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Srivastava P, Saji J, Manickam N. Biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by Brucella intermedia IITR130 and its proposed metabolic pathway. Biodegradation 2024; 35:671-685. [PMID: 38459363 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-024-10070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Accumulation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyester in ecosystems across the globe is a major pollution of concern. Microbial degradation recently generated novel insights into the biodegradation of varieties of plastics. In this study, a PET degrading bacterium Brucella intermedia IITR130 was isolated from a contaminated lake ecosystem at Pallikaranai, Chennai, India. Incubation of the bacterium along with the PET sheet (0.1 mm thickness) for 60 days resulted in 26.06% degradation, indicating a half-life of 137.8 days. Considerable changes in the surface morphology of the PET sheet were found as holes, pits, and cracks on incubation with strain IITR130, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After bacterial treatment of PET, the formation of new functional groups, most notably in the area of 3326 cm-1 suggestive of O-H stretch, leading to carboxylic acid and alcohol as products were suggested by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Monomethyl terephthalate (MMT) and terephthalic acid (TPA) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis as PET degradation metabolites. Tributyrin clearance assay confirmed the presence of a lipase/esterase enzyme in the strain IITR130. In this study, a degradation pathway for PET by an isolated and identified bacterium Brucella intermedia IITR130 was characterized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Srivastava
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Joel Saji
- Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Natesan Manickam
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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2
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Feng S, Xue M, Xie F, Zhao H, Xue Y. Characterization of Thermotoga maritima Esterase Capable of Hydrolyzing Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Terephthalate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12045-12056. [PMID: 38753963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The gene-encoding carboxylesterase (TM1022) from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima (T. maritima) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli Top10 and BL21 (DE3). Recombinant TM1022 showed the best activity at pH 8.0 and 85 °C and retained 57% activity after 8 h cultivation at 90 °C. TM1022 exhibited good stability at pH 6.0-9.0, maintaining 53% activity after incubation at pH 10.0 and 37 °C for 6 h. The esterase TM1022 exhibited the optimum thermo-alkali stability and kcat/Km (598.57 ± 19.97 s-1mM-1) for pN-C4. TM1022 hydrolyzed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) degradation intermediates, such as bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) and mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET). The Km, kcat, and kcat/Km values for BHET were 0.82 ± 0.01 mM, 2.20 ± 0.02 s-1, and 2.67 ± 0.02 mM-1 s-1, respectively; those for MHET were 2.43 ± 0.07 mM, 0.04 ± 0.001 s-1, and 0.02 ± 0.001 mM-1 s-1, respectively. When purified TM1022 was added to the cutinase BhrPETase, hydrolysis of PET from drinking water bottle tops produced pure terephthalic acids (TPA) with 166% higher yield than those obtained after 72 h of incubation with BhrPETase alone as control. The above findings demonstrate that the esterase TM1022 from T. maritima has substantial potential for depolymerizing PET into monomers for reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhong Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mengke Xue
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yemin Xue
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Taxeidis G, Djapovic M, Nikolaivits E, Maslak V, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Topakas E. New Labeled PET Analogues Enable the Functional Screening and Characterization of PET-Degrading Enzymes. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:5943-5952. [PMID: 38903150 PMCID: PMC11187625 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The discovery and engineering of novel biocatalysts capable of depolymerizing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have gained significant attention since the need for green technologies to combat plastic pollution has become increasingly urgent. This study focuses on the development of novel substrates that can indicate enzymes with PET hydrolytic activity, streamlining the process of enzyme evaluation and selection. Four novel substrates, mimicking the structure of PET, were chemically synthesized and labeled with fluorogenic or chromogenic moieties, enabling the direct analysis of candidate enzymes without complex preparatory or analysis steps. The fluorogenic substrates, mUPET1, mUPET2, and mUPET3, not only identify enzymes capable of PET breakdown but also differentiate those with exceptional performance on the polymer, such as the benchmark PETase, LCCICCG. Among the substrates, the chromogenic p-NPhPET3 stands out as a reliable tool for screening both pure and crude enzymes, offering advantages over fluorogenic substrates such as ease of assay using UV-vis spectroscopy and compatibility with crude enzyme samples. However, ferulic acid esterases and mono-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate esterases (MHETases), which exhibit remarkably high affinity for PET oligomers, also show high catalytic activity on these substrates. The substrates introduced in this study hold significant value in the function-based screening and characterization of enzymes that degrade PET, as well as the the potential to be used in screening mutant libraries derived from directed evolution experiments. Following this approach, a rapid and dependable assay method can be carried out using basic laboratory infrastructure, eliminating the necessity for intricate preparatory procedures before analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Taxeidis
- Industrial
Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory,
