suppression of the recombination of generated electron-hole pairs. Therefore, thin-film photoanodes based on modified hematite are promising for practical application in the photooxidation of glycerol, a by-product of biofuel production, as well as in the photoelectrochemical degradation of other organic pollutants, including those formed during the production of pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo L, Chen W, Xu SM, Yang J, Li M, Zhou H, Xu M, Shao M, Kong X, Li Z, Duan H. Selective Photoelectrocatalytic Glycerol Oxidation to Dihydroxyacetone via Enhanced Middle Hydroxyl Adsorption over a Bi 2O 3-Incorporated Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7720-7730. [PMID: 35352954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) glycerol oxidation offers a sustainable approach to produce dihydroxyacetone (DHA) as a valuable chemical, which can find use in cosmetic, pharmaceutical industries, etc. However, it still suffers from the low selectivity (≤60%) that substantially limits the application. Here, we report the PEC oxidation of glycerol to DHA with a selectivity of 75.4% over a heterogeneous photoanode of Bi2O3 nanoparticles on TiO2 nanorod arrays (Bi2O3/TiO2). The selectivity of DHA can be maintained at ∼65% under a relatively high conversion of glycerol (∼50%). The existing p-n junction between Bi2O3 and TiO2 promotes charge transfer and thus guarantees high photocurrent density. Experimental combined with theoretical studies reveal that Bi2O3 prefers to interact with the middle hydroxyl of glycerol that facilitates the selective oxidation of glycerol to DHA. Comprehensive reaction mechanism studies suggest that the reaction follows two parallel pathways, including electrophilic OH* (major) and lattice oxygen (minor) oxidations. Finally, we designed a self-powered PEC system, achieving a DHA productivity of 1.04 mg cm-2 h-1 with >70% selectivity and a H2 productivity of 0.32 mL cm-2 h-1. This work may shed light on the potential of PEC strategy for biomass valorization toward value-added products via PEC anode surface engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wangsong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Si-Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiangrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingfei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianggui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haohong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wan H, Dai C, Jin L, Luo S, Meng F, Chen G, Duan Y, Liu C, Xu Q, Lu J, Xu ZJ. Electro-Oxidation of Glycerol to High-Value-Added C1-C3 Products by Iron-Substituted Spinel Zinc Cobalt Oxides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14293-14301. [PMID: 35290023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production and can be a low-cost source for some high-value C1-C3 chemicals. The conversion can be achieved by photo-, thermo-, and electro-catalysis methods. The electrocatalytic oxidation method is attractive due to its moderate reaction conditions and high electron to product efficiency. Most reported catalysts are based on noble metals, while metal oxides are rarely reported. Here, we investigated the electro-oxidation of glycerol on a series of ZnFexCo2-xO4 (x = 0, 0.4, 1.0, 1.4, and 2.0) spinel oxides. Seven types of value-added C1-C3 products including formate, glycolate, lactate, and glycerate can be obtained by this approach. The selectivity and Faraday efficiency toward these products can be tuned by adjusting the Fe/Co ratio and other experimental parameters, such as the applied potential, glycerol concentration, and electrolyte pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai road, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Chencheng Dai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- The Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Liujun Jin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Songzhu Luo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Fanxu Meng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Gao Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Yan Duan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing & Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingfeng Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhichuan J Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- The Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim S, An E, Oh I, Hwang JB, Seo S, Jung Y, Park JC, Choi H, Choi CH, Lee S. CeO 2 nanoarray decorated Ce-doped ZnO nanowire photoanode for efficient hydrogen production with glycerol as a sacrificial agent. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) biomass oxidation by the substitution of an oxygen evolution reaction is considered a promising strategy for efficient hydrogen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungkyu Kim
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| | - Eunui An
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| | - Inhyeok Oh
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| | - Jun Beom Hwang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| | - Sehun Seo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| | - Yoonsung Jung
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| | - Jun-Cheol Park
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| | - Hansol Choi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghan Lee
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
- Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals (Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qian Y, Xu X, He Y, Lei L, Xia Y, Zhang X. A novel monoclinic metal oxide catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main bottleneck of electrolytic water for hydrogen production in alkaline media is the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) involving four-electron transfer. Designing highly efficient OER catalysts is attractive to accelerate...