School of Chemical Engineering, National
Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Milica Djapovic
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial
Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory,
School of Chemical Engineering, National
Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Veselin Maslak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute
of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial
Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory,
School of Chemical Engineering, National
Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15772 Athens, Greece
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4
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Olazabal I, Luna Barrios EJ, De Meester S, Jehanno C, Sardon H. Overcoming the Limitations of Organocatalyzed Glycolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) to Facilitate the Recycling of Complex Waste Under Mild Conditions. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:4226-4232. [PMID: 38633816 PMCID: PMC11019730 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Although multiple methods have been reported in the literature for the chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), large-scale depolymerization is not yet widely employed. The main reasons for the limited adoption of chemical recycling of PET are the harsh conditions required and the lack of selectivity. In this study, the organocatalytic glycolysis of PET mediated by organic bases at low temperatures is studied, and routes to avoid the deactivation of the catalyst are explored. It is shown that the formation of terephthalic acid by uncontrolled hydrolysis leads to issues which can be resolved using potassium tert-butoxide as a cocatalyst. Finally, complex PET waste obtained from a mechanical recycling plant was depolymerized under optimized conditions, obtaining bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate yields >90% in less than 15 min at only 100 °C. These results open the way to efficient recycling of PET-enriched waste streams under milder conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Olazabal
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Emelin J. Luna Barrios
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Department
of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent
University, Graaf Karel
De Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Department
of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent
University, Graaf Karel
De Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Coralie Jehanno
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- POLYKEY, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Li Q, He H, Zhang C, Liang X, Shen Y. Research on synthesis of polyurethane based on a new chain extender obtained from waste polyethylene terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qunyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xutong Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yue Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Moyses DN, Teixeira DA, Waldow VA, Freire DMG, Castro AM. Fungal and enzymatic bio-depolymerization of waste post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles using Penicillium species. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:435. [PMID: 34603913 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a petroleum-based plastic that is massively produced and used worldwide. A promising PET recycling process to circumvent petroleum feedstock consumption and help to reduce environmental pollution is microbial or enzymatic biodegradation of post-consumer (PC) PET packages to its monomers-terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG)-or to key intermediates in PET synthesis-such as mono- and bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET and BHET). Two species of filamentous fungi previously characterized as lipase producers (Penicillium restrictum and P. simplicissimum) were evaluated in submerged fermentation for induction of lipase production by two inducers (BHET and amorphous PET), and for biodegradation of two substrates (BHET and PC-PET). BHET induced lipase production in P. simplicissimum, achieving a peak of 606.4 U/L at 49 h (12.38 U/L.h), representing an almost twofold increase in comparison to the highest peak in the control (without inducers). Microbial biodegradation by P. simplicissimum after 28 days led to a 3.09% mass loss on PC-PET fragments. In contrast, enzymatic PC-PET depolymerization by cell-free filtrates from a P. simplicissimum culture resulted in low concentrations of BHET, MHET and TPA (up to 9.51 µmol/L), suggesting that there are mechanisms at the organism level that enhance biodegradation. Enzymatic BHET hydrolysis revealed that P. simplicissimum extracellular enzymes catalyze the release of MHET as the predominant product. Our results show that P. simplicissimum is a promising biodegrader of PC-PET that can be further explored for monomer recovery in the context of feedstock recycling processes.
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Damayanti, Wu HS. Strategic Possibility Routes of Recycled PET. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1475. [PMID: 34063330 PMCID: PMC8125656 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) application has many challenges and potential due to its sustainability. The conventional PET degradation was developed for several technologies to get higher yield products of ethylene glycol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) and terephthalic acid. The chemical recycling of PET is reviewed, such as pyrolysis, hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis, ionic-liquid, phase-transfer catalysis and combination of glycolysis-hydrolysis, glycolysis-methanolysis and methanolysis-hydrolysis. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics and reaction conditions were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The recycling of PET is to solve environmental problems and find another source of raw material for petrochemical products and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damayanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
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