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhu L, Yin Z, Lv Z, Li M, Tang D. Ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen based on silver nanoparticle-triggered ion-exchange reaction with ZnO/CdS nanorods. Analyst 2021; 146:4487-4494. [PMID: 34180924 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00822f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a glycoprotein that is most likely to cause prostate cancer, has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its increasing threat to people's lives and health. Herein, we developed a new signal-amplified photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensing method for quantitative monitoring of the target PSA based on the ion-exchange reaction for the in situ formation of ZnO/CdS/Ag2S nanohybrids triggered by the as-released silver ions (Ag+) from silver nanolabels. Initially, the introduction of a target PSA caused the formation of a sandwich immunocomplex in an anti-PSA capture antibody (cAb)-coated microplate with the help of a silver nanoparticle-labeled detection antibody (AgNPs-dAb). Thereafter, the introduced AgNPs were dissolved with acid to release numerous silver ions. In this regard, an ion-exchange reaction occurred between the silver ions and ZnO/CdS nanorods on the photosensitive electrode, thus producing ZnO/CdS/Ag2S nanohybrids to generate a relatively strong photocurrent. Under optimal conditions, the ion-exchange reaction-based PEC immunoassay exhibited a good linear range of 0.05-50 ng mL-1 and allowed the detection of the target PSA at a concentration as low as 0.018 ng mL-1. In addition, the PEC immunoassay displayed satisfactory repeatability, high specificity, and acceptable method accuracy. Importantly, the ion-exchange reaction-based PEC immunoassay provides a new perspective for the detection of other disease-related biomarkers by controlling the corresponding antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China.
| | - Zipeng Yin
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China.
| | - Zijian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China.
| | - Meijin Li
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China.
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Solar Energy Conversion and Storage Using a Photocatalytic Fuel Cell Combined with a Supercapacitor. ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work studies the production of electricity by a photocatalytic fuel cell and its storage in a supercapacitor. We propose a simple construction, where a third electrode bearing activated carbon is added to the device to form a supercapacitor electrode in combination with the supporting electrolyte of the cell. The photocatalytic fuel cell is based on a CdS-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 photoanode and an air cathode bearing only nanoparticulate carbon as an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang J, Lian X, Yan Q, Gao D, Zhao F, Xu K. Unusual Cu-Co/GO Composite with Special High Organic Content Synthesized by an in Situ Self-Assembly Approach: Pyrolysis and Catalytic Decomposition on Energetic Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28496-28509. [PMID: 32453571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An interesting Cu-Co/GO composite with special high organic content was accidentally fabricated for the first time via a one-pot solvothermal method in the mixed solvent of isopropanol and glycerol. The Cu-Co/GO composite was calcined separately in three different atmospheres (air, nitrogen, and argon) and further investigated by a series of characterization techniques. The results indicate that the spinel phase nano-CuCo2O4 composite, nanometal oxides (CuO and CoO), and nanometal mixture of Cu and Co were unexpectedly formed after calcination in air, N2, and Ar atmospheres, respectively, and the possible reaction mechanism was discussed. The specific mass losses of the Cu-Co/GO composite calcined in air, N2, and Ar atmospheres were 28.14 %, 21.68 %, and 23.76 %, respectively. The catalytic decomposition performances of the as-prepared samples for cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and the mixture of nitrocellulose (NC) and RDX (NC + RDX) were investigated and compared via DSC method, and the results demonstrate that Cu-Co/GO composites obviously decrease the thermal decomposition temperature of RDX from 242.3 to 236.5 (before calcination), 238.6 (air), 235.8 (N2), and 228.6 °C (Ar), respectively. Cu-Co/GO(Ar) composite exhibits the best catalytic decomposition performance among all samples, which makes the decomposition temperature of RDX and NC + RDX decrease by 13.7 and 4.9 °C and the apparent activation energy of decomposition for RDX decrease by 110.1 kJ/mol. The enhanced catalytic performance of Cu-Co/GO(Ar) composite could be attributed to the smaller particle size, better crystallinity, and specific well-dispersed metal atoms, whereas the Cu-Co/GO(air) composite after air calcination presents a bad catalytic performance due to the removal of GO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Integrated Military-Civilian Research Center for Energetic Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lian
- School of Chemical Engineering/Integrated Military-Civilian Research Center for Energetic Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qilong Yan
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermostructure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Dayuan Gao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Kangzhen Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering/Integrated Military-Civilian Research Center for Energetic Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| |
Collapse
|